Ring opening reactions of glycidyl methacrylate copolymers to introduce bulky organosilicon side chain substituents

Summary Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) random copolymers with methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) were synthesized by solution free radical polymerizations, at 70±1 °C using α,α’-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator to give the copolymers I – VI in good yields. The copolymer compositions were obtained using related ¹H NMR spectra and the polydispersity indices of the copolymers determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl (Tsi=trisyl) groups were then covalently attached to the obtained copolymers as side chains by ring opening reaction between excess of TsiLi and expoxide groups of GMA units to give the copolymers I_Tsi – VI_Tsi in good yields. In the coupling reaction, the TsiLi reacted selectively with the epoxy groups of the backbone polymer rather than with the carbonyl groups of the backbone. This method of preparing functionalized silanes is limited by the readiness with which TsiLi abstracts a proton, if one is available, rather than attacks at carbon. In addition in the reaction with epoxides, the product alkoxide can transfer a silyl group from carbon to oxygen or ring opening polymerization. However these were shown not to occur at the conditions of interest here. The epoxy group possesses a higher reactivity for the TsiLi than the ester and chloromethyl groups. The ring opening reaction between the epoxy group and the TsiLi is simple and fast. All the resulted polymers were characterized by FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all copolymers was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) apparatus. All the polymers containing trisyl groups showed a high glass transition temperature in comparison with unmodified copolymers (I – VI). Attaching the tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl group to macromolecular chain should lead to important modifications of polymer properties such as gas permeability and perm selectivity parameters.     

Preparation of amphiphilic carbon black by postgrafting of polyethyleneimine to grafted polymer chains on the surface

Summary To prepare amphiphilic carbon black, we investigated the postgrafting reaction of polyethyleneimine (PEI) with pendant glycidyl groups of grafted polymer on carbon black surface. The grafting of polymers having pendant glycidyl groups onto carbon black surface was achieved by the copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by azo groups introduced onto the surface. Pendant glycidyl groups of poly(GMA-co-MMA)-grafted carbon black was found to react with PEI, and the corresponding polymers postgrafted to the grafted copolymer chains on carbon black surface: the percentage of PEI-postgrafting was readily controlled by the reaction conditions. PEI-postgrafted to poly(GMA-co-MMA)-grafted carbon black, whose PEI postgrafting is 3.9% showed amphiphilic nature and acted as an emulsifier. Received: 13 April 1998/Revised version: 20 May 1998/Accepted: 22 May 1998     

Preparation and lithographic performance of novel copolymers having acid labile pendant alicyclic ether moieties

A series of methacrylic copolymers derived from methacrylic acid (MAA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), n-butyl methacrylate (BM), and bornyl methacrylate (BMA) with various feed molar ratios was synthesized. In order to introduce acid labile alicyclic ether groups, the pendant carboxyl groups of copolymers were further functionalized with unsaturated alicyclic ethers of 2,3-dihydrofuran (DHF), 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP), and 3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran (DHMP). The existence of alicyclic bornyl groups was found to increase the thermal and plasma etching resistance of polymers but to decrease the sensitivity and contrast. Copolymers having pendant carboxyl groups can be crosslinked in the presence of photoacid after sufficient heat treatment. Acid catalyzed dehydration of pendant carboxylic acids may also cause the crosslinking of polymers. The thermogravimetric properties of copolymers, exposure characteristic curves and lithographic evaluation of the positive tone photoresist were all investigated. A line and space pattern resolution of 0.3 μm was also achieved.     

UV固化水性高支化聚酯

以偏苯三酸酐(TMA)、环氧氯丙烷(ECH)、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)、三乙胺(TEA)合成了末端羧基与氨基不同比例的一系列可UV固化的高支化聚酯,研究了末端官能团对合成产物水溶性、粘度以及凝胶转化率的影响。结果表明:高支化聚酯的水溶性随着末端的羧基增多而变大,光固化速度与末端的丙烯酰基官能度有关。水作为溶剂引入10%后,可以将树脂的粘度从6500mPa·s降低到3200mPa·s。     

Photopolymerization of dendritic methacrylated polyesters. I. Synthesis and properties

The so-termed starburst dendritic polyesters differ from classical polymers by their structural symmetry, high degree of branching, and high density of terminal functionality. The divergent synthesis of a series of polydisperse dendritic polyesters based upon pentaerythritol and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride, modified by glycidvl methacrylate and methacrylic anhydride, is described, proceeding in a stepwise growth manner starting from an “initiator core,” building branched arms. These materials have about eight (two samples), 12, or 16 methacrylate double bonds (indicated as D-1-OH, D-1, D-2, and D-3, respectively) at the chain extremities on each molecule. The rheological behavior was investigated by measuring the dynamic viscosity of the dendritic polyesters. The viscosities of the dendritic polyesters largely decrease in the order D-1-OH, D-1, D-2, and D-3 at lower frequency, but the viscosities of D-1-OH and D-1 decrease dramatically at higher frequency. Using a viscometric cup, the flow time of the dendritic methacrylated polyesters was compared with epoxy acrylate-modified unsaturated polyester of a linear type and it was shown that the flow time for the former is only one-third of that for the latter. The thermal mechanical properties and glass transition temperatures of the UV-cured films increase with the degree of terminal functionality. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis and photopolymerization of acrylic acrylate copolymers

Acrylate‐functionalized copolymers were synthesized by the modification of poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (BA/GMA) and poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate). ¹³C‐NMR analyses showed that no glycidyl methacrylate block longer than three monomer units was formed in the BA/GMA copolymer if the glycidyl methacrylate concentration was kept below 20 mol %. We chemically modified the copolymers by reacting the epoxy group with acrylic acid to yield polymers with various glass‐transition temperatures and functionalities. We studied the crosslinking reactions of these copolymers by differential scanning calorimetry to point out the effect of chain functionality on double‐bond reactivity. Films formed from acrylic acrylate copolymer precursors were finally cured under ultraviolet radiation. Network heterogeneities such as pendant chains and highly crosslinked microgel‐like regions greatly influenced the network structure and, therefore, its viscoelastic properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 753–763, 2002     

Copolymerization of 2-methyl-N-1,3-thiazole-2-ylacrylamide with glycidyl methacrylate: synthesis, characterization, reactivity ratios and biological activity

The free-radical copolymerization of 2-methyl-N-1,3-thiazole-2-ylacrylamide monomer (TMA) with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was carried out in 1,4-dioxane at 65 ± 1 °C using azobisisobutironitril (AIBN) as an initiator. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR, ¹³C-NMR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopic methods. The copolymer compositions were determined by elemental analysis. The weight-average and number-average molecular weights of the copolymers were obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The polydispersity indices of the polymers, determined with gel permeation chromatography, suggested a strong tendency for chain termination by disproportionation. Thermal properties of the polymers were also studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The monomer reactivity ratios were calculated according to the general copolymerization equation using Kelen–Tudos and Fineman–Ross linearization methods. The reactivity ratios indicated a tendency toward for alternation. The thermal decomposition activation energies of the polymers were evaluated by Ozawa method. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of the copolymers were also investigated on various bacteria and fungi. All the products showed moderate activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi.     

Synthesis,characterization, and thermal stability of novel wholly para-oriented aromatic poly(ether-amide-hydrazide)s bearing pendant groups and their corresponding poly(ether-amide-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s

Four novel wholly para-oriented aromatic poly(ether-amide-hydrazide)s containing various pendant groups on their aromatic rings were synthesized from p-aminosalicylic acid hydrazide (PASH) with an equimolar amount of either 4,4′-(1,4-phenylenedioxy)dibenzoyl chloride (1a), 4,4′-(2,5-tolylenedioxy)dibenzoyl chloride (1b), 4,4′-(2-tert-butyl-1,4-phenylenedioxy)dibenzoyl chloride (1c), or 4,4′-(2,5-biphenylenedioxy)dibenzoyl chloride (1d) via a low temperature solution polycondensation reaction. A polyamide-hydrazide without the ether and pendant groups, poly[4-(terephthaloylamino)salicylic acid hydrazide, PTASH, is also investigated for comparison. It was synthesized from PASH and terephthaloyl chloride by the same synthetic route. The polymer intrinsic viscosities ranged from 4.5 to 2.47 dlg⁻¹ in N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) at 30 °C and decreased with the introduction of the ether and pendant groups into the polymer. All the polymers were soluble in DMAc, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and their solutions could be cast into flexible films with good mechanical strengths. Further, they exhibited a great affinity to water sorption. Their solubility and hydrophilicity increased with introduction of the ether and pendant groups into the polymer. The prepared polymers could be thermally cyclodehydrated under nitrogen atmosphere into the corresponding poly(ether-amide-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s approximately in the region of 300–450 °C. The introduction of the flexibilizing ether linkages and the pendant groups into the polymer improves the solubility of the resulting poly(ether-amide-1,3,4-oxadiazole)s compared to poly(amide-1,3,4-oxadiazole) free from these groups.     

A new type of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microbeads with surface grafted iminodiacetic acid: Synthesis and characterization

In this study, firstly, uniform poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) microbeads with an average diameter of 230 μm were synthesized by suspension polymerization of GMA monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacylate (EGDMA) crosslinker in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) initiator . Secondly, the PGMA microbeads obtained were modified with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) to afford a new type of microbeads carrying two pendant carboxylic acid groups on the surface. The IDA modification was followed by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR) measurements. The surface morphology and thermal behavior of the PGMA and their modificated form were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques further confirming modification.     

Photopolymerization and the related properties of dendritic methacrylated polyesters

Three kinds of photopolymerizable dendritic polyesters have been synthesized based on 1,1,1‐trishydroxymethyl‐propanol, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol as polyols and polycarboxylic acid anhydride, modified with glycidyl methacrylate and then esterified by acetic anhydride, which contain a maximum of 6, 8, and 12 methacrylic groups at the molecular chains, respectively. Their dynamic viscosity and UV‐cure speed have been measured by a spinning viscometer and the tack‐free time of the product, and the mechanical properties have been investigated by pendulum hardness and tensile strength of the UV‐cured films. It is found by comparison with traditional linear epoxy (meth)acrylate oligomers with lower molecular weights that the dynamic viscosity of the dendritic methacrylated polyesters is only half of that for the linear oligomers. However, the UV‐cure speed is about five times of that for the latter. The tensile strength of the cured films increases with the functionality of the polyester and a small amount of comonomer addition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 499–504, 2001     

Novel DCPD-modified polyester containing epoxy groups: thermal,viscoelastic, and mechanical properties of their wood flour filled copolymers

In this article, the synthesis of novel DCPD-modified polyesters containing epoxy groups and their possible utilization as polar matrices for wood flour filled copolymers have been studied. The novel DCPD-modified polyester containing epoxy groups was prepared during three-step process. First, the addition reaction of maleic acid to DCPD norbonenyl double bond has been performed. Then, the polyesterification of acidic ester of DCPD, cyclohex-4-ene dicarboxylic anhydride, and ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol, EG) or neopentyl glycol (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, NP) in the presence of catalyst was carried out using melt condensation technique. Finally, the oxidation process of prepared DCPD-modified polyesters led to obtain DCPD-modified polyesters containing epoxy groups. The structural characterization of prepared DCPD-modified polyesters containing epoxy functionality has been carried out using FTIR and HNMR spectroscopic methods. The thermal, viscoelastic, and mechanical properties of their unfilled and wood flour filled copolymers have been studied by DSC, DMA, TGA analyses, three-point bending test, and Brinell’s hardness. The performed investigations indicated that novel DCPD-modified polyesters containing epoxy groups can be successfully applied as polar matrices for preparation wood flour filled copolymers due to their “compatibility” with hydrophilic wood flour surface which resulted with stronger interactions between wood and polymer surface and thus producing copolymers which were characterized by improved thermo-mechanical properties compared to unfilled copolymers.     

GMA功能化聚合物及其在共混改性中的应用

通过熔融接枝、乳液聚合、溶液聚合、悬浮聚合等方法可以制得甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油脂功能化的共聚物，这些接枝、嵌段、核壳结构共聚物可以用作增韧剂和增容剂，通过“原位”反应增韧聚合物和增容聚合物共混物，提高聚合物的韧性和改善改善共混物的相容性。     

Blends of polylactic acid with thermoplastic copolyester elastomer: Effect of functionalized terpolymer type on reactive toughening

This study is an attempt to explore the effectiveness of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer (TPCE) as a toughening agent for improving the impact strength of PLA. Biobased Hytrel^® thermoplastic copolyester of polyether glycol and polybutylene terephthalate was selected as the TPCE of choice for this study. Blends of PLA/Hytrel at varying weight ratios were prepared using extrusion followed by injection molding technique. Optimal synergies of two polymers were found in the PLA/Hytrel (70/30) blend, showing impact strength of 234 J/m, a sixfold increase compared to neat PLA. In order to obtain further enhancement in toughness, different functionalized terpolymers were added to accomplish reactive compatibilization. A series of functionalized terpolymers, ethylene methyle acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate (EMA‐GMA), ethylene butyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate (EBA‐GMA), ethylene methyl acrylate‐maleic anhydride (EMA‐MaH), and ethylene butyl acrylate‐maleic anhydride (EBA‐MaH) were selected. Comparing PLA ternary blends with different terpolymers, GMA containing terpolymers showed better impact toughness compared to MaH terpolymer blends. Unique fracture surface morphology showing debonding cavitation and massive shear yielding in the ternary blends containing EMA‐GMA resulted in super toughened blends. Highest zero shear viscosity and storage modulus was also observed for ternary blends with EMA‐GMA. Under the processing conditions and blend ratio investigated, EMA‐GMA showed better efficiency in improving the toughness of the PLA blends. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:280–290, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation of hydrophobic poly(isobutylene) star polymers with hydrophilic poly(propylene imine) dendritic cores

Summary Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers with amino chain ends have been used for the preparation of hydrophobic star polymers with hydrophilic dendritic cores. The unsaturated end groups of polyisobutylene (PIB) were transformed into reactive anhydride end groups by an “ene” reaction with maleic anhydride, and the resulting functionalized PIB was then reacted with dendrimers to afford dendrimer-PIB star copolymers. Received: 20 May 1999/Accepted: 17 June 1999     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(meth)acrylates containing tricyanocyclopropane ring for piezoelectric applications

Summary p-(2,2,3-Tricyano-3-carbomethoxycyclopropyl)phenoxyethyl acrylate (5a) and p-(2,2,3-tricyano-3-carbomethoxycyclopropyl)phynoxyethyl methacrylate (5b) were prepared by the reactions of bromomalononitrile with methyl p-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)benzylidene-cyanoacetate (4a) and methyl p-(2-methacryloyloxyethoxy)benzylidenecyanoacetate (4b), respectively. Monomers 5a and 5b were polymerized with free-radical initiators to obtain the polymers with multicyanocyclopropane functionalities in the pendant group. The resulting polymers 6a and 6b were soluble in acetone and the inherent viscosities were in the range of 0.20–0.25 dL/g. Solution-cast films showed T _g values in the range of 130–150°C and piezoelectric coeffcients (d₃₁) of the poled films were 1.5–1.6 pC/N, which are acceptable for piezoelectric device applications. Received: 28 April 2000/Accepted: 26 June 2000     

Side-chain polyesters derived from adipoyl chloride and α-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-ω-(4'- methoxybiphenyl-4-oxy) alkanes

Summary A series of polyesters derived from adipoyl chloride and α-(bis(2-hydroxy ethyl)amino)-ω-(4'-methoxybiphenyl-4-oxy)alkanes with different spacer lengths (Cn-diol, n=6,8,10) have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, SEC, DSC, and X-ray spectroscopy. All polyesters have a narrow distribution of molar masses (1.3–1.5), melting temperature of 55–62°C, and they melt in a narrow temperature range of 7–11°C. Although no liquid crystalline phase transitions were found, an ordered structure was observed by XRD experiments and was ascribed to a crystal smectic phase. Received: 7 June 2001/ Revised version: 1 September 2001/ Accepted: 26 September 2001     

Synthesis and Photochromic Behavior of Azo-Polydiphenylsilanes

This work presents the influence of the trans–cis photoisomerization process of azobenzene-segments onto the optical properties of polysilanes. For this purpose 4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenol and 4-[(4′-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenol groups were attached to poly[diphenylsilane-co-methyl(bromopropyl)silane] using the Williamson etherification conditions. Photoisomerization of the pendant azo-groups by irradiation with 365 nm UV light induced distortion of the polysilane backbone conformation in a reversible manner. This process was studied by UV spectral analysis and the photochromic behavior of both polymers was established by taking into account the variation of the σ–σ* absorption intensity.     

Rice husk–polyester composites: The effect of chemical modification of rice husk on the mechanical and dimensional stability properties

Rice husk was used as filler in the production of rice husk (RH)–polyester composites and was subjected to three types of chemical modification. The chemical reagents employed in this study were glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), maleic anhydride (MAH), and succinic anhydride (SAH). This study revealed that the chemical modification of RH with GMA and MAH resulted in the enhancements of tensile and flexural properties of RH–polyester composites. The reduction in these properties with respect to those modified with SAH were attributed to the absence of C?C unsaturated groups. Water immersion test showed that chemical modification of the RH improved the dimensional stability of the composites. This was shown in the GMA‐ and MAH‐modified RH–polyester composites. The modification increased the hydrophobicity as well as the crosslinking between the RH and matrix in the composites. The lower performance demonstrated by the SAH‐modified composites was due to the inability of the SAH to form crosslinking with the matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1237–1247, 2005     

Neo-Pentyl-Ferrocene Based Electroactive Polyesters

A series of polyesters with regularly spaced pendant ferrocenyl groups have been prepared from neo-pentylenediol and aromatic dicarboxylic acid precursors using a mild carbodiimide coupling protocol. A design feature of these polyesters is the regular spacing of the ferrocenyl unit, one per repeat unit, through the polymer chains. The covalently attached ferrocenyl groups can be oxidised chemically or electrochemically. The acyl or methyl linkers through which the ferrocenyl group is attached to the neo-pentylenediol component tune the redox properties of the polymers.     

Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic polyesters based on 8,16-methano-16H-dinaphtho[2,1-d:1′,2′-g][1,3]dioxocin-2,14-diol

The bisphenol monomer containing dinaphthodioxocin group viz., 8,16-methano-16H-dinaphtho[2,1-d:1′,2′-g][1,3]dioxocin-2,14-diol (MDDD) was synthesized from commercially available 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene and malonaldehydetetramethyl acetal and fully characterized by FT-IR, ¹H, ¹³C NMR and mass spectroscopies. A series of new aromatic polyesters was synthesized by phase transfer-catalysed interfacial polycondensation or high temperature solution polymerization method. Optimal conditions for polyesterification were obtained via study of the model compounds. These polyesters were characterized by spectroscopic technique, viscosity measurement, solubility, thermal stability, DSC, and elemental analysis. Inherent viscosities and number average molecular weights (M_n) of polyesters were in the range 0.33–0.74 dl/g and 13,130–38,000 (Gel Permeation Chromatography, polystyrene standard). All of the new polymers show very good solubility in polar aprotic solvents and could be cast into transparent, flexible and apparently tough films. The glass transition temperature (T_g) of polyesters was in the range of 152–289 °C. Polyesters derived from MDDD and eight aromatic diacid chlorides did not show any weight loss below 330 °C and retained 23–43% weight at 600 °C. The temperature at 10% weight loss (T₁₀), determined from thermogravimetric analysis of polyesters, was in the range 420–434 °C indicating their good thermal stability.