光学位感条纹动态测量理论及实验研究

正论文针对现有单目视觉测量技术不易实现结构三维振动同步测量及转动测量的问题,结合光学相干层析成像技术中通过干涉条纹获取结构三维信息的原理,提出一系列新型光学位感条纹(即对位移变化敏感的条纹)作为振动位移或旋转角位移传感器,以单台高速相机作为探测器,实现结构三维振动位移、转轴三维振动位移、旋转角位移及转速等多维度、多参数的非接触式同步动态测量,形成了光学位感条纹动态测量新方法、理论及系统。主要研究内容及创新点如下。     

位感条纹三维振动测量原理及试验研究

针对当前单目视觉测量方法难以实现结构三维振动同步测量的问题,提出一种基于位感条纹和高速相机的结构三维振动同步测量新方法。在建立测量系统完整的原理模型基础上,系统描述单相机成像坐标下采用单个位感条纹获取结构三维动态位移信息的测量原理,建立成像位感条纹三维编码动态参数与结构实际三维位移之间的内在联系,推导各维位移的计算公式。通过结构三维运动和视觉成像系统的联合仿真模型,验证位移测量原理和算法的正确性;并通过仿真和试验分析系统的测量性能及其影响因素。通过对结构已知三维运动的测量,并与基于三维加速度传感器的接触式测量方法进行对比试验,验证基于位感条纹的视觉测量方法及系统在实现结构三维振动位移准确同步测量的有效性。     

单盘裂纹转子次谐波共振实验研究

采用Bently模拟转子试验台,对轴上含裂纹的单盘转子系统进行了实验研究。发现裂纹会导致响应在1/2和2/3倍临界转速附近出现次谐波共振现象,在这些转速下系统响应出现了次谐波和高次谐波分量,如1/2倍频、3/2倍频、2倍频、3倍频和4倍频分量,并导致这些转速下振幅急剧增大,影响转子的稳定运转。摆振对裂纹非常敏感,在裂纹较小时就可观察到较为明显的倍频成分,并且其幅值比无裂纹时大一倍以上,可作为转轴上裂纹识别的重要参数。     

二维全息谱在旋转机械故障诊断中的应用

通过对振动信号的处理、分析发现,旋转机械转子系统的振动信号经幅值谱、功率谱等传统的谱分析方法后,往往除了1倍频外还包括各次谐波及高倍频成份;引起转子系统振动信号中2倍频分量的因素很多,包括不对中、裂纹和电磁干扰等。直接从幅值谱等传统的谱分析方法很难判断2倍频振动分量的性质和原因。研究基于对中性良好的转子试验台,模拟了多种转子系统的故障,研究了二维全息谱以及轴心轨迹在旋转机械轴裂纹故障和碰磨故障诊断中的应用,结果证明所实现算法的有效性。     

用于高速转轴径向振动检测的光纤传感技术

采用光纤测量技术实现航空叶轮泵高速转轴径向振动的检测,对检测系统的工作原理做了详细介绍。设计了新型的光纤测头,提出相应的补偿方案,并对补偿机理进行了详细的分析。对测试系统的特性进行了研究,得出位移特性调制函数表达式,给出了仿真曲线。理论计算和仿真分析表明, 该测试系统能有效地消除因光源光强波动、光纤弯曲损耗、表面反射率等因素对输出特性的影响,可以在叶轮泵内部电磁干扰严重和高温等恶劣环境下实现对高速转轴径向振动的检测。实验测试结果表明,随着转轴转速由1 000 r/min提高到10 000 r/min,径向振动幅值单调增加,这与实际情况相符合。     

用转轴径向位置测量法诊断机器故障

用非接触式位移探头和前置放大器构成的旋转机械轴振动监测传感器系统,其输出信号电压包括交流电压分量和直流电压分量两部分。交流电压分量信号用于测量转轴在垂直于其轴心线方向上的一种动态运动,即径向振动。在轴振动监测器上所显示的交流电压信号部分,是以mils或μm为单位表示的轴通频振动位移峰-峰值,目前已作为一种工业标准(如美国API670标准)在工业界得到了广泛的应用。另一部分是直流电压分量信号,这一电压值正比于探头端面与被监测转轴表面之间的间隙值,表明转轴在轴承中的径向位置。在大多数情况下,都没有用上这种有价值的机器运行静态信息。实际上,在机器监测诊断和安全保护方面,测量转轴径向位置和测量转轴轴向位置一样,能提供重要的有关机器转轴的运动信息,也是旋转机械故障诊断的一个重要内容。 在机器运行中,由于联轴器对中的平行度和角度误差,管道和基础变形等引起附加的外部载荷,以及由于密封摩擦、齿轮和轴承热变形、流体力等产生的内部     

用轴心轨迹／位置诊断机器故障

用轴心轨迹／位置诊断机器故障四川化工总厂汪家铭旋转机械转轴径向振动的测量通常采用带有键相器的两个互成９０°安装的非接触式位移探头，测量轴承与转轴的间隙电压信号。这种信号包括交流ＡＣ和直流ＤＣ两部分，其中交流信号是转轴振动的动态信号部分，表示转轴的径向...     

基于精确信息重构的故障转子系统振动加速度信号积分方法

在分析总结加速度信号时域积分法与频域积分法优缺点基础上,提出一种基于精确信息重构的故障转子系统振动加速度信号积分方法。该方法利用故障转子系统振动信号由转频、倍频及分倍频分量构成为主的特点对加速度信号进行快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier transform,FFT),通过特征频率分量提取并将所提取的分量的幅值与预设的阈值进行比较;幅值低于阈值的分量认为是噪声分量,予以剔除,高于阈值的分量保留并进行精确频谱校正;根据校正后各个频率分量的频率、幅值和相位积分重构出相应的速度信号和位移信号。精确信息重构方法在去除宽频噪声和保留有用特征信息方面有明显的优势。最后通过仿真分析和试验验证,结果表明该方法相对于传统的时域和频域积分具有更高的精度和优越性。     

磁悬浮轴承系统联轴器不对中动态特性研究

为了使含有多跨转子的大型磁悬浮旋转机械系统能够稳定运行,开展联轴器不对中对转子动态特性的影响规律研究.通过将联轴器不对中量等效为施加在转子上的旋转力,建立具有联轴器不对中的磁悬浮转子系统数学模型.基于该模型仿真分析了转子的轴心轨迹和振动频谱,给出转子位移信号中转速二倍频分量幅值与转速、联轴器不对中量之间的关系,并进行磁...     

高频脉冲插值测量扭振及实验研究

转轴的扭转振动测量是对其进行状态检测和故障分析的重要手段,为此,设计了一种基于高频脉冲插值的扭振测量系统。测量方法是通过高精度光栅和红外光电管获取转速信号,再对转速信号进行高频脉冲插值,从而把转速信号转化为高频脉冲数,对高频脉冲数处理后得到转轴的扭振信息。测量系统采用FPGA与单片机相结合的模式,FPGA用于产生高频脉冲、对转速信号插值,并对插值后的信号进行计数,单片机读取计数结果并进行处理。经过实验验证,表明该测量方法有较高的测量精度,并通过理论分析找到了影响系统测量精度的原因。最后对几种常用的电动机进行了测试,测试结果较好地反映了转轴的实际振动情况。     

Nonlinear dynamic behavior of rotating blade with breathing crack

This study aims at investigating the nonlinear dynamic behavior of rotating blade with transverse crack. A novel nonlinear rotating cracked blade model (NRCBM), which contains the spinning softening, centrifugal stiffening, Coriolis force, and crack closing effects, is developed based on continuous beam theory and strain energy release rate method. The rotating blade is considered as a cantilever beam fixed on the rigid hub with high rotating speed, and the crack is deemed to be open and close continuously in a trigonometric function way with the blade vibration. It is verified by the comparison with a finite element-based contact crack model and bilinear model that the proposed NRCBM can well capture the dynamic characteristics of the rotating blade with breathing crack. The dynamic behavior of rotating cracked blade is then investigated with NRCBM, and the nonlinear damage indicator (NDI) is introduced to characterize the nonlinearity caused by blade crack. The results show that NDI is a distinguishable indicator for the severity level estimation of the crack in rotating blade. It is found that severe crack (i.e., a closer crack position to blade root as well as larger crack depth) is expected to heavily reduce the stiffness of rotating blade and apparently result in a lower resonant frequency. Meanwhile, the super-harmonic resonances are verified to be distinguishable indicators for diagnosing the crack existence, and the third-order super-harmonic resonances can serve as an indicator for the presence of severe crack since it only distinctly appears when the crack is severe.     

Dynamic Characteristics of Rotor System with a Slant Crack Based on Fractional Damping

The traditional modeling method of rotor system with a slant crack considers only integer-order calculus.However,the model of rotor system based on integer-order calculus can merely describe local characteristics,not historical dependent process.The occur of fractional order calculus just makes up for the deficiency in integer-order calculus.Therefore,a new dynamic model with a slant crack based on fractional damping is proposed.Here,the stiffness of rotor system with a slant crack is solved by zero stress intensity factor method.The proposed model is simulated by Runge-Kutta method and continued fraction Euler method.The influence of the fractional order,rotating speed,and crack depth on the dynamic characteristics of rotor system is discussed.The simulation results show that the ampli-tude of torsional excitation frequency increases significantly with the increase of the fractional order.With the increase of the rotating speed,the amplitude of first harmonic component becomes gradually larger,the amplitude of the second harmonic becomes smaller,while the amplitude of the other frequency components is almost invariant.The shaft orbit changes gradually from an internal 8-type shape to an ellipse-type shape without overlapping.With the increase of the slant crack depth,the amplitude of the transverse response frequency in the rotor system with a slant crack increases,and the amplitude in the second harmonic component also increases significantly.In addition,the torsional excitation frequency and other coupling frequency components also occur.The proposed model is further verified by the experiment.The valuable conclusion can provide an important guideline for the fault diagnosis of rotor system with a slant crack.     

Unbalance vibratory displacement compensation for active magnetic bearings

As the dynamic stiffness of radial magnetic bearings is not big enough,when the rotor spins at high speed,unbalance displacement vibration phenomenon will be produced.The most effective way for reducing the displacement vibration is to enhance the radial magnetic bearing stiffness through increasing the control currents,but the suitable control currents are not easy to be provided,especially,to be provided in real time.To implement real time unbalance displacement vibration compensation,through analyzing active magnetic bearings(AMB) mathematical model,the existence of radial displacement runout is demonstrated.To restrain the runout,a new control scheme-adaptive iterative learning control(AILC) is proposed in view of rotor frequency periodic uncertainties during the startup process.The previous error signal is added into AILC learning law to enhance the convergence speed,and an impacting factor influenced by the rotor rotating frequency is introduced as learning output coefficient to improve the rotor control effects.As a feed-forward compensation controller,AILC can provide one unknown and perfect compensatory signal to make the rotor rotate around its geometric axis through power amplifier and radial magnetic bearings.To improve AMB closed-loop control system robust stability,one kind of incomplete differential PID feedback controller is adopted.The correctness of the AILC algorithm is validated by the simulation of AMB mathematical model adding AILC compensation algorithm through MATLAB soft.And the compensation for fixed rotational frequency is implemented in the actual AMB system.The simulation and experiment results show that the compensation scheme based on AILC algorithm as feed-forward compensation and PID algorithm as close-loop control can realize AMB system displacement minimum compensation at one fixed frequency,and improve the stability of the control system.The proposed research provides a new adaptive iterative learning control algorithm and control strategy for AMB displacement minimum compensation,and provides some references for time-varied displacement minimum compensation.     

单盘含裂纹转子系统的非线性响应分析与实验研究

建立含裂纹Jeffcott转子的动力学运动方程。针对裂纹深度对转子系统动态响应的影响及转子盘摆振响应的特点进行仿真计算和试验研究。数值仿真表明，对于较浅的裂纹，系统响应为周期性运动，在某些转速下会出现倍周期运动，同时还出现各种倍频分量。此时的摆振运动常包含激振频率的倍频成分。当裂纹较深时，盘的摆振运动与横向振动都会出现各种非协调响应。试验结果表明，当轴上存在裂纹时，盘的横向振动响应和摆振响应中都会出现高次谐波分量，这些分量虽然从频率成分上讲是相同的，但各分量的大小有明显差异。这些结论对于转子裂纹故障的监测与诊断具有新的意义。     

Simulation on the motion of crankshaft with a slant crack in crankpin

A new model for vibration analysis of a crankshaft with a slant crack in crankpin is proposed, and the influence of crack depth on the transient response of a cracked crankshaft is investigated. A slant cracked shaft element is developed by deducing the local flexibility due to a slant crack. The frequently occurred slant crack in crankpin is studied, and a new finite element model of crankshaft including the slant crack in crankpin, which combines the slant cracked shaft element and Timoshenko beam elements, is derived. The support of engine block and the switching behaviour of the crack are considered, and the non-linear equation of motion for cracked crankshaft-bearing system is set up in a rotating coordinate system. The motion of a crankshaft of a four in-line cylinder engine with and without an initial crack is simulated. The influence of the crack depth on the transient response is investigated. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the current model is valid for simulating the motion of cracked crankshaft system. The results show that a useful foundation is laid for crack detection of crankshaft.     

圆刻机轴系动态精度分析

本文从动态的角度分析了圆刻机在连续刻划时轴系误差与转速的变化关系，并求得系统的固有圆频率，为圆刻机的设计改造提供了一条理论依据。     

Defect diagnostics of roller bearing using instantaneous frequency normalization under fluctuant rotating speed

We investigated the feasibility of utilizing the normalized characteristic frequencies for diagnosing the defective roller bearings in case of fluctuant rotating speeds. The time-frequency distributions of the envelope signals of the vibration data were constructed through the Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) as well as the instantaneous frequency calculation. The bearing defect-related frequencies were then normalized with respect to the instantaneous rotation frequency of the shaft so that the factor of the rotating speed fluctuation was removed; thus the characteristic frequencies of bearing malfunctions could be observed in terms of constant values. The magnitude distributions of the marginal envelope spectra at the corresponding normalized bearing defect-related frequencies were extracted as the feature vectors. The Support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify the extracted feature vectors of different bearing fault classes. A test rig of roller bearing system was performed to illustrate the different bearing faults, including different levels of inner race defect, outer race defect and roller defect. The analysis results demonstrate the capability and effectiveness of the proposed approach for accurately identifying the bearing defects in case of fluctuant rotating speed.     

基于YN30高压共轨柴油机曲轴的扭转振动测试分析

针对 YN30高压共轨柴油机,借助于 LabVIEW 软件及硬件平台,设计开发了一套曲轴扭转振动测试分析系统,并通过对发动机曲轴两端瞬时转速信号的同步测量,分析了 YN30柴油机曲轴旋转方向的振动。通过对振动角位移各主谐次的幅值和相位分析,可以获得 YN30发动机不同频率曲轴扭转振动的临界转速为2200和2750 r/min,固有频率为367 Hz,自由端扭振幅值远大于飞轮端扭振幅值,振动节点靠近飞轮端等重要信息,并且验证了该发动机曲轴的设计及相应减振措施的合理性。     

一种旋转振动圆柱获取能量的参数化研究

提出一种旋转振动圆柱从潮流能中主动获取能量的方法。基于Fluent软件的用户自定义函数求解旋转振动圆柱升力,采用动网格技术对一定速度下的旋转振动圆柱获取潮流能进行数值模拟研究。参照相关试验结果,进行数值模拟结果确认,得到的最大升力系数幅值与平均阻力系数幅值与试验结果基本吻合。分析相位差、振幅比及转动幅值对旋转振动圆柱获能效率的影响。结果表明,同振幅比、同转动幅值的旋转振动圆柱,能量利用率都是随着相位差先逐渐增大后减小;同相位差、同转动振幅的旋转振动圆柱,在有效获能范围,其振幅比越大则能量利用率越高;同相位差、同振幅比的旋转振动圆柱,随着转动幅值的增加,其能量利用率先逐渐增加后减小;当相位差为243°,转动幅值为3,振幅比为2.0时,能量利用率最高。