N,N’-二硝基-N,N’-二(3-([1,2,3]-三唑并[4,5-c]呋咱-4,5-内盐-5-基)呋咱-4-基)二氨基甲烷的合成与表征

以二氨基呋咱(DAF)为起始原料,经Caro's acid氧化、锌粉还原、环化、缩合和硝化五步反应得到N,N’-二硝基-N,N ’-二(3-([1,2,3]-三唑并[4,5-c]呋咱-4,5-内盐-5-基)呋咱-4-基)二氨基甲烷(MNOTO),总收率为32.7％(以DAF计).用元素分析、核磁共振、红外光谱等进行了结...     

偶氮及氧化偶氮呋咱化合物的合成与表征

以3,4-二氨基呋咱(DAF)为原料,次氯酸钠为氧化剂合成出3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DAAF);用相对较强的氧化剂过硫酸氢钾的复合盐(OXONETM)氧化DAF得到3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(DAOAF);以100%硝酸为硝化剂硝化DAAF制得3,3′-二硝氨基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DNAAF);DAAF和DAOAF分别经重氮化叠氮取代得到3,3′-二叠氮基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DADAF)和3-氨基-3′-叠氮基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(AAAF);DADAF久置一段时间完全转化成5-[4-叠氮基呋咱基]-5H-[1,2,3]三唑并[4,5-c][1,2,5]呋咱内盐(I)。采用红外、质谱、核磁等分析手段对所合成化合物进行表征。     

5-(4-叠氮呋咱基)-[1,2,3]三唑[4,5-c]并呋咱内盐的合成、晶体结构及性能

以3,4-二氨基呋咱为原料,经重氮化-叠氮化、氧化-环化等反应合成了一种新型无氢富氮含能材料5-(4-叠氮呋咱基)-[1,2,3]三唑[4,5-c]并呋咱内盐(AFTF);采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等方法表征了目标物的结构;获得了AFTF的单晶并进行了晶体结构解析;采用DSC方法研究了AFTF的热稳定性,初步探讨了氧化-环化反应机理;采用Gaussian 09程序CBS-QB3方法计算了AFTF的固相生成热,基于晶体密度和固相生成热,利用EXPLO5爆轰软件预估了AFTF的爆轰性能。结果表明,化合物AFTF晶体为正交晶系,空间群为P 2(1)2(1)2(1),晶胞参数为:a=8.1782(17),b=8.6446(18),c=11.521(2),V=814.5(3)3,Z=4,μ=0.151 mm^-1,F(000)=440;AFTF的熔点为101.02℃,热分解温度为186.39℃;AFTF晶体密度为1.795 g/cm 3(296 K),氮含量为63.6%,理论爆速为8.982 km/s,爆压为33.5 GPa,生成热为1178.9 kJ/mol,爆热为6450.8 kJ/kg,表明AFTF是一种爆轰性能优良的无氢富氮高能量密度化合物,有望应用于高能推进剂或气体发生剂领域;低熔点特性有望使其作为熔铸炸药载体使用。     

3-氨基-4-(叔丁基氧化偶氮基)呋咱的合成与表征

以3,4-二氨基呋咱(DAF)为起始原料,苯为反应介质,经Caro’s酸氧化得到3-氨基-4-亚硝基呋咱,然后与N,N-二溴-叔丁基胺缩合得到标题化合物,总收率37.6%,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析及质谱等进行了结构表征。优化了反应条件,确定适宜的反应条件为:氯化亚铜作为催化剂,反应时间16 h,温度15～25℃,收率73.5%。     

3,4-二氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱合成的反应动力学模型

以3-氨基-4-酰胺肟基呋咱为原料合成了3,4-二氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱,考察了反应体系中反应物浓度、温度和反应时间对反应速率的影响。通过ChemCAD速率回归计算程序对实验数据进行回归计算,并将速率方程进行线性化处理,得到反应级数、反应活化能和频率因子,建立了3,4-二氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱合成反应的动力学模型,计算值与实验值的相对误差均小于1%,说明动力学方程及动力学参数与3,4-二氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱的反应动力学行为相吻合。从反应动力学模型得出,降低反应温度、提高起始原料AAOF浓度、降低硫酸浓度、采用分批加入硫酸的间歇操作方式都可抑制副反应的发生,提高目标产物的转化速率和选择性。     

N,N’-二（硝基苯并二氧化呋咱）草酰胺的合成

研究了化合物N,N’-二（硝基苯并二氧化呋咱）草酰胺的合成。3,3’,5,5’-四氯-2,2’,4,4’6,6’-六硝基草酰苯胺（Ⅰ）在DMF中,室温下与叠氮化钠水溶液反应,生成化合物3,3’,5,5’-四叠氮基-2,2’,4,4’6,6’-六硝基草酰苯胺（Ⅱ）,收率79.8%。化合物（Ⅱ）在丙酸中,110℃左右进行热解脱氮得到目标化合物N,N’-二（硝基苯并二氧化呋咱）草酰胺（Ⅲ）,熔点220 ℃(分解),收率79.1％,并通过红外光谱、质谱及元素分析确定了目标化合物的结构。由密度瓶法测得化合物的密度为1.86g?cm-3,根据氮当量公式计算的理论爆速为8.529km?s-1,爆压为33.31GPa,根据氧平衡指数值计算的h50值为70.02cm。     

3,4-二(4′-氨基-3′,5′-二硝基苯基)氧化呋咱的合成及热性能

以4-甲氧基苯腈为原料,经肟化、重氮化、脱氮、关环、硝化及胺化等六步反应合成3,4-二(4′-氨基-3′,5′-二硝基苯基)氧化呋咱(DANBF),并优化了肟化、氧化呋咱成环及硝化反应的条件,用DSC、TG等对目标化合物的热性能进行了表征。结果表明,氧化呋咱成环反应的最适宜条件为:Na2CO3摩尔量为理论摩尔量的1.35倍,反应温度2～10℃,反应时间5h,收率58.1%,纯度不小于99.0%(HPLC)。芳基取代的氧化呋咱化合物具有较好的热稳定性。     

3,4-二(4'-氨基-3',5'-二硝基苯基)氧化呋咱的合成及热性能

以4-甲氧基苯腈为原料,经肟化、重氮化、脱氮、关环、硝化及胺化等六步反应合成3,4-二(4'-氨基-3',5'-二硝基苯基)氧化呋咱(DANBF),并优化了肟化、氧化呋咱成环及硝化反应的条件,用DSC、TG等对目标化合物的热性能进行了表征.结果表明,氧化呋咱成环反应的最适宜条件为:Na2CO3摩尔量为理论摩尔量的1.35倍,反应温度2～10℃,反应时间5h,收率58.1％,纯度不小于99.0％(HPIC).芳基取代的氧化呋咱化合物具有较好的热稳定性.     

3,3’-二硝基-4,4’-偶氮氧化呋咱的合成及性能

以丙二酸单酰肼单钾盐为原材料,经硝化和哑硝化反应“一锅法”合成了4-氨基-3-叠氮羰基氧化呋咱(AN-FO),然后通过ANFO合成出3,3 ’-二氨基-4,4’-偶氮氧化呋咱(DAAFO),DAAFO在双氧水/浓硫酸溶液中氧化为DNAFO.用元素分析、IR、MS和DSC-TG对其结构进行了表征.结果表明,丙二酸单肼单钾...     

几种呋咱类含能化合物的合成、热行为及理论爆轰性能预估

用双氧水、钨酸钠及甲磺酸氧化3,4-二氨基呋咱(DAF)合成了3-氨基-4-硝基呋咱;用100%硝酸硝化DAF得到3,4-二硝胺基呋咱;用NaNO_2、H_2SO_4及NaN_3DAF重氮、取代DAF得到3-氨基-4-叠氮基呋咱;用30%的双氧水、钨酸钠及甲磺酸氧化3-氨基-4-叠氮基呋咱,得到3-叠氮基-4-硝基呋咱及3,3′-二叠氮基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱。用TG-DSC研究了这些化合物的热行为。采用B3LYP/6-31G*方法预估了化合物的理论密度、标准生成、爆速、爆压。结果表明,氧化偶氮基的引入增强了呋咱类化合物的热稳定性;叠氮基的引入提高了化合物的生成焓。3-氨基-4-硝基呋咱中氨基转化为叠氮基,生成焓由183.26kJ/mol增至571.40 kJ/mol;硝胺基的引入显著提高了含能化合物的密度、爆速和爆压。     

The Study of NADPH-Dependent Flavoenzyme-Catalyzed Reduction of Benzo[1,2-c]1,2,5-oxadiazole N-Oxides (Benzofuroxans)

The enzymatic reactivity of a series of benzo[1,2-c]1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxides (benzofuroxans; BFXs) towards mammalian single-electron transferring NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (P-450R) and two-electron (hydride) transferring NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) was examined in this work. Since the =N⁺ (→O)O⁻ moiety of furoxan fragments of BFXs bears some similarity to the aromatic nitro-group, the reactivity of BFXs was compared to that of nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) whose reduction mechanisms by these and other related flavoenzymes have been extensively investigated. The reduction of BFXs by both P-450R and NQO1 was accompanied by O₂ uptake, which was much lower than the NADPH oxidation rate; except for annelated BFXs, whose reduction was followed by the production of peroxide. In order to analyze the possible quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) of the enzymatic reactivity of the compounds, their electron-accepting potency and other reactivity indices were assessed by quantum mechanical methods. In P-450R-catalyzed reactions, both BFXs and NACs showed the same reactivity dependence on their electron-accepting potency which might be consistent with an “outer sphere” electron transfer mechanism. In NQO1-catalyzed two-electron (hydride) transferring reactions, BFXs acted as more efficient substrates than NACs, and the reduction efficacy of BFXs by NQO1 was in general higher than by single-electron transferring P-450R. In NQO1-catalyzed reactions, QSARs obtained showed that the reduction efficacy of BFXs, as well as that of NACs, was determined by their electron-accepting potency and could be influenced by their binding mode in the active center of NQO1 and by their global softness as their electronic characteristic. The reductive conversion of benzofuroxan by both flavoenzymes yielded the same reduction product of benzofuroxan, 2,3-diaminophenazine, with the formation of o-benzoquinone dioxime as a putative primary reductive intermediate, which undergoes a further reduction process. Overall, the data obtained show that by contrast to NACs, the flavoenzyme-catalyzed reduction of BFXs is unlikely to initiate their redox-cycling, which may argue for a minor role of the redox-cycling-type action in the cytotoxicity of BFXs.     

Conventional and microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of fused [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline-2,2-dioxide derivatives

A simple, highly efficient and environmentally friendly procedure for the condensation of $o$-phenylenediamine with 2,5-dialkyl-1,2,5-thiadiazolidine-3,4-dione-1,1-dioxides via two microwave-assisted reactions is described. These compounds were also prepared via a conventional heating method to provide a comparison with the microwave-assisted irradiation reaction protocol. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using infrared, ¹H NMR and mass spectral analysis.     

Multilevel quantum chemical calculation of the enthalpy of formation of [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-e][1,2,3,4]-tetrazine-4,6-di-N-dioxide

The enthalpy of formation in the standard state for the promising novel energetic material [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-e][1,2,3,4]-tetrazine-4,6-di-N-dioxide (furazano-1,2,3,4-tetrazine-1,3-dioxide) was calculated using a theoretically calculated value of the heat of formation in the gas phase and am experimentally measured value of the heat (enthalpy) of sublimation. The theoretical calculations were performed using the G2, G3, and CBS-QB3 high-accuracy multilevel quantum chemical techniques. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 77–81, September–October, 2007.     

Synthesis of novel narrow-band-gap copolymers based on [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f]benzotriazole and their application in bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices

Two novel conjugated alternating copolymers with [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f]benzotriazole as acceptor and 9,9-dioctylfluorene or N-9’-heptadecanyl-carbazole as donors respectively, were synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation. Both of the two copolymers have nearly ideal band gaps and show excellent absorption spectra in near infrared region. Polymer solar cells based on the blends of them and [6,6]-phenyl-C₇₁ butyric acid methyl ester show excellent performance when using a water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymer as cathode interlayer, which exhibit a maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.17% with the short-circuit current density of 8.50 mA/cm², the open-circuit voltage of 0.70 V and the fill factor of 41%. Our results demonstrate that [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f]benzotriazole is a promising acceptor unit for low band gap polymer donor materials design.     

Epoxidation of natural propenylbenzenes catalyzed by [FeIII(Salen)Cl] and [FeIII(TPP)Cl]

Epoxidation of natural propenylbenzenes (safrol, isosafrol, anethol, eugenol and isoeugenol) was carried out using iron complexes as catalysts ([Fe^III(TPP)Cl] and [Fe^III(Salen)Cl] · H₂O, where TPP = 5, 10, 15, 20-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin and Salen = N,N′-(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediamine) in presence of hydrogen peroxide 30% and glacial acetic acid. Reaction products were identified by gas chromatography and satisfactory yields were obtained. Quantitative conversion of isosafrol to the corresponding epoxide was achieved in presence of [Fe^III(TPP)Cl] as catalyst.     

相转移催化法合成新树型配体——N,N′,N″-(三苄基)-三乙氨基胺和N,N′,N″-(三苯甲酰)-三乙氨基胺

报道了以相转移催化法合成一类新有机试剂——三乙氨基胺类树型配体 N,N′,N″-(三苄基)-三乙氨基胺(TBAA)和N,N′,N″-(三苯甲酰)-三乙氨基胺(TBOAA),产率 85% 以上。此类化合物具有近似三角架形结构,能产生荧光,可以与稀土离子进行选择性配位。     

Photoconductivity of polymeric dibenz [b,i] 1,4,8,11-tetraaza [14] annulenato (μ-pyrazin)iron(II) [Fetaa(pyz)]n

Summary Results of experiments on dark- and photoconductivity of polymeric dibenz[b,i] 1,4,8,11-tetraaza[14]annulenato(-pyrazin) iron(II) [Fetaa(pyz)]_n are described. By studying the dependence of photoconductivity on electric field, intensity and wavelength it is shown that photogeneration of charge carriers occurred at short wavelengths by an Onsager mechanism and in the near-infrared region by a photoinjection process from the electrodes.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. G. Manecke on the occasion of his 70th birthdayThe authors would like to thank the Volkswagen Foundation for financial support.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[bis(3-aminophenyl) diselenide] and Poly[bis(3-aminophenyl) diselenide-co-aniline]

Summary Bis(m-aminophenyl)diselenide was synthesized by diazotation of m-nitroaniline followed by incorporation of potassium selenium cyanate, and the reduction of the nitro groups by addition of tin and concentrated HCl. This dihydrochloride monomer was polymerised using ammonium persulphate in 0.25 M HCl as oxidizing agent. Copolymers of aniline with bis(m-aminophenyl)diselenide were prepared by oxidation of diselenide and aniline mixtures, at several mole ratios of aniline in the feed (f₁), with the same oxidizing agent. In the all the range of polymers analysed there are more diselenide comonomer units than aniline units. The polymer and copolymers were characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, thermal stability and electrical conductivity, showing a high thermal stability, with a weight loss of 10% at 400 °C and there is an important effect of groups diselenide on the electrical properties, because conductivities are highly modified when the substitution is in m-position in the aniline ring. Therefore, it is necessary to add a high mole ratio of aniline in the feed to obtain copolymers with conductivities within the semi-conduction range.     

Thallium complexes of meso-tetra-(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin: trifluoroacetato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III) and pentafluoropropionato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III)

The crystal structures of trifluoroacetato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III), Tl[(p-Cl)₄tpp](O₂CCF₃) (1), and pentafluoropropionato-[meso-tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato]thallium(III) Tl[(p-Cl)₄tpp](O₂CCF₂CF₃) (2), were determined. The coordination sphere around the Tl³⁺ ion is described as five-coordinate regular square-based pyramid (RSBP) in which the apical site is occupied by an unidentate CF₃CO₂⁻ ligand for 1 whereas the unidentate CF₃CF₂CO₂⁻ ligand occupies the axial site for 2. The plane of the four pyrrole nitrogen atoms [i.e., N(1)–N(4)] strongly bonded to Tl³⁺ is adopted as a reference plane 4N. The Tl³⁺ is moderately out of the 4N plane; its displacement of 0.58 Å (or 0.59 Å) for 1 (or 2) is in the same direction as that of the trifluoroacetate oxygen for 1 (or pentafluoropropionate oxygen for 2). The free energy of activation at the coalescence temperature T_c for the intermolecular trifluoroacetate exchange for 1 in CD₂Cl₂ is found to be ΔG^≠₁₇₈=36.6 kJ/mol whereas the intermolecular pentafluoropropionate exchange for 2 in CD₂Cl₂ is determined to be ΔG^≠₂₁₃=41.5 kJ/mol through ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR temperature-dependent measurements.     

[1]-萘并[1,2-b]、[2,1-b]氧杂卓并[3,4-b]喹啉-15(8H)-酮的合成及量化计算

以邻硝基苯甲醛为起始原料,经还原、Friedlander缩合、溴化反应得到中间体2-溴甲基-3-喹啉酸乙酯,再将其分别与α-萘酚和β-萘酚一锅法高产率地合成2-(α-萘氧甲基)-3-喹啉酸和2-(β-萘氧甲基)-3-喹啉酸,然后分别通过Eaton’s Reagent环化,发生分子内Friedel-Crafts反应又得到2种新型闭环产物:[1]-萘并[1,2-b]氧杂卓并[3,4-b]喹啉-15(8H)-酮和[1]-萘并[2,1-b]氧杂卓并[3,4-b]喹啉-15(8H)-酮。合成产物经1H-NMR、MS和IR确认,并测定了在三氯甲烷中的紫外光谱和固体荧光光谱,并对其荧光光谱进行量子化学计算模拟。