不同水动力条件下的河流硅藻群落分布机理研究

水体生物种群指标与河流水动力参数之间的关系是水生态的重要研究课题之一。在西江水系柳江河流共设置31个硅藻采样点,来探究表层沉积硅藻在不同水动力条件下的群落结构,着重研究了硅藻与水深、流速和流量等水文变量间的关系。在研究区域共发现硅藻2纲38属264种,通过层状图和排序分析,流速是影响硅藻群落分布最主要的水动力条件,其次才是雷诺数。雷诺数的大小和浮游种类丰度关系紧密,但雷诺数对硅藻种类的影响还有不确定因数。直链藻和小环藻等浮游种类在大江中比小溪中较易出现,同时人工修建的大坝通过改变水动力条件,对藻类的分布产生影响,尤其在水库下游等较极端的湍流条件下,桥弯藻和脆杆藻的丰度明显地增长。     

河流水质附着硅藻生物监测与评价

河湖健康评估是对河湖生态系统的物理完整性、化学完整性、生物完整性、社会服务功能完整性及它们之间相互协调性的评价。生物完整性评价是水生态系统完整性评价的核心内容,而河流水质附着硅藻生物监测是生物完整性评价的重要组成。对河流水质附着硅藻生物监测与评价技术体系进行系统介绍,包括硅藻监测指数IPS和IBD、评价等级、监测基本操作程序等。同时,对附着硅藻河流水质监测在国内外应用情况进行综述,展望河流水质附着硅藻生物监测在我国的应用前景。     

利用浮游植物生物完整性对河流健康进行评价

2017年3—12月对江阴市4条河流的13个采样点进行调查研究,基于浮游植物生物完整性指数(P-IBI)评价了河流健康状况,并分析了P-IBI与环境因子的相关性。通过分析人为干扰程度划分出参照点与受损点,对18个候选参数进行指标筛选和Pearson相关性分析,最终选取硅藻门分类单元数、绿藻门百分比、席藻百分比、香农多样性指数和浮游植物生物量5个参数,采用比值法计算得到各参数分值,各个参数分值相加得到江阴市4条河流的浮游植物生物完整性指数分值P。结果表明:调查河流浮游植物优势种为颤藻、鱼腥藻、裸藻等,水体富营养化严重,整体水质较差;P与河流流速、透明度、矿化度和电导率相关性较高,人类活动引起的水土流失是浮游植物种群结构的主要影响因素;4条河流P与水质数据基本吻合,水质状况越好,P越高,表明采用浮游植物生物完整性指数对河流健康状况进行评价是可行的。     

基于GAM模型的硅藻群落与环境因子相关性分析

底栖硅藻水质生物监测技术是被广泛研究与使用的一种监测河流水质及生态质量的理想手段。通过将CCA排序和GAM分析两种方法相结合,分析了对龙江区域河流附生硅藻群落分布影响较大的环境因子。GAM模型画出了各个水环境因子对硅藻完整性指数IBI的响应机制,偏CCA分析进一步确认了营养盐因子对河流硅藻群落的重要性。将两种方法的结果进行比较,最终得出营养盐和电导率是影响龙江附生硅藻群落结构变化的主要因子,流速和水温为次要影响因子。两种分析方法相结合增加了结果的可靠性。     

白洋淀水环境质量评价

由于流域人类活动和气候干旱化的影响,白洋淀水体污染与富营养化日趋严重。通过对白洋淀湖水化学成分的分析,并运用与湖泊富营养化关系最为密切的Chla、TN、TP、CODMn和SD作为评价参数,采用综合营养指数法确定湖水营养类型。湖水水质监测数据分析表明,白洋淀为重碳酸类钠组Ⅱ型水的偏碱性湖泊,综合营养指数法确定湖水为中-富营养级湖泊水体。主成分分析法结果显示,湖泊污染的主要因子是TP。借助硅藻及其组合分析了湖泊富营养化状况,发现白洋淀硅藻属种以耐营养种梅尼小环藻Cyclotellameneghiniana(20.43%)和Cyclostephanos tholiformis(25.40%)为组合特征,表明湖泊水体已处于富营养化状态,水环境状况堪忧。     

四川荥经县农村山区河流水质状况与污染来源分析

2011-2012年,对四川省荥经县对3条山区河流泗坪乡的桥溪、新庙乡的头道水和三合乡的茶河不同水期的水质状况进行了监测,同时对流域内居民的生产生活状况进行了调查。监测的结果显示,3条河流的pH值、温度、溶解氧、氨氮、总磷等参数都达到了国家地表水Ⅱ级标准及以上;生化需氧量及总氮在不同河流和不同水期的差异都较大(3条河流的差异具体点说明);以枯水期的水质最差,达到了劣V类水。利用硅藻指数评价3条河流的污染状况表明,3条河流都达到较重污染,但不同河流存在差异,与水质监测的结果基本一致。山区河流生化需氧量及总氮超标的来源与流域内生产生活污水排放、化肥的施用、以及家畜家禽的养殖有关。需进一步加强社区居民的环保意识宣传,提高乡村垃圾和污染物的处理能力,积极开展流域综合管理。     

沈阳市重要水功能区水质现状达标分析

分析辖区内水功能区的水质现状与达标情况,对于加强水功能区监督管理具有重要意义,同时也为水资源保护利用以及水污染防治提出改进依据。依据2017年沈阳市水功能区水质监测结果,采用全指标单因子评价法(最差项目赋全权),对沈阳市水功能区的整体水质状况作出评价。并采用双因子评价法,针对不同水期、不同功能区类型、所属不同河流对水功能区达标情况作出评价。结果表明,沈阳市水功能区大体处于Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类水质,水质整体达标率不高。提出强化"河长制",严格控制入河排污口数量,提高污水处理厂处理标准等措施,为该区域水污染治理提供参考依据。     

喀什噶尔河流域地表水水质分析与水功能区水质评价

为研究喀什噶尔河流域地表水水质与水功能区现状,利用喀什噶尔河流域2020年8处水文观测站点和10个水质监测断面数据,选取了20项水质评价参数,利用全因子分析法对流域内地表水水质类别进行分析,采用单因子评价法对流域内水功能区水质进行达标评价。结果表明：喀什噶尔河流域现状各河流各水期水质较好,均优于或符合Ⅲ类水质标准且无超标项目,非汛期水库按照总氮不参评和总氮分析,水库水质类别优于或符合Ⅲ类水质标准比率分别为75%和50%,流域内水功能区仅库山河水功能区水质不达标。     

水功能区统一评价指标体系构建及应用研究

为适应现阶段水功能区管理的系统性要求,本文构建了水功能区统一评价指标体系,针对10类水功能区分别提出水质、水量、水生态3个维度的评价指标,采用层次分析法和结构熵权法确定指标权重,并选取4个不同类型的水功能区进行指标应用.结果表明保护区的综合评价指数高于开发利用区,但各类指标存在差异,水功能区统一评价指标体系不仅可为水功...     

乐安河源区水库沉积硅藻分布特征及环境响应

目前在乐安河流域内展开的河流重金属的污染研究亟待发掘。为充分阐明乐安河河源区水库环境特征及其环境变化驱动过程,以婺源县境内不同生态环境与开发背景的清华和石井水库为研究对象。通过实验记录沉积柱岩芯中硅藻种类及理化指标,并结合现代监测资料及多元统计方法,分析影响水库中沉积硅藻组合群落变化及沉积环境变化的环境特征驱动因子。结果表明,水库营养水平随深度至表层逐渐升高,沉积物污染评价也揭示了营养物质的汇集过程。沉积硅藻物种耐污种和富营养化指示种取代由普生种和清洁指示种成为优势,代表性物种为Achnanthidium minutissima、Navicula minima。多元统计分析结果表明,TP、TN及TP、TOC分别为清华和石井水库硅藻组合群落结构分布的主要驱动因子(p<0.05)。18项硅藻指数的箱线图分析结果显示,CEE、LOBO指数被筛选并表现出良好的评价适宜性及相关性。不同人类活动方式影响库区内输入的外源物质,从而驱动硅藻群落的演替,2座水库皆有向富营养化迈进的趋势。     

Environmental Factors Influencing Macrophytes Assemblages in a Middle‐Sized Mediterranean Stream

The occurrence of aquatic plants was analysed in a medium‐sized river in Greece. There were three objectives. The first was to examine the macrophyte assemblage structure along the river. The identification and hierarchical structure of aquatic plant assemblages were analyzed using Bray–Curtis analysis. Taxa primarily responsible for the differences among the assemblages were identified using similarity percentage analysis. The second objective was to investigate whether habitat features have greater impact on aquatic plant assemblages than chemical parameters. Partial canonical correspondence analysis was used for partitioning the total variation of the biological response. The third objective was to further explore the relationships between hydrophytes (water‐supported plants) richness and water quality using linear regression model. The results showed that from the 86 macrophyte taxa recorded, the 25 were found to be primarily responsible for the differences among the macrophytic assemblages. Both geomorphological and physicochemical variables proved to be significant in the Monte Carlo permutation test. The 14 out of 19 geomorphological variables were statistically significant (p<0.004) and included in the final canonical correspondence analysis model. From physicochemical variables, temperature, conductivity and water velocity were significant predictors of species distribution. Total macrophyte variation was divided into portions: (i) explained exclusively by geomorphological variables (34%); (ii) explained exclusively by physicochemical variables (3%); (iii) explained by both variables (52%); and (iv) unexplained (4%). Partitioning clearly revealed that macrophyte assemblage structure was strongly associated with geomorphological features. Τhe results indicated that hardness, DO and chl‐a play a more prominent role in hydrophyte species richness at community level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of macroinvertebrate and diatom communities to human‐induced physical alteration in mountain streams

It is generally argued that epilithic diatoms and macroinvertebrates are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, while only a few studies have been conducted on their response to physical disturbance. The main purpose of this research is to investigate whether these two communities respond to physical river disturbance like banks, substrate and flux alteration induced by human action. We sampled 12 high‐altitude streams in the Gran Paradiso National Park, a protected area where the main human activities are limited to hiking and high‐altitude pasture. The sampled stretches of the rivers were characterized with respect to their geomorphological features and possible human modifications. Water uptake for power supply, riverbed and bank modifications represented the main human activities which could determinate alterations in community structure and composition. Habitat structure was evaluated using the Southern European River Habitat (RHS–SE), while the biological status of the river has been estimated by means of the following biotic and diatomic indices: IBE, BMWP, ASPT, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera families (EPT) for macroinvertebrates, EPI‐D, IBD and IPS for diatoms. A general concordance between chemical parameters and structure of biological communities was observed. On the other hand, the RHS–SE highlighted the main geomorphological features and detected some slight physical alterations, as quantified by the indices Habitat Modification Score (HMS) and Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA). In short, our findings demonstrate that morphological alterations, even if slight, affect biological diversity and the presence of some specific taxa, while biological indices are independent of the level of physical modifications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2018年汉江中下游水华成因分析与治理对策

2018年2月汉江中下游再次暴发硅藻水华,从2月8日至3月中下旬,历时30余天,是有资料记载以来最长的一次。自水华暴发后,长江水利委员会及时启动应急预案,利用汉江中下游梯级水库群进行了水量调度,以控制水华的进一步发展,同时在汉江中下游河段设置了6个监测断面进行逐日监测。调查结果显示：此次硅藻水华优势种为汉氏冠盘藻（Stephanodiscus hantzschii）,暴发期其藻密度最高达到了3200万cell/L,水华影响范围从原先的武汉至仙桃段延伸至了兴隆库区。根据调查结果,分析了水华发生的几点原因,包括硅藻优势种种源问题、污染源控制问题以及特殊的水文气象情势等,并提出了严控污染输入、优化水量调度方案、完善管理机制等几点治理对策。但要永久解决汉江水华问题,还需地方各级政府在当前河长制要求下积极作为,全面保护汉江水生态环境,彻底解决流域面源污染问题。     

辽河流域河流水质综合评价

本文以辽河流域为例,将水质风险次序权重与组合准则权重相耦合构建评价模型,运用该模型计算评价了多种次序权重和河流水质等级。结果表明:风险水平α=1的条件下,国标法划分的监测点水质类别与该方法保持较好的一致性,对于河流水质的评价该方法符合实用性和可行性要求;石油类、总磷、氨氮、总有机碳等因子对流域水质的影响显著;入海口水质受地理位置制约,总体处于较差水平;水环境污染来源以工业废水、城市和农业污水为主。该耦合评价方法可为流域水环境保护和水质治理提供数据支撑。     

水环境质量资源定价模型研究

在水环境质量资源的价格分析中,引入"级差地租"理论,以水质差异而造成的水价不同作为水环境质量资源的定量依据,结合模糊综合评判法,建立一种新的适用于复杂且模糊的多指标评价体系的环境质量资源定价方法.以广州流溪河为例,分析了各河段的水质价格,分析表明,本文提供的模型可为合理调整水价,修正水资源核算,制定水资源管理的相关政策...     

惠州市主要河流水质现状评价与保护对策建议

从惠州市主要河流水质现状分析入手,结合流域历史水文资料,对近年来主要河流水质变化情况进行研究,了解惠州市的水质现状及变化趋势,评价水质状况,并在此基础上提出改善水质状况的对策建议,以期为水行政主管部门保护江河湖库水质,优化水环境管理提供参考。     

The assessment of diffuse pollution from acid-mine drainage using an updated and revised diatom assessment procedure as an added-value bio-monitoring tool.

Three data sources (physico-chemistry, bio-monitoring and eco-toxicology) are currently used in South Africa to establish environmental water quality conditions. Environmental water quality in turn is key information required for the "ecological reserve determination" of river reaches. Bio-monitoring in South Africa has been limited in recent times mostly to the use of the SASS procedure which relies on invertebrates only. This paper describes the re-introduction of a diatom-based water quality assessment as an added-value bio-monitoring tool. A specific example is discussed citing the response of diatom assemblages to diffuse pollution from acid mine drainage and how effective diatoms are as indicators of ecological integrity and river recovery measured downstream of the area of impact. The advantages of applying this bio-monitoring technique over other biological measures are presented in the context of technological advances in rapid image processing, species identification and software applications of diatom-based water quality indices. The valuable records of the diatom assemblages of the past, held in the South African Diatom Collection at the CSIR (KwaZulu-Natal), can now be accessed and interpreted as historical environmental water quality reference points for several rivers in South Africa.     

基于SOM和 PCA的闽江流域地表水水质综合评价

根据2014年1月至2015年11月闽江流域19个断面的水质月均值监测数据,采用自组织特征映射网络(SOM)和主成分分析(PCA)法研究了闽江流域水质时空变化特征,并用水质指数对闽江水质进行了综合评价。SOM分析将水质样本分为3个空间群组,其中水质变化周期分2个阶段:4—11月、12月至次年3月。PCA法分析表明,春冬季沙溪和富屯溪支流以及闽江下游福州城区河段营养盐水平偏高,在春夏季上游部分河段和下游闽江口有机污染水平偏高。水质指数评价结果显示,闽江流域整体水质较好,其中三大子流域及闽江下游水质评价从优至劣顺序为:富屯溪流域、建溪流域、沙溪流域、闽江下游流域。