FTIR 发射/透射光谱对含颗粒气流的温度测量

在改进的FTIR和自制的微量给粉加热／燃烧实验装置上，对粘土颗粒气流和煤粉火焰进行了FTIR发射／透射测量。通过发射／透射光谱可以得到颗粒温度和气体温度，其相对误差小于5%，满足实验室和工业测温要求。当被测样品中存在碳黑和其它颗粒时，基于碳黑的吸收特性，给出了消除碳黑辐射影响的一种近似处理方法，即将吸收光谱外推至0cm^-1，以0cm^-1处的数值为准对整个光谱进行校正，所得光谱就认为是去除碳黑影响后的吸收光谱．对于CO2气体温度，研究表明，可以用通过CO2峰值的黑体理论曲线来简单估计．研究还发现炭粒温度可以高出气体温度200—300K，一个可能的原因是CO在颗粒边界层点燃引起了颗粒温度突然升高并高于气体温度，对这种现象的理论解释和更多的实验验证尚需进一步展开。     

不平衡测温方法

一 前言 “热力学第零定律”或热平衡原理是温度测量的基础。根据这个原理,测温元件应在与被测物体达到热平衡时来测量该物体的温度。但在测温过程中,测温元件总是要经历一个变化过程的。而且这种变化过程有长有短。实践表明,其长短取决于测温元件的固     

深井钻探对福州地热资源开发利用的意义

通过对福州温泉开发利用现状和以往地热田地质工作的分析,作出福州地热田深部断裂裂隙存在的推断,提出通过技术手段增大地热田开采深度而提高温泉开采温度,从而获得更多的地热能的建议。     

轮箍弛缓的红外监测报警系统

介绍了红外测温技术在轮箍测温方面的应用,通过监控轮箍温度来及时发现轮箍弛缓,并设计出机车轮箍测温自动报警装置。     

伪随机序列声源信号在电站锅炉声学测温中的应用

为了获得电站锅炉炉膛温度信息,开发了单路径炉膛烟气温度声学监测系统,引入伪随机序列作为声源信号.在国内某200MW和300MW锅炉上进行了热态试验研究,并利用自制的K型陶瓷热电偶对测量温度进行了标定.结果表明：伪随机序列信号可以作为声学测温的声源信号,但由于其频带过宽,必须进行处理,使其能量集中;测温系统测量的烟气温度与热电偶测量温度相比,误差在2%以内;基于伪随机序列声源的声学测温系统所测温度曲线与负荷曲线吻合,具有很好的稳定性.     

单路径声学高温计实时监测锅炉炉膛烟温的试验研究

为了实现炉膛出口烟气温度的实时在线监测,在前期工作的基础上研发了单路径声学高温计,并首次在国内某300 MW电站锅炉中安装.经过冷态调试、热态试验和长期运行,验证了单路径声学测温系统的稳定性和可靠性.利用特制的K型铠装热电偶对声学高温计进行了标定,结果表明:声学高温计测温与热电偶测温相比,误差在2%以内;声学测温历史曲线与机组负荷历史曲线的变化趋势吻合,说明声学高温计可以完全取代炉膛烟温探针.     

高温火焰图像处理比色测温法的数值方法研究

双色测温法是一种传统的比色测温法。近几年，随着数字图像处理技术的发展，双色测温法开始和数字图像处理技术结合起来，进行了高温火焰温度的测量。本文在理论分析和试验研究的基础上，作为对双色测温法的改进，提出了一种迭代算法－双色校正法，并将该方法应用于面阵ＣＣＤ测量高温火焰温度分布的系统中。     

基于温度塞的中重型车用柴油机铝活塞温度测量点的探讨

通过柴油机铝活塞的温度分布以及铝活塞失效统计,结合有限元模拟分析,确认温度对活塞寿命的影响,然后分析中重型车用柴油机的外特性曲线及活塞在不同转速下的冷却强度,参考实时测温数据寻找最可能出现铝活塞燃烧室最高温度的发动机运行点,通过温度塞试验在其他机型上进行验证,提高基于温度塞试验结果的有限元模拟分析预测精度。     

重油隧道窑红外温度测控

介绍重油隧道窑的红外温度测控系统。重点论述系统中的红外测温。在分析热电偶测量高温窑炉温度时的缺点的基础上，给出了系统的温度测控框图。根据重油隧道窑的运行状况，从红外测温的角度，分析窑内烟气和εＬ对测温的影响，窑墙效应，环境温度影响，并进行了相应的处理。     

红外辐射测温仪原理及产品的应用

1 红外辐射测温原理 1.1测温原理 波长为0.75mm～1000μm的热辐射称为红外辐射。通过测量红外辐射能量来测定物体温度的方法称之为红外辐射测温。 红外辐射测温,实际上是测量一定波长范围内物体表面的辐射能量。已知工作波段     

Synthetic fluid inclusion logging to measure temperatures and sample fluids in the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan

Synthetic fluid inclusion logging is a new tool to measure temperatures and sample fluids in high-temperature geothermal wells. Fluid in the microcracks of a crystal can be trapped in inclusions through healing. Fluid inclusions in quartz, for example, can be synthesized easily in geothermal boreholes and can be used as long as the host crystal is stable (e.g. α-quartz is stable up to 573°C). This technique can be applied to high-temperature geothermal wells where conventional temperature measurement methods are not feasible. Cracked crystals of quartz, soaked in silica-saturated solutions in gold or platinum capsules mounted on containers, are placed in a geothermal borehole. Geothermal fluid enters the microcracks in the crystals at the selected sampling depths, and inclusions containing ambient fluid are formed through crack healing. Trapping temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz are determined by microthermometry using a heating stage with pressure corrections. Other cracked crystals mounted in containers with rupture disks are used for fluid sampling. The first borehole experiment was conducted at WD-1, a deep research hole drilled in the Kakkonda geothermal field, northeast Japan, from September to October 1994 (24 days). Results from the experiment confirmed that temperatures measured from fluid inclusions are consistent with borehole temperatures measured by conventional logging tools.     

砾砂回填条件下地埋管换热器周围温度场试验研究

为研究不同工况砾砂回填条件下土壤源热泵地理管换热器周围温度场的变化规律,通过自主设计的可模拟地下水渗流的砂箱试验台,以砾砂为回填材料,测试了多种工况下地埋管换热器周围的温度场,并利用Surfer软件绘制等温线。结果表明,饱和无渗流条件下,温度场呈圆形对称分布,随着热负荷的增加,温度场达到稳定的时间延长;稳定后的温度变化量增加;温度变化明显区域的范围增大。饱和有渗流条件下,温度场沿渗流方向向下偏移,随着渗流速度的增加,温度场达到稳定的时间缩短;上游各点达到稳定后的温度变化量减小,温度变化明显区域的范围缩小;下游各点达到稳定后的温度变化量先增大后减小,温度变化明显区域的范围扩大。研究成果提供了一种温度场测试的新方法。     

Analysis of Cerro Prieto well logs: Some results and problems

The evaluation of well logs from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field is made difficult by the wellbore conditions existing during the logging runs and by the complex minerology of the hydrothermal reservoir.In order to obtain well logs at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, the wellbore must be cooled to at least the maximum operational temperature of available well-logging equipment, normally 120°C. Since undisturbed formation temperatures are usually in excess of 250°C at Cerro Prieto, the cooling of the wellbore creates an acute thermal gradient between the wellbore and the undisturbed formations. An understanding of the influence of this gradient on logging responses is necessary to establish confidence in well log evaluations.Similarly, since the mineralogic characteristics of the formations affect the well-log responses, quantitative mineralogic studies of wellbore cuttings and core make an important contribution to log evaluation. This influence is pronounced in a hydrothermal reservoir where complex mineralogies occur.An appreciation of the effects of wellbore cooling and complex mineralogies on log responses should increase confidence in the evaluation of Cerro Prieto geothermal well logs.     

Characterisation of the Basel 1 enhanced geothermal system

This paper describes the steps that have been undertaken to create an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) at the Deep Heat Mining Project in Basel, Switzerland. Preliminary results from drilling, logging, hydraulic testing and stimulating the Basel 1 well are summarized. The project was suspended following the occurrence of several ‘felt’ microseismic events. Because such events may be an inherent risk with current methods of reservoir stimulation, the paper analyses the possible mechanisms of hydraulically induced shearing processes and suggests methods by which the risk may be reduced. The observations are integrated into a model of the geothermal reservoir where aspects of both the reservoir development and the driving mechanism for the perceptible induced seismic events are considered.     

Prediction of downhole circulating and shut-in temperatures

An accurate prediction of downhole circulating temperatures during geothermal well drilling is needed for cement slurry and mud design. At present, API correlations are used to predict bottom-hole circulating temperatures for geothermal wells. Presented in this paper are field data which show that the API predictions overestimate the bottom-hole circulating temperatures for wells with high geothermal gradients. New empirical relationships are suggested to predict downhole circulating temperatures for deep, high temperature wells. Also, an analytical formula for predicting downhole shut-in temperature is presented.     

Temperature field distribution from cooling of a magma chamber in La Primavera Caldera, Jalisco, Mexico

The temperature field distribution in La Primavera geothermal area, Jalisco, located in the western part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB), has been simulated from cooling of a shallow magma chamber (assumed as the primary heat source) during the entire volcanic history of the caldera. Similar to the other two geothermal fields of the MVB (Los Humeros and Los Azufres), it is considered that the evolution of the magma chamber is controlled by the processes of fractional crystallization as well as magma recharge. Besides these processes, heat contribution is also taken into account from decay of natural radioactive elements, U, Th, and K, present in all geological materials. In some models presented in this work, convection in the geothermal reservoir is simulated by assigning higher values of thermal conductivities (up to 20 times the rock conductivities) to respective geologic units. The heat transfer equation has been solved by a finite element implicit method. The results of temperature simulations from the magma chamber are compared with undisturbed formation temperatures in three drill wells. The subsurface depth of the top of the magma chamber is varied from 5 to 7 km. Similarly, the horizontal dimensions of the chamber are varied from 12 km (which is approximately the diameter of the La Primavera caldera) to 10 km. The thermal effects of this change in depth and horizontal dimensions of the magma chamber are readily seen in the predicted temperature distribution for this rather young caldera.     

西藏羊易EGS开发储层温度场与开采寿命影响因素数值模拟研究

西藏羊易地区具有丰富的地热能,单井开发潜力接近10 MW,对其深部热储进行EGS开采,可缓解西部能源紧缺问题。本文建立二维理想EGS开发模型,探讨深层地热开采过程中开采流量、注采方式、注入温度等参数对热储温度场分布及开采寿命的影响。基于羊易温度信息设计了12个数值模型,对比研究发现,开采流量对EGS开采的影响较大,为保证开采50年内的商业利用价值,最大开采流量应控制在0.028 kg/s以下;考虑到钻井成本,注采方式的选择以高注高采和中注高采为最佳;注入温度对热储开采影响较小,可选择40℃ ~ 80℃之间任意温度的地热尾水进行回灌,实现地热资源梯级利用。     

Geology and fluid chemistry of the Fushime geothermal field, Kyushu, Japan

The Fushime geothermal field is located in a depression close to the coast line. The system is characterized by very high reservoir temperature (>350°C), and a high salinity production fluid. Geological analysis shows that the main reservoir in this field occurs in a fractured zone developed around a dacite intrusion located in the center of the field. High permeability zones recognized by drilling data are found to be associated with fault zones. One of these zones is clearly associated with a NW–SE trending andesite dike swarm which was encountered in some wells.Alteration in the system can be divided into four zones, in order of increasing temperature, based on calcium–magnesium aluminosilicate mineral assemblages: i.e., the smectite, transition, chlorite and epidote zones. The feed zone is located in the chlorite and epidote zones, which can be further divided into three sub-zones according to their potassium or sodium aluminosilicate mineralogy, from the center of the discharge zone: K-feldspar–quartz, sericite–quartz, and albite–chlorite zones.Chloride concentration of the sea-water is 19,800 mg/l, and Br/Cl mole ratio is 1.55. Based on geochemical information, the reservoir chloride concentration of this field ranges from 11,600 to 22,000 mg/kg. The Clres (Cl in reservoir), Br/Cl ratios and stable isotope data indicate that the Fushime geothermal fluid originated from sea-water and is diluted by ground water during its ascent. Some fluids produced from geothermal wells show low pH (about 4). It is thought that sulfide mineral (PbS, ZnS) precipitation during production produces this acidic fluid.     

Three-dimensional imaging of a geothermal system using temperature and geological models derived from a well-log dataset

The accurate imaging of geothermal systems from the ground surface down to great depths is an interdisciplinary problem common to geothermal resource exploration and development. Rocks can be characterized mainly in terms of their lithology, mineralogy, fracture distribution, permeability, thermal conductivity and porosity, and similarly the geothermal fluid (and its circulation) by its geochemistry, flow pattern, velocity, temperature and pressure. Some of these data are obtained by well logging and from laboratory tests conducted on drillhole cores. In general, the distribution of geothermal wells is not random, and well data are limited in terms of quantity and depth range. Accordingly, a sophisticated spatial modeling technique is indispensable in the three-dimensional imaging of geothermal systems. We describe a versatile 3-D modeling method that can be used to determine the temperature, flow velocity, and distribution of geological units within a geothermal field based on well log data. The model results for the Hohi geothermal area, Japan, provide plausible estimates of temperature, flow velocity, and geology to a depth of 3000 m. Superimposition of the three spatial models we obtained shows that, at Hohi, two geothermal reservoirs are localized near highly fractured fault zones that provide paths for the ascent of thermal fluids from depth.