澳门近代建筑文化三议

澳门因葡萄牙人的长期居留而与中国其他城市不同，400年来从未间断的东西方多元文化交流给这块弹丸之地留下深刻影响，形成其独特的文化景观。该文抛开异质文化相遇融合的惯性思维，从宏观视野，特殊性能为遗产价值三方面剖析了澳门近代建筑文化的意义，以期获得对澳门近代建筑文化全新的认识与理解。     

澳门总督府今昔——纪念澳门回归十周年

澳门特区政府总部办公室最初是一座民宅，回归前是总督府。它是澳门19世纪豪宅代表之一，见证了澳门葡式民宅由内敛到张扬的转变。同时，作为不同时期的最高权力所在地，建筑对社会及政局的发展作出相应的嬗变，影响了澳门建筑的发展。     

澳门近代建筑发展概略

澳门建筑一直是学界关注的热点,然而,长期以来人们对待澳门"漠视与极端肯定"的两种态度直接影响到人们审视澳门建筑的方式,从初期的乏人问津到现在对东西交融建筑形式的过分强调,这个过程中被忽略掉的是建筑作为一种社会现象所具有的一般发展规律.鉴于此,文章抱着对澳门建筑400年发展整体性考察的态度,试图对其发展历程作一次粗略扫描,希冀对澳门近代建筑全貌有一个客观的认识.     

澳门城市建筑的发展

澳门城市与建筑的发展根植于中国本土文化,并结合葡萄牙等地区多种文化.经过四百多年的发展,最终形成了澳门今日丰富多彩的城市形象,反映出多种文化交融的痕迹.     

澳门近代城市建筑

澳门是特定历史地理条件下发展起来的一个城市，是中国本土化和西欧葡萄牙化共同孕育出的一支奇葩，近代是澳门城市建筑发展重要的过渡时期，承上启下，形成了澳门现代城市风貌。     

天人融汇 中西合壁──澳门城市景观特色与展望

澳门的城市景观独具特色,由于葡萄牙人的长期居留,使澳门的人文景观形成中、欧传统建筑文化交相辉映的特点。本文从山、海、桥、街巷、广场、公园和标志性建筑物七个方面介绍了澳门的城市特点。     

澳门园林建筑与装饰小品特色研究

澳门是亚洲典型的东西方文化交汇的城市,特殊的发展背景使澳]园林呈现出明显的中西合璧的特点.澳门的城市园林大多小巧精致,园林建筑与装饰小品的风格受葡萄牙建筑与园林风格的影响较大,具有鲜明的南洋风格,即融合了本地民居建筑、南欧葡式建筑和中国传统建筑的特色.其整体形象简洁大方,中西园林建筑形式兼容并蓄,细部装饰精致,色彩鲜艳明亮.对澳门园林建筑与装饰小品特色的研究,有助于澳门 世界文化遗产的传承和国际旅游观光业的发展.     

澳门历史建筑的保护与利用实践

2005年澳门中请世界遗产获得成功,这和澳门长期致力于历史建筑的保护与利用密不可分.在中葡文化碰撞和交叠的澳门,历史建筑得到很好的保护和利用.文章论述了澳门近年来在历史建筑保护与利用方面的发展与实践,希望给业内人士带来一定的启示.     

Residential Experiences and the Culture of Suburbanization: A Case Study of Portuguese Homebuyers in Mississauga

This paper examines the housing experiences of immigrants to Canada through a survey of first-generation Portuguese homebuyers in Mississauga, a suburb of Toronto. The survey focused on the push/pull factors leading to their decision to live in the suburbs, their housing search strategies, and their use of services in Mississauga and in the initial area of Portuguese immigrant settlement in downtown Toronto. This study uses data from a questionnaire administered to 110 Portuguese homebuyers in 1990, shortly after their first move to suburban Mississauga; a sample of those respondents were re-interviewed in 2003. The evidence indicates that these immigrants were ‘pulled’ into relocating to Mississauga because of their desire to live in a single-family dwelling in a good neighbourhood. Their housing search relied extensively on ethnic sources of information, particularly Portuguese real estate agents. In general, this group of immigrants expressed satisfaction with their move. The Portuguese community in Mississauga is characterized by a form of voluntary segregation, which seems to be partly a result of their reliance on their own ethnic community for information, language barriers to participating in non-Portuguese activities, and a cultural preference for living near people of the same ethnic background. One consequence of this re-segregation process, by which Portuguese people recreate a Portuguese ‘homeland’ in the suburbs, has been the limitation of their social contacts with members of other ethnic communities that have also settled in suburban Mississauga.     

普吉岛入口,泰朗,泰国

<正>普吉岛入口是一个来自微风凉爽高地的引人注目的设计作品,它通过当代建筑语言表达出泰国南部乡土建筑的特征。普吉岛入口位于普吉岛的北端,作为一个具有戏剧性的场所,犹如一个舒适、热情的巨大客厅,迎接来此观光的游客。普吉岛是一个风景优美的小镇,融合了当地南部、中国、穆斯林和中葡的多种文化、种族和建筑风格。普吉岛入口没有特别地表达某一种单一的文化,而是通过结合原始材料和当代装饰与功能来体现当地的价值观。普吉岛入口与在泰国其他地区随处可见的常规入口不同,它是一个融合了当代建筑和景观的公共空间。这座建筑利用场地原始的轮廓,以线性的姿     

The Portuguese railway in time and space – mapping phases of growth,stagnation, and decline (1845–2015)*

This paper aims to analyse the development of the Portuguese railway in time and space, between 1845 and 2015. The development of the railway in mainland Portugal was a subject of interest to several stakeholders, including politicians, private investors, constructors, and the state itself. This article aims to explore what actors were involved in the development of the Portuguese railway, their respective goals and planning mechanisms. Focus is placed on the Portuguese state’s attempts to specifically shape the rail sector in its national infrastructure, while confronting it with the interests of the private initiative. By discussing the transformations seen in the urban and countryside spaces on which the railway network was built, this paper provides an overview of the effects that the railway had on the Portuguese territory and its urban areas. A comparative analysis of the railway system in the past and present reveals that the current layout of the Portuguese railway network does not differ greatly from that of the early twentieth century. Finally, it is shown that the history of the Portuguese railway coincided with different periods of significant socio-economic changes.     

Architecture-building: mobilising the lessons of the Survey Popular Architecture in Portugal

Within the history of Portuguese architecture, a survey conducted on vernacular dwellings in the mid-1950s has a significant place. This article examines how this survey has been remembered and enhanced, mobilised and updated ever since, playing a part in the empowerment of architecture as a discipline, as a profession, and as a matter of culture in Portugal. The main argument is that the collective and individual recollection of the survey has extolled the aesthetic and ethical lessons it provided for architects’ practice, activating the symbolic capital of an expression of culture long rooted in Portuguese discourses of national identity. This politics of memory has contributed to the recognition of Portuguese architects’ authority, autonomy and identity as a profession.     

The impact of gentrification on ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto: a case study of little Portugal

Despite extensive literature on the nature and impact of gentrification, there has been little consideration of the effects of gentrification on ethnic neighbourhoods. This study evaluates the negative and positive effects of gentrification on the Portuguese in west central Toronto. Details concerning the settlement patterns of the Portuguese, the characteristics of Portuguese residents and patterns of gentrification in inner-city Toronto were obtained from census data. Evaluations of neighbourhood change and attitudes of the residents towards gentrification were obtained from key informant and focus group interviews. The results suggest considerable ambivalence among the respondents, but most agreed that the long-term viability of Little Portugal as an immigrant reception area with a good supply of low-cost housing is in doubt.     

Infiltration of Portuguese cobblestone pavements – An exploratory assessment using a double-ring infiltrometer

The present study aims to evaluate small-scale infiltration losses of Portuguese cobblestone pavements. This type of pavement consists of rectangular hand-cut natural stones, mainly limestone, with different sizes and it is the most usual type of pavement for sidewalks and squares in Portuguese villages and cities. Portuguese cobblestone pavement can also be seen in several urban environments worldwide. A double-ring infiltrometer under constant and falling head was used for the field research work. Portuguese cobblestone pavements with small and coarse blocks were studied. The latter yield lower infiltration rates when compared to the former. The results show that, despite the block size, Portuguese cobblestone pavement contribute to reduce runoff, when compared with other impervious urban pavements.     

Comparative evaluation of European methods for sampling and sample preparation of soils--the Portuguese contribution

The main purpose of this work was to prepare a Portuguese sampling strategy, according to the existing Portuguese recommendations, for the soil sampling exercise at Dornach in the framework of the CEEM soil project of the SMT Programme of the EU. Within this project, the results obtained from the Dornach study were compared with the results obtained by other European participants and also with the reference sampling. The objective of this comparison was to validate the method used and to evaluate possible factors of uncertainty that may arise from the application of our national guideline as well as possible advantages. Another objective, also important, was to provide information regarding the need for a harmonised procedure within the European Union related to soil sampling and sample preparation of soils. The results obtained were consistent with the results obtained by other participants, however, in the Portuguese recommendations there is a general lack of specific information that may complicate its application to polluted scenarios. In fact, those guidelines are valuable to detect the average contamination of the soil, but they are not useful to identify hot spots or the edge influence in a contaminated land. As a conclusion, the results obtained by the CEEM soil project helped to evaluate the Portuguese sampling plan. This may provide a basis for further standardisation of soil sampling for specific purposes, e.g. contaminated land, and to establish a technical support for criteria used in the accreditation of laboratories for soil sampling.     

Impact of tertiary reserve sharing in Portugal

Ancillary services play a fundamental role in the operation of electricity systems. In the Iberian Peninsula, since mid-2014, ancillary services have gained a transnational dimension, namely through the introduction of cross-border balancing replacement reserves between the Portuguese and the Spanish Transmission System Operators (TSOs). This paper evaluates the impact of replacement reserves on the Portuguese electricity system, from the onset of this mechanism until the end of 2017, as a new contribution to earlier studies. It also describes the pecuniary impact of tertiary transactions, the identification, and categorization of possible different scenarios of tertiary mobilization, and the respective impact on the internal tertiary mobilization. On the one hand, the Iberian electricity system is one of the most influenced by a high penetration of intermittent renewables, and therefore one of the best candidates to experience increased benefits from the platform. On the other hand, the Portuguese TSO is one of the most peripheral TSOs in Europe that benefits more from the market integration in various dimensions of the electricity sector.     

Assessment of pre-service teachers’ knowledge of the impact of livestock production on global warming: a comparative study between Portugal and Spain

In this study we assess how higher education students (pre-service teachers) value and understand the impact of livestock production on global warming. We used a questionnaire with 91 students from a Portuguese institution and 111 from a Spanish one. The students had to mention measures to fight global warming, to explain the relationship between livestock production and global warming and to rank the impact of this cause compared to others. The Portuguese students showed a better understanding of this issue. Even so, the majority of the students do not recognize the high impact of livestock on global warming and consider other causes more relevant.     

Reform and regulation of the Portuguese rail sector. What has failed?

In 1998, and in the context of the European Directives, a reform of the Portuguese rail sector was implemented, through the vertical separation of the two basic rail activities, and an access charging system with economic regulation was introduced. This study sought to understand the Portuguese reform and its outcomes, particularly, at the level of the infrastructure manager's productivity, where losses were detected. Although access charges are being defined under a price-cap regulation regime since 2005, no progress was found in the cost recovery by the infrastructure manager. The paper concludes with suggestions to improve the current regulatory model.     

Critical analysis of the Portuguese Water Industry Restructuring Plan

The discussion on the Portuguese water industry’s reorganization has gained relevance since 2014, when the Government presented a plan, justifying it with efficiency gains, financial sustainability, and the promotion of territorial equity/social cohesion.In this paper, the Portuguese water industry is analyzed and a critical appraisal of the Government approach is offered, considering the main economic reasons provided by international experience and literature.The plan’s fundamentals can be contested, because economic sustainability might not be achieved by aggregation if optimal scales and hydrographic regions are exceeded. Besides, the “compulsory” aggregation of systems may contribute to the failure of the process.     

融合与平衡--阿尔瓦罗@西扎和他的七个作品

建筑作品的纵览对于理解建筑师的创作思想是十分重要的.该文主要介绍葡萄牙建筑师阿尔瓦罗@西扎的建筑经历和不同时期的七个作品并从中总结出一些重要的建筑思想和设计手法.