工业绿色发展工程科技战略及对策

本文针对钢铁、有色、石化、化工、建材、造纸等流程制造业及所涉及行业的通用机械和某些高耗能的工业装备的绿色发展问题开展研究,分析了绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展之间的内涵与关系,分析研究了当前以六大流程制造业为代表的流程制造业和工业装备领域所处现状和面临的挑战,以及对绿色发展具有的重要影响;并结合六大流程制造业能源消费总量和污染物排放总量的峰值分析,提出了工业绿色发展工程科技战略的思路和目标,强调流程制造业应在拓展功能基础上融入循环经济,并提出了若干引领性重大工程和相应的示范带动项目以及一系列关键技术。     

基于生产周期的包装印刷品碳足迹测算方法研究

目的 对包装印刷品的生产周期碳足迹核算流程、核算方法、数据收集等方面进行探讨，归纳出包装印刷品生产周期碳足迹测算中存在的问题，并提出解决测量问题和降低生产周期碳足迹的可行策略和建议，为国内外包装印刷企业产品碳足迹测算和“碳中和”提供参考。方法 结合包装印刷企业实际生产数据和印刷品碳足迹国际核算标准，以化妆品包装盒为例进行碳足迹现场测算研究。结果 从工艺角度看，包装印刷品生产周期碳足迹绝大部分来源于造纸、印刷、覆膜生产过程，其次是糊盒、上光等印后加工过程，从原辅材料和能源角度看，碳足迹绝大部分来源于纸张、电力、胶水。结论 对生产设备进行节能降耗、选择低碳原辅材料代替高碳原辅材料和创新产品结构设计将是降低包装印刷品生产周期碳足迹的有效措施。     

An integrated robust replenishment/production/distribution policy under inventory inaccuracy

In this paper, a centralised production/distribution system is studied, in which the manufacturer controls the processes of raw material ordering, production and final goods distribution. The inventory records of raw materials, work-in-process, final goods in the manufacturer and the retailers are inaccurate. The objective of this research is to develop an integrated policy that can hedge against the negative impact of inventory inaccuracy at all stages of a supply chain. To achieve this aim, a backward recursive integrated robust policy is constructed. First, the time, quantity and vehicle route of the next distribution are forecasted by a distribution sub-policy; then the forecasted distribution time and quantity are used as the objective of the production process control, which is implemented by a production control sub-policy. Raw materials are ordered by a replenishment sub-policy according to the forecasted raw materials consumption in the production process. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and robustness of the proposed policy, which shows that besides of deploying radio frequency identification (RFID) devices in inventory management systems for raw materials, WIPs, final goods of the manufacturer and the retailers, integrated robust policies also can be employed to hedge against the impact of inventory inaccuracy.     

能源计量和建模技术的研究与应用

应用动态多参数在线能源计量技术对企业范围内各用能部门的实时能耗数据进行了准确、稳定、实时的采集和存储,形成了巨量的能源数据库。依据物质平衡和能量守恒原理,运用能耗基准因数法和e-p分析方法,建立了企业生产和能量转换过程的数学模型;评估和计算了设备和工序能耗、产品能值和单位能耗;建立了单位综合能耗模型。该模型成功地应用到北京某啤酒集团的能源计量系统中,通过设备和工序能耗的分析对比,指导工艺优化和节能空间的评估,对工艺和设备能耗进行合理预测。     

Integrated membrane operations in the ethylene oxide production

Petrochemical industry, highly energy and capital intensive, might significantly benefit from the implementation of membrane operations for meeting stringent environmental standards, controlling production cost and final product's quality. Membrane units have been proved effective for improving the efficiency of different industrial productions. Ethylene oxide (EO), an important petrochemical intermediate, is produced by selective catalytic oxidation of ethylene, a valuable hydrocarbon feedstock. In this study, the EO manufacturing cycle is redesigned by integrating different membrane operations. Both the conversion and separation sections of the plant are investigated, considering the use of membrane reactors (MRs) for the separate feeding of the oxidant, membrane contactors (MCs) for the absorption of EO and carbon dioxide, and gas separation (GS) membrane units for the hydrocarbon recovery before their being recycled to the reactor. Design considerations are provided, and the benefits coming from each membrane operation, as well as from their synergic integration, are outlined with particular attention to environmental impact, raw materials and energy consumption.     

基于感性工学和层次分析法的模块化家具设计

目的 为了最大程度地满足人的感性需求和感知体验,在保证功能的基础上,提出基于感性工学、层次分析法及TRIZ理论相结合的设计流程,设计出符合人机工学原理且美观、实用、易于组装和拆卸的模块化家具。方法 基于感性工学方法,建立模块化家具的样本空间并进行感性意象词汇收集。对意象词汇进行聚类分析,通过语义差异法计算意象词汇的平均分以进行因子分析。运用层次分析法构建模块化家具设计层次结构模型并进行权重结果计算,确定感性词汇与模块化家具设计的关联性,最终通过TRIZ创新理念指导设计实践。结果 运用感性工学、AHP层次分析法及TRIZ创新理念的集成设计模型可以得到符合用户需求的设计方案。结论 基于感性工学及AHP层次分析对用户需求进行总结归纳,借助TRIZ发明方法进行矛盾分析并解决,最终对模块家具进行再设计。三者的结合以更加科学系统的方式进行产品的设计和改进,为产品设计开发提供有效参考。     

多层PET/PE复合膜的大尺度间歇热封工艺能耗研究

目的 分析热封设备连续加热热封工艺的能耗模型,优化设计适合大尺度热封设备的间歇加热热封工艺。方法 首先通过电热特性试验了解镍铬合金的升降温规律,拟合得到镍铬合金的升降温模型。其次分析连续加热热封工艺能耗模型,提出适用于大尺度热封设备的间歇加热热封工艺流程,并建立能耗模型。结果 以多层聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/聚乙烯（PET/PE）复合膜为热封对象,以最小能耗为优化目标,计算得到最优的热封工艺流程。结论 大尺度热封设备采用间歇加热热封工艺加工可以有效减少能量损耗。     

In-flight melting behavior of different glass raw materials by hybrid heating of twelve-phase ac arc with oxygen burner

An innovative in-flight glass melting technology was developed for a purpose of energy saving and environmental protection. Granulated glass raw materials with small diameter were treated by hybrid heating of twelve-phase ac arc combined with an oxygen burner. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that all carbonates in raw materials were decomposed and > 94% SiO₂ (quartz) was reacted into a noncrystalline state. The high vitrification degree achieved within several milliseconds reveals that the new in-flight melting technology of hybrid plasma treating can reduce energy consumption and shorten the glass production cycle.     

地质聚合物混凝土研究现状

地质聚合物混凝土是一种新型绿色建筑材料,以来源广泛的工业固体废弃物为原材料,能耗小、碳排放低、制备方便,并且抗压抗折强度、抗酸碱侵蚀性能、冻融性能、抗碳化性能优异,具有广阔的应用前景,是普通硅酸盐水泥基材料的最佳替代物之一.本文回顾了地质聚合物混凝土的国内外研究进展,综述了原材料组成、配合比设计、工作性、力学性能以及耐久性等几个方面的发展状况,评述了地质聚合物混凝土技术所面临的问题.     

Reducing energy consumption in serial production lines with Bernoulli reliability machines

This paper is devoted to developing an integrated model to minimise energy consumption while maintaining desired productivity in Bernoulli serial lines with unreliable machines and finite buffers. For small systems, such as three- and four-machine lines with small buffers, exact analysis to optimally allocate production capacity is introduced. For medium size systems (e.g. three- and four-machine lines with larger buffers, or five-machine lines with small buffers), an aggregation procedure to evaluate line production rate is introduced. Using it, optimal allocation of machine efficiency is searched to minimise energy consumption. Insights and allocation principles are obtained through the analyses. Finally, for larger systems, a fast and accurate heuristic algorithm is presented and validated through extensive numerical experiments to obtain optimal allocation of production capacity to minimise energy consumption while maintaining desired productivity.     

地质聚合物混凝土研究现状

地质聚合物混凝土是一种新型绿色建筑材料,以来源广泛的工业固体废弃物为原材料,能耗小、碳排放低、制备方便,并且抗压抗折强度、抗酸碱侵蚀性能、冻融性能、抗碳化性能优异,具有广阔的应用前景,是普通硅酸盐水泥基材料的最佳替代物之一。本文回顾了地质聚合物混凝土的国内外研究进展,综述了原材料组成、配合比设计、工作性、力学性能以及耐久性等几个方面的发展状况,评述了地质聚合物混凝土技术所面临的问题。     

Innovative Fügeverfahren zur Herstellung von Al‐Leichtbaustrukturen im Schienenfahrzeugbau

Innovative joining techniques for creating light‐weight aluminium structures in railway vehicle production Starting from the development in railway vehicle manufacture, the authors describe today's materials, types of construction, joining techniques, joint and weld types, filler materials and regulatory documents. In addition, they present new processing equipment and engineering principles. On the basis of these findings, they show the perspectives of new construction principles for light‐weight aluminium structures and identify the requirements, the new joining techniques have to meet. The innovative joining techniques, such as: • electron‐beam welding under atmosphere (NV‐EBW) • Friction Stir Welding (FSW) • Laser beam welding (LBW) • Laser beam/electric arc hybrid welding (LBW/LB) are studied with regard to their • properties and particularities • advantages and disadvantages • available equipment • possible applications for railway vehicle manufacture. In addition, costs are compared and an analysis of the benefit is made. Finally, the authors give an outlook on possible applications of the innovative procedures.     

Evaluation of the performance of recycled textile fibres in the mechanical behaviour of a gypsum and cork composite material

Given the need for using more sustainable constructive solutions, an innovative composite material based on a combination of distinct industrial by-products is proposed aiming to reduce waste and energy consumption in the production of construction materials. The raw materials are thermal activated flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum, which acts as a binder, granulated cork as the aggregate and recycled textile fibres from used tyres intended to reinforce the material.This paper presents the results of the design of the composite mortar mixes, the characterization of the key physical properties (density, porosity and ultrasonic pulse velocity) and the mechanical validation based on uniaxial compressive tests and fracture energy tests. In the experimental campaign, the influence of the percentage of the raw materials in terms of gypsum mass, on the mechanical properties of the composite material was assessed.It was observed that the percentage of granulated cork decreases the compressive strength of the composite material but contributes to the increase in the compressive fracture energy. Besides, the recycled textile fibres play an important role in the mode I fracture process and in the fracture energy of the composite material, resulting in a considerable increase in the mode I fracture energy.     

Design and Fabrication of Ceramic Catalytic Membrane Reactors for Green Chemical Engineering Applications

Catalytic membrane reactors (CMRs), which synergistically carry out separations and reactions, are expected to become a green and sustainable technology in chemical engineering. The use of ceramic membranes in CMRs is being widely considered because it permits reactions and separations to be carried out under harsh conditions in terms of both temperature and the chemical environment. This article presents the two most important types of CMRs: those based on dense mixed-conducting membranes for gas separation, and those based on porous ceramic membranes for heterogeneous catalytic processes. New developments in and innovative uses of both types of CMRs over the last decade are presented, along with an overview of our recent work in this field. Membrane reactor design, fabrication, and applications related to energy and environmental areas are highlighted. First, the configuration of membranes and membrane reactors are introduced for each of type of membrane reactor. Next, taking typical catalytic reactions as model systems, the design and optimization of CMRs are illustrated. Finally, challenges and difficulties in the process of industrializing the two types of CMRs are addressed, and a view of the future is outlined.     

Engineering materials for artificial cells

The grand challenge of engineering a minimal artificial cell provides a controllable framework for studying the biochemical principles of life. Artificial cells contribute to an increased understanding of complex synthetic systems with life-like properties and provide opportunities to create autonomous cell-like materials. Recent efforts to develop life-like artificial cells by bottom-up approaches involve mimicking the behavior of lipid membranes to recapitulate fundamental cellular processes. This review describes the recent progress in engineering biomimetic artificial minimal cells and recently developed chemical strategies to drive de novo membrane formation from simple synthetic precursors. In the end, we briefly point out the challenges and possible future directions in the development of artificial cells.     

Energy-saving operation approaches for urban rail transit systems

With the accelerated urbanization in China, passenger demand has dramatically increased in large cities, and traffic congestion has become serious in recent years. Developing public urban rail transit systems is an indispensable approach to overcome these problems. However, the high energy consumption of daily operations is an emerging issue due to increased rail transit networks and passenger demands. Thus, reducing the energy consumption and operational cost by using advanced optimization methodologies is an urgent task for operation managers. This work systematically introduces energy-saving approaches for urban rail transit systems in three aspects, namely, train speed profile optimization, utilization of regenerative energy, and integrated optimization of train timetable and speed profile. Future research directions in this field are also proposed to meet increasing passenger demands and network-based urban rail transit systems.     

Band Engineering of Thermoelectric Materials

Lead chalcogenides have long been used for space‐based and thermoelectric remote power generation applications, but recent discoveries have revealed a much greater potential for these materials. This renaissance of interest combined with the need for increased energy efficiency has led to active consideration of thermoelectrics for practical waste heat recovery systems—such as the conversion of car exhaust heat into electricity. The simple high symmetry NaCl‐type cubic structure, leads to several properties desirable for thermoelectricity, such as high valley degeneracy for high electrical conductivity and phonon anharmonicity for low thermal conductivity. The rich capabilities for both band structure and microstructure engineering enable a variety of approaches for achieving high thermoelectric performance in lead chalcogenides. This Review focuses on manipulation of the electronic and atomic structural features which makes up the thermoelectric quality factor. While these strategies are well demonstrated in lead chalcogenides, the principles used are equally applicable to most good thermoelectric materials that could enable improvement of thermoelectric devices from niche applications into the mainstream of energy technologies.     

化工装置材料损伤和寿命预测技术的研究

文章综述了笔者及所在科研组近年来在化工静设备,如热交换器、塔器、反应器、工业炉、储槽、储罐（球罐）、压力容器和管道等的材料损伤和寿命预测技术领域的研究进展。由于各种设备结构不同,工况条件各异,导致材料损伤的机理也不相同。文章从它们的共性问题和方法论高度进行了研究。内容包括：①按照方法论要求,提出了处理工程参数不确定性问题的途径;②用定量金相分析方法揭示金属材料服役后微观组织变化、确定其损伤程度并预测寿命。理论成果的应用取得了工程实际的成效,并获重要社会效益和经济效益。     

水泥材料研究动向

环境负荷小的高性能低钙水泥和水泥代用材料的研究越来越热,有机高聚物和水泥的复合使用是水泥砼行业减耗,增效和改性的必要手段,国际标准的采用把各国水泥的研究、生产和贸易联在一起。中国水泥研究应不忘自身特点和自主产权。