湿法磷酸净化生产工业级磷酸一铵的技术现状及关键技术的工业应用

阐述我国工业级磷酸一铵的生产现状和生产工艺,对湿法磷酸氨中和直接净化法生产工业级磷酸一铵的主要工艺流程、工艺原理以及其工业应用进行了重点介绍。湿法磷酸氨中和直接净化法生产工业级磷酸一铵技术工业应用规模在1万~5万t/a,对于w(P_2O_5)≥29.0%、w(Fe_2O_3+Al_2O_3+MgO)≤5.3%的磷矿,其磷收率可达到70%,产品纯度能达到99.5%以上,且投资小(5万t/a装置固定资产投资为4 630万~5 340万元),经济效益好。     

用加热磷酸生产粉状磷酸一铵

红磷分公司磷铵厂采用低压蒸汽加热原料磷酸生产粉状磷酸一铵,介绍磷酸加热工艺流程及设备,分析了磷酸加热对中和反应及产品的影响。实践表明:磷酸加热可有效提高水分蒸发量、反应温度及料浆流动性,对控制产品养分和保证产品颜色也有一定作用。     

湿法磷酸两步法生产工业级磷酸一铵工艺

以湿法磷酸为原料,采用定向净化除杂技术,依次经脱硫酸反应、一次中和反应、二次中和反应、浓缩、结晶及干燥等工序两步法生产工业级磷酸一铵,产品纯度达98.37%,副产物滤渣可用于磷酸二铵生产。30kt/a工业级磷酸一铵可实现年销售收入1.5亿元,年利润达2 066.3万元,经济效益显著。     

肥料级湿法磷酸直接生产工业级磷酸一铵工业化技术研究

以肥料级湿法磷酸为原料,采用磷酸氨法除杂、磷铵料浆强制过滤及能源梯级利用技术,依次经脱砷反应、脱硫反应、一次中和反应、二次中和反应、浓缩、结晶及干燥等工序生产工业级磷酸一铵,产品质量分数达99.02%,P_2O_5与NH_3利用率分别为73.67%和82.19%,副产物滤渣及母液用于磷复肥生产。30 kt/a工业级磷酸一铵可实现年销售收入1.25亿元,利润达1269.30万元。     

湿法磷酸生产粉状硝基水溶肥小试探索

粉状水溶肥多采用工业级KH_2PO_4、NH_4H_2PO_4等高端原料进行掺混,成本高。采用湿法磷酸为原料,经过脱氟、脱硫、压滤、氨中和等步骤得到磷酸一铵溶液,再加入定量的硝酸钾,经浓缩、喷雾干燥得到高磷高钾的硝基水溶肥。介绍高磷高钾硝基水溶肥的生产工艺流程、投料方案。该方法流程简短,生产成本低,可以直接将磷铵装置改造进行生产,投资少,产品养分和水不溶物均达到国家标准。     

固液反萃湿法磷酸生产磷铵的工艺研究

通过连续逆流萃取对原料湿法磷酸先进行净化,萃取后的有机溶剂相直接用氨反萃取生成磷铵晶体,再沉降使晶体与有机萃取剂分离,实现磷铵直接反萃结晶和萃取剂的循环利用。结果表明用氨直接固液反萃湿法磷酸生产磷铵的最佳工艺条件是：萃取剂组成为V(磷酸三丁酯)∶V(稀释剂)=1∶1,原料磷酸浓度为w（P₂O₅）=40%～50%,萃取剂用量为V(萃取剂)∶V(原料磷酸)≈3∶1,萃取搅拌时间约为5 min,氨用量控制为氨反萃结晶后的液相pH≈7,固液反萃-结晶温度为15～20 ℃。最终所得的磷铵晶体中w(氮)＞20%、w(五氧化二磷)＞50%,原料湿法磷酸中的五氧化二磷一次性利用率接近50%。该法所得磷铵晶体中氮磷含量均接近工业磷酸二铵(98%)标准,远大于国家肥料级农用磷铵产品标准。     

黄麦岭磷化集团实施磷铵扩能技改

湖北黄麦岭磷化集团公司以实施磷铵生产规模扩能改造为契机 ,推动企业渐进式发展 ,他们着力在 2 0 0 1年将磷铵年生产能力从 18万ｔ提升到 2 4万ｔ,以确保实现年产值 4亿元的效益目标。为实现黄麦岭 2 4万ｔ/ａ磷铵的扩能改造目标 ,该公司一方面全力以赴抓好现有装置的达产达标 ,一方面千方百计解决制约发展的“瓶颈”问题 ,增加了矿浆储槽 ,外购矿加料系统 ,改造了产品包裹系统。经过技改 ,磷铵尾洗由浓磷酸改为用稀磷酸 ,从而减少了 2 0 %以上浓磷酸的用量 ,并已顺利实现 5月份磷铵日产量 70 0ｔ连续稳定72ｈ生产的好成绩。目前 ,该公司还…     

农户不要误信受骗根本不存在“磷酸三铵”商品肥料

磷酸铵(简称磷铵)是用磷酸和氨为原料制成的氮磷复合肥料。根据加氨量的多少,可以分别形成磷酸一铵NH4 H2 PO4 、磷酸二铵(NH4 ) 2 HPO4 和磷酸三铵(NH4 ) 3PO4 3种化合物。1　3种化合物(纯品)的总养分含量(见表1)表1　3种化合物的养分含量化合物名称养分含量/ %w( N) w( P2 O5) w( N+P2 O5)氮磷比m( N)∶m( P2 O5)磷酸一铵12 .2 61.7 73 .91∶5 .1磷酸二铵2 1.2 5 3 .875 .0 1∶2 .5磷酸三铵2 8.64 8.3 76.91∶1.7由表1可见,3种化合物的总养分含量均在74 %～77%之间,基本相近。只是其中m(N) / m(P2 O5)不同,磷酸一铵的m(N)∶m(…     

50kt／a磷酸过滤系统的技术改造

由于公司硫基复合肥与磷酸一铵装置扩能,需将磷酸装置生产能力由70kt/aP2O5(50 kt/a与20kt/a各1套)提升到90kt/aP2O5,针对原50 kt/aP2O5装置过滤系统设备现状计算,讨论其真空泵、大气冷凝器、过滤机等主要设备的能力与工艺、结构的调整,改造.总投资52万元,取得磷酸产量提高20kt/aP2O5,吨产品综合成本下降11.36元,直接经济效益159万元的效果.     

湿法磷酸净化生产工业级磷酸一铵的工艺技术现状

我国工业级磷酸一铵的生产基本都是以热法磷酸为原料,存在能耗大、生产成本高等问题。对湿法磷酸净化后制取工业级磷酸一铵,不仅可以降低生产成本,而且可以实现资源的梯级利用。介绍了目前国内采用湿法磷酸净化生产工业级磷酸一铵的工艺技术现状,并对各种工艺的特点和存在的问题进行了分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。