Effects of a catalytic volatile particle remover (VPR) on the particulate matter emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine

Emissions of fine particles have been shown to have a large impact on the atmospheric environment and human health. Researchers have shown that gasoline engines, especially direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines, tend to emit large amounts of small size particles compared to diesel engines fitted with diesel particulate filters (DPFs). As a result, the particle number emissions of DISI engines will be restricted by the forthcoming EU6 legislation. The particulate emission level of DISI engines means that they could face some challenges in meeting the EU6 requirement. This paper is an experimental study on the size-resolved particle number emissions from a spray guided DISI engine and the performance of a catalytic volatile particle remover (VPR), as the EU legislation seeks to exclude volatile particles. The performance of the catalytic VPR was evaluated by varying its temperature and the exhaust residence time. The effect of the catalytic VPR acting as an oxidation catalyst on particle emissions was also tested. The results show that the catalytic VPR led to a marked reduction in the number of particles, especially the smaller size (nucleation mode) particles. The catalytic VPR is essentially an oxidation catalyst, and when post three-way catalyst (TWC) exhaust was introduced to the catalytic VPR, the performance of the catalytic VPR was not affected much by the use of additional air, i.e., no significant oxidation of the PM was observed.     

Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products

Transglutaminase is an enzyme that can be used to cross-link pieces of meat, fish or meat products. The resulting product gives the optical impression of an intact chunk of meat. The usage of transglutaminase as a food additive is permitted in some countries. However, its utilisation has to be declared to ensure transparency for consumers. This paper describes two orthogonal analytical methods suited for the detection of technological relevant transglutaminase concentrations (around 25?mg pure enzyme in 1?kg of product) in meat and meat products. The mass spectrometry-based approach relies on a previous digestion with Achromobacter lyticus protease and LC-MS/MS separation and detection. Sufficient selectivity was obtained by monitoring four different peptides. The orthogonal (complementary and independent), ELISA-based approach relies on two commercially available bacterial transglutaminase-specific antibodies, combined to a sandwich ELISA. The two methods were tested by analysing some 60 samples obtained from the market.     

Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products

Transglutaminase is an enzyme that can be used to cross-link pieces of meat, fish or meat products. The resulting product gives the optical impression of an intact chunk of meat. The usage of transglutaminase as a food additive is permitted in some countries. However, its utilisation has to be declared to ensure transparency for consumers. This paper describes two orthogonal analytical methods suited for the detection of technological relevant transglutaminase concentrations (around 25?mg pure enzyme in 1?kg of product) in meat and meat products. The mass spectrometry-based approach relies on a previous digestion with Achromobacter lyticus protease and LC-MS/MS separation and detection. Sufficient selectivity was obtained by monitoring four different peptides. The orthogonal (complementary and independent), ELISA-based approach relies on two commercially available bacterial transglutaminase-specific antibodies, combined to a sandwich ELISA. The two methods were tested by analysing some 60 samples obtained from the market.     

Ni-B超细非晶态合金催化剂的油脂氢化活性研究

研究了Ni—B超细非晶态合金催化剂催化菜籽油、大豆油的加氢性能；并与Raney—Ni加氢催化剂进行了对比。结果表明，Ni—B非晶态合金催化剂对菜籽油、大豆油加氢具有很高的活性，其催化加氢性能优于Raney-Ni催化剂。Ni—B超细非晶态合金催化剂可作为一种高效的催化材料应用于不同油脂的催化加氢。     

Environmental implications on the oxygenation of gasoline with ethanol in the metropolitan area of Mexico City

Motor vehicle emission tests were performed on 12 in-use light duty vehicles, made up of the most representative emission control technologies in Mexico City: no catalyst, oxidative catalyst, and three way catalyst. Exhaust regulated (CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons) and toxic (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene) emissions were evaluated for MTBE (5 vol %)- and ethanol (3, 6, and 10 vol %)-gasoline blends. The most significant overall emissions variations derived from the use of 6 vol % ethanol (relative to a 5% MTBE base gasoline) were 16% decrease in CO, 28% reduction in formaldehyde, and 80% increase in acetaldehyde emissions. A 26% reduction in CO emissions from the oldest fleet (< MY 1991, without catalytic converter), which represents about 44% of the in-use light duty vehicles in Mexico city, can be attained when using 6 vol% ethanol-gasoline, without significant variation in hydrocarbons and NOx emissions, when compared with a 5% vol MTBE-gasoline. On the basis of the emissions results, an estimation of the change in the motor vehicle emissions of the metropolitan area of Mexico city was calculated for the year 2010 if ethanol were to be used instead of MTBE, and the outcome was a considerable decrease in all regulated and toxic emissions, despite the growing motor vehicle population.     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides from exhaust of lean burn engine over in-situ synthesized Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite

ZSM-5 zeolite was in-situ synthesized successfully on the surface of honeycomb cordierite substrate, certified by XRD and SEM techniques. Good thermal and hydrothermal stability of ZSM-5/cordierite could be obtained because of the in-situ synthesis method. Copper ion-exchanged ZSM-5/cordierite was studied as catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides. For practical reasons, the catalytic testing experiments were preformed on a real lean burn engine. Unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust were directly used as reductants for NOx reduction. Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite exhibited high catalytic activity, and at 673 K the maximal NOx conversion to N2 could reach 50% at gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of about 25 000 h(-1). Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust could also be purified at the same time. As expected, Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite catalyst exhibited good duration and antipoison properties. When traces of lanthanum were introduced to Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite catalyst as a modifier, the activated temperature of the catalyst could be decreased and the temperature window with high NOx conversions broadened. Cu-ZSM-5/ cordierite and LaCu-ZSM-5/cordierite were thought as promising automobile exhaust catalysts under lean conditions. Copper is the main active component in the Cu-ZSM-5/ cordierite catalyst and Cu(II), which was found in the catalyst during the proceeding of reaction by XPS, is thought to be essential. On the basis of this, deNOx process over Cu-ZSM-5/cordierite is also discussed.     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成乙酸酯

使用强酸性阳离子交换树脂作为催化剂催化乙酸与有机一元醇酯化反应,以乙酸的转化率为考察指标,考察了树脂种类、醇种类、处理温度和重复使用等因素对强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化剂催化活性的影响。实验结果表明,所选择出的凝胶型和大孔型强酸性阳离子交换树脂对乙酸酯化反应具有良好的催化活性。相同的树脂催化剂对乙酸与不同一元醇的酯化反应的催化活性不同,2种树脂催化剂具有良好的耐温性,可在140℃下使用。2种树脂催化剂经15次使用后催化活性没有明显的下降,催化剂的重复使用性能较好。     

负载型固体碱催化制备生物柴油重复性能比较

采用共沉淀、浸渍及焙烧的方法制备了Ca O/Mg-Al-O及Ca O/Zn-Al-O固体碱催化剂;采用共沉淀、焙烧及研磨的方法制备了KF/Mg-Al-O及KF/Ca-Al-O固体碱催化剂。采用醇洗、干燥及焙烧的方法对使用过的催化剂进行活化处理后用于下一次实验。以蓖麻油和甲醇的酯交换反应为活性评价反应,考察了催化剂重复使用次数对催化剂活性的影响。应用Hammett指示剂滴定法、XRD技术对新催化剂及使用后经活化处理的催化剂进行了表征,并对催化过程中碱溶解流失和析出的甘油量、总甘油量进行了测定。结果表明:Ca O/Mg-Al-O、Ca O/Zn-Al-O、KF/Mg-Al-O和KF/Ca-Al-O固体碱催化剂第一次使用催化活性很好,第二次使用催化活性较差;新催化剂的碱量均比使用过的催化剂的碱量高得多;新催化剂的晶体结构和使用过的催化剂的晶体结构差别很小;新催化剂的碱溶解流失均比较大,且生成的甘油量均较多。     

Alkali metal poisoning of a CeO2-WO3 catalyst used in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3: an experimental and theoretical study

The alkali metal-induced deactivation of a novel CeO(2)-WO(3) (CeW) catalyst used for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) was investigated. The CeW catalyst could resist greater amounts of alkali metals than V(2)O(5)-WO(3)/TiO(2). At the same molar concentration, the K-poisoned catalyst exhibited a greater loss in activity compared with the Na-poisoned catalyst below 200 °C. A combination of experimental and theoretical methods, including NH(3)-TPD, DRIFTS, H(2)-TPR, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were used to elucidate the mechanism of the alkali metal deactivation of the CeW catalyst in SCR reaction. Experiments results indicated that decreases in the reduction activity and the quantity of Br?nsted acid sites rather than the acid strength were responsible for the catalyst deactivation. The DFT calculations revealed that Na and K could easily adsorb on the CeW (110) surface and that the surface oxygen could migrate to cover the active tungsten, and then inhibit the SCR of NO(x) with ammonia. Hot water washing is a convenient and effective method to regenerate alkali metal-poisoned CeW catalysts, and the catalytic activity could be recovered 90% of the fresh catalyst.     

PCR快速检测在啤酒工厂的应用

啤酒有害茵是一些能在啤酒中存活并使啤酒的外观和风味发生改变的细菌,对其进行快速、正确的检测是啤酒工厂急待解决的问题。微生物平皿培养法存在时间长及不易辨识的缺点。本文介绍了PCR用于纯生啤酒出厂检测及有害茵污染点分析两个应用实例。期望通过PCR检测技术拓展微生物检测思路,为啤酒行业同行抛砖引玉。     

The effects of the catalytic converter and fuel sulfur level on motor vehicle particulate matter emissions: gasoline vehicles

Scanning mobility and electrical low-pressure impactor particle size measurements conducted during chassis dynamometer testing reveal that neither the catalytic converter nor the fuel sulfur content has a significant effect on gasoline vehicle tailpipe particulate matter (PM) emissions. For current technology, port fuel injection, gasoline engines, particle number emissions are < or = 2 times higher from vehicles equipped with blank monoliths as compared to active catalysts, insignificant in contrast to the 90+% removal of hydrocarbons. PM mass emission rates derived from the size distributions are equal within the experimental uncertainty of 50-100%. Gravimetric measurements exhibit a 3-10-fold PM mass increase when the active catalyst is omitted, which is attributed to gaseous hydrocarbons adsorbing onto the filter medium. Both particle number and gravimetric measurements show that gasoline vehicle tailpipe PM emissions are independent (within 2 mg/mi) of fuel sulfur content over the 30-990 ppm concentration range. Nuclei mode sulfate aerosol is not observed in either test cell measurements or during wind tunnel testing. For three-way catalyst equipped vehicles, the principal sulfur emission is SO2; however a sulfur balance is not obtained over the drive cycle. Instead, sulfur is stored on the catalyst during moderate driving and then partially removed during high speed/load operation.     

Genetic and protein engineering of diagnostic enzymes, cholesterol oxidase and xylitol oxidase

For a long time, clinical diagnosis has been made mainly using chemical methods. Recently, several excellent substrate-specific enzymes have been developed and these enzymes are used as diagnostic catalysts. Using enzymes, it is possible to assay for a specific substance from specimens of serum or urine without the need for isolation of the substance which simplifies the process and shortens the assay time. Furthermore, the use of enzymatic assay methods for diagnosis has been facilitated by the developments in genetic engineering which made it possible to overproduce enzymes inexpensively. Here, we review the diagnostic enzymes, cholesterol oxidase and xylitol oxidase, which were successfully overproduced in our laboratory. In particular, the catalytic activity and pH and thermal stabilities of cholesterol oxidase were improved.     

二氧化硅-硫酸氢钾固体酸催化制备生物柴油

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备KHSO4.SiO2固体酸催化剂,将其应用于催化油酸与甲醇制备生物柴油的酯化反应中,考察了催化剂焙烧温度、KHSO4负载量、甲醇与油酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间及催化剂使用次数对生物柴油转化率的影响。结果表明,固体酸催化剂KHSO4.SiO2在油酸与甲醇的酯化反应中具有很高的催化活性,最佳反应条件:催化剂焙烧温度为200℃,KHSO4负载量为20%,甲醇与油酸物质的量比为12∶1,催化剂用量占油酸质量的10%,反应时间5 h,生物柴油转化率可达95.58%。固体酸催化剂KHSO4.SiO2可重复使用4次,催化活性良好。     

过氧化物酶及其模拟物在食品分析中的应用研究进展

过氧化物酶是一类在自然界中广泛存在的天然生物酶, 可催化过氧化氢参与的各种氧化还原反应, 因此经常被用来检测食品中过氧化氢、葡萄糖、血浆中胆固醇等, 还可用于检测谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸等大分子物质, 广泛应用于食品检测和加工领域。但由于天然过氧化物酶存在稳定性差、易受外界环境影响、在酸碱环境下易失活等缺点, 而模拟酶因其稳定性强、耐酸、耐碱等优势而成为天然酶的高效替代品, 可代替天然过氧化物酶高效率的完成许多催化反应。目前, 使用模拟酶代替天然过氧化物酶已成为研究热点, 已广泛应用于食品中有害残留物质的检测, 为保障食品安全、维护人体健康, 模拟酶的研究已成为一种趋势。本研究综述了常见的过氧化物模拟酶催化机理, 以及其在食品分析中的应用研究进展, 并对其应用前景和发展方向进行展望, 以期为今后模拟酶的合成提供新思路, 为保障食品安全提供新方法。     

硫酸氢钾催化合成乳酸丁酯

目的研究硫酸氢钾在合成乳酸丁酯工艺中的催化性能。方法考察了硫酸氢钾用量、醇酸物质的量比、反应时间及催化剂重复使用次数等因素对收率的影响。结果硫酸氢钾具有催化活性高,价廉易得,易分离回收,重复使用性良好,废液排放量少等优势。适宜条件下收率达92.5%。结论硫酸氢钾是合成乳酸丁酯的良好催化剂。     

A CL mode detector for rapid catalyst selection and environmental detection fabricated by perovskite nanoparticles

La(1-x)Sr(x)MnO3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8) nanoparticles were synthesized and their chemiluminescence (CL) and catalytic properties of CO oxidation were determined. We mainly investigated the influences of filter band length, flow rate of gas, test temperature, catalyst compositions, and particle size on CL intensities and catalytic activities of the catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption isotherm, CO-TPD, and O2-TPD, etc. It was found that the strong CL response signals occurred over these perovskites nanoparticles; and that CL properties of the catalysts were well correlated with the reaction activities. These nanoparticles can be used to fabricate a stable gas detector due to a high activity and stability of perovskite structure. CL mode could be a rapid and effective method for the selection of new catalysts from thousands of materials, as well as for the detection of environmental deleterious gases.     

硫酸氢钾催化合成己酸己酯

目的研究硫酸氢钾在合成己酸己酯工艺中的催化性能。方法考察了硫酸氢钾用量、醇酸物质的摩尔比、反应时间、带水剂用量及催化剂重复使用次数等因素对收率的影响。结果硫酸氢钾具有催化活性高,易分离回收,操作简单,后处理方便,重复使用性良好等优势。最佳反应条件下收率为9 9.4%。结论硫酸氢钾是合成己酸己酯的良好催化剂。     

超高效液相色谱仪器检出限计算方法的比较分析

检出限是指产生一个能可靠地被检出的分析信号所需要的某物质的最小浓度或含量,包括方法检出限和仪器检出限,其中仪器检出限是仪器的检出能力,而方法检出限是前处理方法和检测方法检出能力的集合。检出限是评价检测方法检出能力的重要指标,目前有多种检出限分析方法,包括三倍噪音值法、IUPAC法、色谱计量检定法、EPA法、Hubaux-Vos法以及数学模型法等,但对于上述方法的差异,以及实际应用并不明确。本研究以超高效液相色谱-荧光检测器对桔霉素的检出限为研究对象,分析比较了上述6种仪器检出限的计算方法。结果表明,桔霉素的仪器检出限在0.009~0.344 ng/mL之间,其中,因数学模型法考虑到了标准偏差的变化,其可信度相对较高。该文通过比较分析6种常见仪器检出限的计算方法,为检出限在检测过程中的实际应用提供参考。     

Effect of advanced aftertreatment for PM and NOx reduction on heavy-duty diesel engine ultrafine particle emissions

Four heavy-duty and medium-duty diesel vehicles were tested in six different aftertreament configurations using a chassis dynamometer to characterize the occurrence of nucleation (the conversion of exhaust gases to particles upon dilution). The aftertreatment included four different diesel particulate filters and two selective catalytic reduction (SCR) devices. All DPFs reduced the emissions of solid particles by several orders of magnitude, but in certain cases the occurrence of a volatile nucleation mode could increase total particle number emissions. The occurrence of a nucleation mode could be predicted based on the level of catalyst in the aftertreatment, the prevailing temperature in the aftertreatment, and the age of the aftertreatment. The particles measured during nucleation had a high fraction of sulfate, up to 62% of reconstructed mass. Additionally the catalyst reduced the toxicity measured in chemical and cellular assays suggesting a pathway for an inverse correlation between particle number and toxicity. The results have implications for exposure to and toxicity of diesel PM.     

基于钛镁催化剂合成瓶用聚酯的动力学研究

为研究钛镁复合催化剂(TMPC)在瓶用高黏聚酯制备过程中的活性与耐水解性对合成聚酯性能的影响,通过测试聚酯合成过程中TMPC的水解特性,聚酯的数均分子量、乙醛含量、色相等指标,研究了不同催化体系的酯化、熔融缩聚和固相缩聚反应动力学。结果表明:TMPC催化剂耐水解,在酯化及缩聚过程均有明显的催化作用,在相同聚合条件下按用量推算相当于锑系催化剂活性的36倍,其缩聚时间比乙二醇锑(EGA)缩短60 min,酯化反应活化能均低于EGA与乙二醇钛(EGT)催化剂,固相缩聚速度与EGA接近,活化能略高于EGA;TMPC作为催化剂,经固相缩聚获得了数均分子量为25 734 g/mol的高黏聚酯,其色相与EGA催化聚酯相当,而乙醛含量低至0.59 μg/g,可作为催化瓶用高黏聚酯的绿色高效催化剂。