低温贮藏结合SO_2保鲜剂对无核白葡萄保鲜效果研究

以新疆无核白葡萄为试材,研究了在不同贮藏温度(0、-1℃)下CT-2、CT-5保鲜剂处理的葡萄果实品质变化。结果表明:低温配合保鲜剂处理能有效抑制果穗呼吸,减少葡萄贮藏期间的腐烂率、落粒率、果穗失重率,延缓果实贮藏过程中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量的下降,使果梗耐拉力保持较高水平。其中-1℃结合保鲜剂贮藏能够减轻果实漂白伤害,贮藏70 d的漂白率为2.69%,好果率也显著高于其余处理,为88.15%(p0.05),处理效果更好。综上所述,-1℃结合保鲜剂处理能够有效延长无核白葡萄贮藏期,保持果实品质。     

ClO_2对葡萄贮藏品质的影响

以无核白葡萄(Thompsonseedless)为试材,研究了ClO2 ( 2 5、5 0和10 0mg/L)浸泡处理( 10、2 0和30min)对葡萄贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,ClO2 有利于保持果梗的颜色和果粒的颜色、形态、硬度,保留果实中滴定酸和Vc含量,减少葡萄的腐烂率。低浓度短时间浸泡处理对保持葡萄品质是有利的,高浓度长时间处理对其品质会有损害     

无核白葡萄贮藏期间防脱粒技术研究进展

新疆因地处大陆腹地,光热条件好,降雨量少,夏季昼夜温差大,成为我国无核白葡萄重要产区。其中60%用于鲜食,30%用于制干,少量用于加工罐头和葡萄酒。目前,哈密地区已开发种植4000hm2,年产无核白葡萄8万t,吐鲁番-天山南北各地葡萄种植面积近7万hm2,年产量达70万t以上。近几年,石河子地区有大力发展的趋势,但无核白葡萄贮藏期间的脱粒现象非常严重。本文主要探讨影响无核白脱粒的因素以及贮藏期间防脱粒的研究现状,为新疆无核白葡萄的贮藏研究提供理论支持。     

不同处理对奥古斯特葡萄贮藏效果的影响

以奥古斯特葡萄为试材,进行了SO2气态处理加保鲜剂CT2、SO2气态处理加保鲜剂简化包、简化保鲜剂和保鲜剂CT2四处理对其贮藏品质和生理指标变化的影响研究。结果表明:SO2气态处理加简化包保鲜处理与其它3种处理比较,在贮藏末期105 d时,其脱粒率(1.22%)和腐烂率(4.50%)最低;果实硬度较采收时降低了22.73%,显著低于其它处理;可滴定酸和VC含量分别为0.40%、0.23 mg/100 g,较好的保持了原有的风味;能够有效抑制POD和PPO活性,延长葡萄贮藏时间。由此可见,SO2气态处理加保鲜剂简化包的贮藏效果最佳。     

不同贮藏条件对红提葡萄保鲜效果及 部分品质的影响

目的研究温度和湿度对红提葡萄贮藏品质的关系,确定最适宜的贮藏条件,以保证红提葡萄的采后品质。方法考察3种(20、10以及2℃)温度和3种湿度(50%、70%、90%)贮藏环境中红提的保鲜效果,其中20℃温度下贮藏10 d,10℃2℃温度下贮藏35 d,同时对2℃下3种湿度环境条件下的红提葡萄的风味品质(葡萄糖、果糖、可滴定酸含量)、质构品质(水分含量、硬度)和货架品质(烂果率、失重率)进行测定及对比。结果3种温度及湿度条件下,2℃贮藏环境中的腐烂率普遍较低,保鲜效果最好。通过比较贮藏期间品质的指标变化发现,2℃下湿度为90%时,红提葡萄贮藏28 d后的葡萄糖含量为8.92%,果糖含量为9.01%,可滴定酸含量为1.07%,水分含量为82%,硬度为1007 g,失重率为0.38%,烂果率为6.67%,各含量普遍高于50%和70%湿度环境中的红提葡萄,品质保存最好。结论2℃温度及90%湿度的低温高湿环境最适宜采后浆果的贮藏,在相同贮藏期内红提葡萄的腐烂率最低,同时其风味品质、质构品质和货架品质能得到较好的保持,保鲜效果显著。     

包装与贮藏温度对蚕豆采后品质的影响

为明确适宜于鲜食蚕豆采后贮藏的温度与自发气调包装材料,以无保鲜膜包装的蚕豆为对照,研究了(1.0±0.5)℃下聚乙烯(PE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、微孔(W)3种保鲜膜包装和(5±1)℃PE保鲜膜包装对蚕豆硬度、色泽、水分含量等品质指标的影响。结果表明,(1.0±0.5)℃下采用PVC保鲜膜包装的蚕豆品质优于其它处理,蚕豆贮藏28d,仍保持较好品质。     

采前涂膜处理对宣化牛奶葡萄贮藏生理及品质的影响

研究采前涂膜处理对宣化牛奶葡萄的采后贮藏生理及保鲜效果。经采前挂蔓涂膜处理的牛奶葡萄在0℃条件贮藏100d,贮藏期间测定了果实的呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、总酚含量、叶绿素含量、可滴定酸含量等生理和品质指标。结果表明：采前涂膜处理可以显著抑制宣化牛奶葡萄果实在贮藏过程中的呼吸强度,处理组果实的呼吸强度比对照低42.5%～53.8%、并在一定程度上减少果实的乙烯释放量;采前涂膜能有效控制葡萄腐烂,贮藏结束时(100d)对照组腐烂率达75.3%,而涂膜处理组的腐烂率只有5.2%。同时可以减少褐变,贮藏75d时处理组的褐变指数比对照低81.6%。保持果实鲜绿色,处理组果实果皮叶绿素含量在50d和75d时为0.04mg/g和0.33mg/g,而对照组则为0.02mg/g和0.015mg/g;也可以保持葡萄果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量,保持感官品质,延长保鲜期约50d。     

温度和保鲜膜对红薯叶贮藏品质的影响

以红薯叶为试材,在不同贮藏温度(0、5、10℃、室温)和不同PE保鲜膜(0.05、0.03 mm、微孔)下,测定1,3,5,7,9,11 d的相对电导率、失重率、黄酮含量、叶绿素含量、亚硝酸盐含量,并结合红薯叶感官品质的变化研究了温度和保鲜膜对红薯叶保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:10℃下贮藏结合0.05 mm保鲜膜包装对采后红薯叶起到较好的保鲜效果,可以减缓红薯叶的叶绿素和黄酮的分解,抑制相对电导率和失重率的升高,保持红薯叶较好的感官品质,有效延长货架期。因此建议红薯叶贮藏过程中用0.05 mm PE保鲜膜包装,贮藏于10℃。     

不同保鲜剂结合冰温对玫瑰香葡萄贮藏品质和生理生化的影响

以玫瑰香葡萄为试材,研究了不同保鲜剂结合冰温(-0.5～-0.2℃)对玫瑰香葡萄采后贮藏品质及生理的影响.结果显示:保鲜剂结合冰温能有效减少葡萄贮藏期间的失重、脱粒、腐烂,延迟可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc含量的下降,较好保持葡萄的外观和风味;并能使葡萄果肉的硬度、弹性、凝聚性、咀嚼性维持在较高的水平;另外,能很好的抑制丙二醛的积累、PPO活性,保持较高的POD、SOD活性,延缓衰老,增长贮藏时间.其中以处理Ⅲ即8g CT2保鲜剂+lgCT5保鲜剂处理对玫瑰香葡萄保鲜效果最好.     

保鲜剂不同组合对袋内SO2积累及葡萄保鲜质量的影响

采用不同剂型及包装形式、不同扎眼工艺、放置高分子吸水纸垫及其组合,形成6 种保鲜处理方式,在－1～0 ℃条件下对无核白葡萄进行贮藏,研究贮藏期间不同保鲜剂组合对袋内SO2积累量及无核白葡萄保鲜品质的影响,比较不同剂型保鲜剂及其组合对果肉SO2残留量、果柄耐拉力、果实汁液pH值、可溶性固形物含量以及果实腐烂率、漂白率、落粒率的影响。结果表明：3.5 kg包装的无核白葡萄,放入CT2号保鲜剂5 小包＋免扎眼保鲜剂1 小包效果最好,在贮藏50 d后,果柄耐拉力为2.44 N,果实汁液pH值为3.43,可溶性固形物含量为17.16%,在贮藏105 d后,果肉SO2残留量为10.21 mg/kg,残留量明显低于其他处理,且腐烂率、漂白率、落粒率均较低。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.