热像法和能量法快速评估Q235钢的疲劳性能

借助热像法和能量法快速确定了单轴循环应力作用下Q235钢的疲劳性能参数,与传统实验结果相比,吻合较好。基于极限能理论假设,建立了Miner线性累积损伤理论的能量模型以预测构件的残余寿命。研究结果表明:热像法和能量法可以在较短的实验周期内快速地确定材料的疲劳极限和S-N曲线等疲劳性能参数;Miner理论的能量模型具有明确的物理意义,能准确预测循环载荷作用下构件的残余寿命。     

高温合金材料时间相关热机械疲劳寿命预测技术

本文在变温非线性运动强化规律所描述的高温合金材料热机械疲劳应力-应变循环特性的基础上,重点讨论了应变控制的时间相关热机械疲劳寿命预测技术。对于温度循环的影响,采用由应变能密度表示的损伤参数,并且引入了温度损伤系数。对于循环时间的影响,引入了蠕变─疲劳相互作用的损伤机制,采用韧性耗散损伤模型。在确定模型的一些参数时,采用等温力学试验和疲劳试验的数据,把等温疲劳研究成果推广到变温疲劳分析领域。     

金属磁记忆检测技术定量评估构件疲劳损伤研究

对18CrNi4A钢缺口试件在三级应力水平下进行疲劳试验和磁记忆信号检测,研究金属磁记忆信号在疲劳过程中的变化规律和磁记忆检测技术对构件疲劳损伤的定量估评.结果表明:在稳定循环阶段,磁信号随疲劳循环周次增加无显著改变,疲劳裂纹萌生后,磁信号逐渐增加,并在断裂后发生激变;磁信号特征参量Kmax,Hp(y)max,Hp(y)min和Hp(y)sub值与应力水平和疲劳损伤程度存在强烈的相关性,特征参量绝对值随应力水平或疲劳损伤程度的增加而逐渐增加;磁信号特征参量Kmax平均值法可较准确地定量评估构件疲劳损伤,该方法判据为:当m(m=Kmax/KAVmax)＞1,试件存在严重的疲劳损伤.     

循环载荷作用下镁合金温度演化及高周疲劳性能预测

基于红外热像法对AZ31B镁合金板材室温下的高周疲劳性能进行了研究。使用红外热成像仪测量整个疲劳过程中试件表面温度变化。结果表明:镁合金疲劳加载过程中的温度变化分为初始温度增加、温度降低、温度恒定、温度快速上升、温度最后下降5个部分。采用基于热传导、热弹性和非弹性效应的理论模型解释了疲劳加载过程中的温度变化。红外热像法预测的AZ31B镁合金疲劳极限113MPa与实验结果108MPa相对误差约为4.8%。基于镁合金表面温度的变化,提出了ΔTmax-N曲线预测疲劳寿命的方法,即通过测量阶段Ⅰ温升最大值预测镁合金的疲劳断裂,并计算其疲劳寿命。     

钙钠玻璃的循环疲劳强度预测

本文提出了一种表征及预测钙钠玻璃光滑和缺口试件在不同载荷条件下疲劳强度的通用方法．因钙钠玻璃中不存在有效的裂纹屏蔽机制,循环载荷在钙销玻璃中不会造成明显的附加损伤,亚临界裂纹扩展受应力腐蚀机制控制,循环疲劳寿命与加载频率无关．缺口试件的缺口疲劳系数Kf与其应力集中系数Kt近似相等．采用文中定义的等效应力做为力学参量,可将光滑及缺口试件在不同加载条件下的SPT图归一化．     

热处理对FV520B钢疲劳性能的影响

用红外热像法监测交变载荷下试件表面的温升变化规律,快速确定FV520B原材料和热处理材料的疲劳强度,研究了热处理对FV520B不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响。将疲劳试验过程中的试件表面的温度变化与材料内部微观结构的演化相联系,以分析疲劳损伤状态,进行安全性评估。金相观测发现,FV520B钢力学性能的提高是回火马氏体和基体中均匀弥散分布的第二相颗粒共同作用的结果。扫描电子显微镜对疲劳断口形貌特征的观察发现,疲劳裂纹萌生于试件表面棱角上位向有利的晶粒处。     

复合多聚磷酸改性沥青混合料疲劳性能

采用四点小梁弯曲疲劳试验方法,考虑不同试验温度和不同应变水平等因素的影响,研究多聚磷酸（PPA）-苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物（SBS）复合改性沥青混合料疲劳性能的变化规律,并与SBS改性沥青混合料进行对比。结果表明：相同条件下,PPA-SBS改性沥青混合料比SBS改性沥青混合料残留劲度模量比大,损伤因子小,稳定阶段耗散能变化率的平均值小,疲劳损伤演变小,抗疲劳性能好;同一温度下,应变水平越大,残留劲度模量比越小,损伤因子越大,耗散能变化率维持稳定阶段的平均值越大,疲劳损伤演变越剧烈,抗疲劳性能越差;同一应变水平下,15℃时沥青混合料试件的抗疲劳性能优于10℃时。     

硫化锌热冲击试验与裂纹间距预报

重点研究了硫化锌热冲击开裂机理和热冲击裂纹间距、深度的预报。10mm厚硫化锌试块的燃气急热试验表明:裂纹间距随热冲击能量的增大而减小,热冲击过程中加热面最先出现非贯穿裂纹,停止加热后,裂纹贯穿试件。结合传热和热强度仿真分析,获得了热冲击过程中试件的瞬态温度场和应力场。基于材料性能的损伤演化理论,以裂纹间距和深度为变量,利用最小能量原理,获得了热冲击裂纹间距的理论预报方法,预测结果与试验吻合较好,进而分析了断裂韧性、热胀系数、材料初始模量对裂纹间距、裂纹深度的影响。该文的研究对深入理解硫化锌的热冲击失效机制,对其改性和研制具有重要意义。     

定量热像法预测焊接接头的S-N曲线和残余寿命

在恒定的平均应力作用下,考虑焊接接头的实际工况,利用红外热像技术建立了快速预测焊接接头疲劳参数和残余寿命的模型,实现了定量热像法对非均质焊接接头疲劳性能的评估.通过红外热像仪监测焊接接头表面局部热点的变化,定性分析了损伤演化状态.结果表明:定量热像法克服了传统疲劳实验方法的局限性,可快速、准确地确定非均质焊接接头的疲劳...     

Q235钢疲劳损伤的非线性Rayleigh波检测技术研究

该文采用非线性Rayleigh波检测方法,研究Q235钢拉伸疲劳损伤和腐蚀疲劳损伤的测试与评价过程;搭建非线性Rayleigh波检测系统,分别在不同拉伸频率的循环拉伸载荷和腐蚀疲劳载荷下,采集非线性声波时域信号并进行频谱分析,测量非线性系数随加载载荷周期数的变化趋势,并分析拉伸频率和腐蚀环境对非线性系数的影响。实验结果表明:Q235钢试件的超声非线性系数与疲劳周数具有一定的单调递增关系,超声非线性系数可以用来表征材料的表面疲劳损伤程度;拉伸频率对试件的疲劳损伤影响小,不同频率拉伸疲劳下,钢材的非线性系数相差不大;腐蚀环境会加剧试件的疲劳损伤程度,在腐蚀疲劳载荷下,非线性系数会增大。实验结果可为研究Q235钢拉伸疲劳损伤和腐蚀疲劳损伤的测试与评价过程提供一定的指导。     

Evaluation of fatigue crack propagation by mode I and mixed mode in 1050 aluminium

The mechanism of mixed‐mode fatigue crack propagation was investigated in pure aluminum. Push‐pull fatigue tests were performed using two types of specimens. One was a round bar specimen having a blind hole, one was a plate specimen having a slit. The slit direction cut in the specimen was perpendicular or inclined 45 degrees relative to the centre of the specimen axis. In both cases, cracks propagated by mode I or by the mixed mode combining mode I and shear mode, depending on the testing conditions. In these cases the crack propagation rate was evaluated with a modified effective stress intensity factor range. Crack propagation retardation was observed in some specimens. However, it was found that the crack propagation rate could also be evaluated by the effective stress intensity factor range independent of the crack propagation mode.     

Moiré Interferometry Assessement of Residual Stress Variation in Depth on a Shot Peened Surface

Abstract: The main goal of this work was the development of experimental techniques to measure in depth non‐uniform residual stresses, as alternative to the more conventional hole‐drilling method with strain gauges. The proposed experimental methodology is based on moiré interferometry. This high resolution field technique allows in‐plane displacement assessment without contact. Grating replication techniques were also developed to record high quality diffraction gratings onto the specimen’s surface. A laser interferometry setup was implemented to generate the master grating (virtual). The stress relaxation was promoted by blind hole‐drilling and the obtained fringe patterns were video recorded. Image processing techniques were applied to assess the in‐plane strain full‐field. A finite elements code (FEM), ANSYS^®, was used to simulate the stress relaxation process and to calculate the hole‐drilling calibration constants.     

Fatigue analysis of railway wheel using a multiaxial strain‐based critical‐plane index

A fatigue damage model to assess the development of subsurface fatigue cracks in railway wheels is presented in this paper. A 3‐dimensional finite element model (FEM) is constructed to simulate repeated cycles of contact loading between a railway wheel and a rail. The computational approach includes a hard‐contact over‐closure relationship and an elastoplastic material model with isotropic and kinematic hardening. Results from the simulation are used in a multiaxial critical‐plane fatigue damage analysis. The employed strain‐based critical‐plane fatigue damage approach is based on Fatemi‐Socie fatigue index that takes into account the non‐proportional and out‐of‐phase nature of the multiaxial state of stress occurs when a railway wheel rolls on a rail. It predicts fatigue‐induced micro‐crack nucleation at a depth of about 3.7 mm beneath the wheel tread, as well as the crack plane growth orientation which indicates the possible failure pattern. Additionally, the influence of various factors such as contribution of normal stresses, higher wheel load, and material model have been investigated.     

疲劳缺口系数Kf与理论应力集中系数Kt之间的关系

疲劳缺口系数Kf是表征缺口部位疲劳强度降低程度的参量,这一系数在结构抗疲劳设计中经常被使用.一般认为Kf与理论应力集中系数Kt呈线性关系,线性的斜率与不同材料类别(铝合金、钛合金和钢)有关.通过对大量不同材料、不同应力比和不同缺口试样形式的高周疲劳极限的系统分析,发现大多数情况下K f与Kt的呈线性关系,但有些情况下二者不服从线性关系.Kf与Kt的关系除与材料类别有关外还与实验的应力比有关.     

The effect of interference-fit fasteners on the fatigue life of central hole specimens

Fatigue tests were carried out on 2024‐T351, thickness 1.6 mm, central hole specimens containing pins installed with five different interference‐fit levels. Tests clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of interference fit on fatigue resistance, up to the maximum value examined, 2.5%. A three‐dimensional (3D) finite‐element model was used in order to characterize the stress field around the hole. A large specimen, with a 40‐mm‐diameter hole filled with interference‐fit pin, was instrumented by strain gauges and statically tested in order to check FEM results. A very good correlation existed between measured and numerically evaluated strains. FEM results demonstrated the well‐known effect of interference‐fit fasteners on reducing stress ranges. By increasing the interference level, the stress range was practically unchanged, while the mean stress decreased. Interference‐fit produces a biaxial stress state, which must be taken into account for fatigue evaluation. In the present case, a simple criterion, based on hoop strain, predicted the fatigue results quite well with the exception of open hole fatigue test results, which were overestimated.     

Crack‐Tip Stress Field and Fatigue Crack Growth Monitoring Using Infrared Lock‐In Thermography in A359/SiCp Composites

Abstract: This paper deals with the study of fracture behaviour of silicon carbide particle‐ reinforced aluminium alloy matrix composites (A359/SiCp) using an innovative non‐destructive method based on lock‐in thermography. The heat wave, generated by the thermo‐mechanical coupling and the intrinsic energy dissipated during mechanical cyclic loading of the sample, was detected by an infrared camera. The coefficient of thermo‐elasticity allows for the transformation of the temperature profiles into stresses. A new procedure was developed to determine the crack growth rate using thermographic mapping of the material undergoing fatigue. The thermographic results on the crack growth rate of A359/SiCp composite samples with three different heat treatments were correlated with measurements obtained by the conventional compliance method. The results obtained by the two methods were found to be in agreement, demonstrating that lock‐in thermography is a powerful tool for fracture mechanics studies. The paper also investigates the effect of heat treatment processing of metal matrix composites on their fracture properties.     

Non‐planar mixed‐mode growth of initially straight‐fronted surface cracks,in cylindrical bars under tension,torsion and bending,using the symmetric Galerkin boundary element method‐finite element method alternating method

In this paper, the stress intensity factor (SIF) variations along an arbitrarily developing crack front, the non‐planar fatigue‐crack growth patterns, and the fatigue life of a round bar with an initially straight‐fronted surface crack, are studied by employing the 3D symmetric Galerkin boundary element method‐finite element method (SGBEM‐FEM) alternating method. Different loading cases, involving tension, bending and torsion of the bar, with different initial crack depths and different stress ratios in fatigue, are considered. By using the SGBEM‐FEM alternating method, the SIF variations along the evolving crack front are computed; the fatigue growth rates and directions of the non‐planar growths of the crack surface are predicted; the evolving fatigue‐crack growth patterns are simulated, and thus, the fatigue life estimations of the cracked round bar are made. The accuracy and reliability of the SGBEM‐FEM alternating method are verified by comparing the presently computed results to the empirical solutions of SIFs, as well as experimental data of fatigue crack growth, available in the open literature. It is shown that the current approach gives very accurate solutions of SIFs and simulations of fatigue crack growth during the entire crack propagation, with very little computational burden and human–labour cost. The characteristics of fatigue growth patterns of initially simple‐shaped cracks in the cylindrical bar under different Modes I, III and mixed‐mode types of loads are also discussed in detail.     

Experimental and numerical study on effect of forming process on low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of high‐strength steel

Application of high‐strength steel on different structural components is becoming more attractive. In spite of their great advantages of high yield strength, the use of these steel grades faces some important challenges as well. There are many formed steel components of different structures that are subjected to fatigue loading conditions. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of pre‐bending process of high‐strength steel subjected to low‐cycle fatigue loading conditions. For this purpose, a new test set‐up has been designed to take into consideration the effect of pre‐bending process when the fatigue load is applied. To detect fatigue crack initiation onset, lock‐in thermography technique is used to monitor the incremental temperature variation during fatigue cycling. Furthermore, to estimate fatigue lifetime of the formed fatigue sample, continuum damage mechanics approach is applied by means of numerical modelling.     

Interaction effect of a main crack emanating from a semicircular notch and a microcrack

The study of morphology of fracture surfaces cannot only answer the whole of the problems arising from the damage of microcracking. This damage generates energy dissipation and a stress field redistribution which contributes to the dissipation of the energy stored in the structure, and favours the stable propagation of the main crack. In this work, the finite element method is used to analyze the interaction effect of a main crack emanating from semicircular notch and a microcrack in order to understand the different mechanisms induced by this interaction and in particular the effects of reduction and/or amplification of the stress field between the macro and the microcrack. Two cases were considered: transverse and longitudinal displacement of the microcrack compared to the main crack. This kind of approach makes it possible to predict the predominating fracture mode, either by coalescence, or by deflection in the direction of mode II.     

A multianalysis thermography‐based approach for fatigue and damage investigations of ASTM A182 F6NM steel at two stress ratios

Infrared thermography allows an alternative energy‐based approach for studying the fatigue behaviour of materials to better understand damage phenomena. In particular, the methodology of infrared thermography can explain the complex dissipative mechanisms promoted by the input parameters, such as the loading ratio, can rapidly provide information about the fatigue strength, and has low cost. In this work, analysis of the thermographic sequences of ASTM A 182 grade F6NM steel obtained during fatigue testing provided four thermal indexes that were used to investigate the thermoelastic and plastic behaviour of material. Fatigue tests at two opportunely chosen loading ratios (R = ?0.1, R = 0.5) were performed to investigate the relation between the material behaviour and each index at a specific loading ratio. Finally, estimation of the fatigue strength by means of suitable analysis procedures allowed for an investigation of the damage behaviour of materials under specific loading conditions.