Effect of temperature on the inhibition of the acid corrosion of steel by benzimidazole derivatives

The effect of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (inh. I) and 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole (inh. II) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1M solutions of sulphuric acid has been investigated in relation to the concentration of the inhibitor as well as temperature by various monitoring corrosion techniques. The results obtained revealed that these compounds are good inhibitors. All the impedance diagrams gave semicircles for both inhibitors indicating that the corrosion of mild steel is controlled by a charge transfer process and the presence of either inhibitor does not alter the mechanism of the dissolution of mild steel. In general, both inhibitors efficiencies increased with increasing the inhibitors concentration at all temperatures used. On the other hand, inhibitors efficiencies were almost constant with increasing the temperature at concentrations 5 × 10⁻⁴ M, 1 × 10⁻³ M and 5 × 10⁻³ M. The best performance was noticed in case of (inh. II) especially at the concentration 5 × 10⁻³ M. Adsorption of both inhibitors was found to follow Langmuir, Flory-Huggins isotherms and kinetic-thermodynamic model. The binding constants “K” were calculated for both inhibitors. On increasing the temperature, the value of “K” increased in both cases indicative of stronger binding of the inhibitor molecule to the mild steel surface and hence higher inhibition efficiency at higher temperatures. The activation energy of the corrosion reaction decreases with increasing the concentration of (inh. I) or (inh. II). The adsorption of both inhibitors on the surface of mild steel is probably chemisorbed on the electrode surface. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Mass loss measurements revealed that both inhibitors exhibit maximum inhibition efficiency with increasing the concentration and temperature which confirm the data obtained from AC impedance. DC polarization data reveals that, both inhibitors does not alter the mechanism of anodic behaviour of mild steel and they behave as mixed type inhibitors. Again both inhibitors exhibit maximum inhibition efficiency with increasing the concentration and temperature which confirm the data obtained from AC impedance.     

Effect of 4-(N,N-diethylamino)benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone on the corrosion of aged 18 Ni 250 grade maraging steel in phosphoric acid solution

4-(N,N-diethylamino)benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (DEABT) was studied for its corrosion inhibition property on the corrosion of aged 18 Ni 250 grade maraging steel in 0.67 M phosphoric acid at 30–50 °C by potentiodynamic polarization, EIS and weight loss techniques. Inhibition efficiency of DEABT was found to increase with the increase in DEABT concentration and decrease with the increase in temperature. The activation energy E_a and other thermodynamic parameters (Δ, Δ, Δ) have been evaluated and discussed. The adsorption of DEABT on aged maraging steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the inhibitor showed mixed type inhibition behavior.     

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution by Schiff base furoin thiosemicarbazone

A heterocyclic Schiff base furoin thiosemicarbazone was tested for its corrosion inhibition towards mild steel in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Furoin thiosemicarbazone revealed good corrosion inhibition efficiency even at low concentrations towards mild steel in HCl medium. Comparison of corrosion inhibition efficiency of Schiff base and its parent amine and effect of temperature on inhibition efficiency were also investigated. The adsorption of furoin thiosemicarbazone on mild steel surface obeys Langmuir isotherm.     

Impedance studies of the inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in 0.1 m sulphuric acid with 10% methanol by thiosemicarbazide derivatives

Selected substituted thiosemicarbazides and thiosemicarbazones have been studied as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in sulphuric acid using electrochemical techniques. The impedance measurements typically gave a single relaxation or semicircle comprising the charge transfer resistance in parallel with the double-layer capacitance. Inhibitor efficiencies and the adsorption isotherms were calculated from the charge transfer resistance values, whilst the capacitance-potential diagrams provided mechanistic information on the adsorption of these types of compounds. Thiosemicarbazide and its derivatives act as mixed adsorption type inhibitors, increased adsorption resulting from an increase in the electron density at the reactive

C=S group by suitable substitution of a terminal hydrogen in the hydrazino or thiamido groups of the thiosemicarbazide molecule. The substituted compounds were classified into three distinct groups according to their molecular structure and electrochemical response.     

Study of the inhibition of the acid corrosion of steel by auger electron spectroscopy

The Auger spectra for mild steel specimens immersed in deoxygenated uninhibited and inhibited acid solutions gave clear peaks for iron, oxygen and carbon. A comparison between the height of the oxygen and carbon peaks in an acid medium and in an acid medium containing 1-phenyl thio-semicarbazide indicated that the height of the oxygen peak becomes less in the presence of the inhibitor while the carbon peak becomes larger: this behaviour was attributed to the adsorbed molecules of the inhibitor.From the Auger sputtering depth profile for mild steel immersed in H₂SO₄ solutions in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, the thicknesses of the oxide film formed were found to be similar in both cases, i.e. the inhibitor does not appear to change the composition of the corrosion product film.     

The role of acid anion on the inhibition of the acidic corrosion of steel by lupine extract

The inhibitive effect of lupine (Lupinous albus L.) extract on the corrosion of steel in aqueous solution of 1 M sulphuric and 2 M hydrochloric acids was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that the lupine extract acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. EIS measurements showed that the dissolution process is under activation control. The inhibition efficiency of the extract obtained from impedance and polarization measurements was in a good agreement and was found to increase with increasing concentration of the extract. The obtained results showed that, the lupine extract could serve as an effective inhibitor for the corrosion of steel in acid media and the extract was more effective in case of hydrochloric acid. Theoretical fitting of the corrosion data to the kinetic-thermodynamic model was tested to show the nature of adsorption.     

Effect of metal ions on corrosion inhibition of pimeloyl-1,5-di-hydroxamic acid for steel in neutral solution

The influence of metal ions on the adsorption process and corrosion inhibition of pimeloyl-1,5-di-hydroxamic acid (C7) on carbon steel surface in neutral solutions has been investigated by surface analytical and electrochemical techniques. Effective corrosion inhibition given by C7 in the presence of Zn²⁺ and Ni²⁺ is believed to be associated with the ability of the hydroxamic acid to form stable slightly soluble complexes with these cations. The influence of the metal ions on the inhibition efficiency is primarily related to the stability constants of C7-cation complexes. Magnesium has no effect on the inhibition performance as it has low stability constant with C7. It was found that the inhibition by C7/cation mixtures depends greatly on the molar ratio and immersion time.     

Effect of aging time on corrosion inhibition of cationic surfactant on mild steel in sulfamic acid cleaning solution

The stability of the 1 M sulfamic acid solutions containing a gemini cationic surfactant (12-4-12) or its monomeric counterpart (DTAB) during 23 days of storage were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface tension measurements. The EIS studies indicated that in comparison to DTAB solution, 12-4-12 solution considerably retained the corrosion inhibition during the storage period. The surface tension of DTAB solution was increased around 10 mN/m during storage while the surface tension of 12-4-12 solution was almost unchanged. The higher stability of 12-4-12 acidic solution than that of DTAB was also depicted by XRD results.     

Electrochemical and theoretical investigation on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by thiosalicylaldehyde derivatives in hydrochloric acid solution

Inhibitory effect of three Schiff bases 2-{[(2-sulfanylphenyl)imino]methyl}]phenol (A), 2-{[(2)-1-(4-methylphenyl)methylidene]amino}-1-benznethiol (B), and 2-[(2-sulfanylphen-yl)ethanimidoyl)]phenol (C) on corrosion of mild steel in 15% HCl solution has been studied using weight loss measurements, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The results of the investigation show that the compounds A and B with mean efficiency of 99% at 200 mg/L additive concentration have fairly good inhibiting properties for mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid, and they are as mixed inhibitor. All measurements show that inhibition efficiencies increase with increase in inhibitor concentration. This reveals that inhibitive actions of inhibitors were mainly due to adsorption on mild steel surface. Adsorption of these inhibitors follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic adsorption parameters (K_ads, ΔG_ads) of studied Schiff bases were calculated using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Activation parameters of the corrosion process such as activation energies, E_a, activation enthalpies, ΔH^∗, and activation entropies, ΔS^∗, were calculated by the obtained corrosion currents at different temperatures. Obvious correlation was found between the corrosion inhibition efficiency and the calculated parameters. The obtained theoretical results have been adapted with the experimental data.     

Effects of temperature and corrosion thickness and composition on magnetic measurements of structural steel wires

A tubular circulating electrolytic cell was developed in order to prepare specimens of structural steel rods to evaluate non-destructive testing of corrosion layer thickness at different temperatures using magnetic property measurements. Hysteresis curves were obtained for ferromagnetic steel reinforcement subjected to a low frequency magnetic field. The response is measured without contact using Faraday's law to infer stress and corrosion. Experiments were performed to estimate the effect of temperature and composition of the steel on its magnetic properties. Magnetic measurements were obtained using a previously calibrated solenoidal measurement system controlled by a computer at different temperatures and for different reductions in cross-section due to corrosion for 1140 mm long specimen. Magnetic measurements on nickel rod were performed to validate the measurement procedure. The results obtained from the present work will be helpful in quantitative evaluation of attainable sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, and to minimize the uncertainities due to temperature changes.     

Impedance spectroscopic study of corrosion inhibition of copper by surfactants in the acidic solutions

The inhibitive action of the four surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium oleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN-80), on the corrosion behavior of copper was investigated in aerated 0.5 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄ solutions, by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These surfactants acted as the mixed-type inhibitors and lowered the corrosion reactions by blocking the copper surface through electrostatic adsorption or chemisorption. The inhibitor effectiveness increased with the exposure time to aggressive solutions, reached a maximum and then decreased, which implies the orientation change of adsorbed surfactant molecules on the surface. CTAB inhibited most effectively the copper corrosion among the four surfactants. The copper surface was determined to be positively charged in sulfuric acid solutions at the corrosion potential, which is unfavourable for electrostatic adsorption of cationic surfactant, CTAB. The reason why CTAB gave the highest inhibition efficiency was attributed to the synergistic effect between bromide anions and positive quaternary ammonium ions. C₁₆H₃₃N(CH₃)₄⁺ ions may electrostatically adsorbed on the copper surface covered with primarily adsorbed bromide ions. On the basis of the variation of impedance behaviors of copper in the surfactant-containing solutions with the immersion time, the adsorption model of the surfactants on the copper surface was proposed.     

Influence of flow on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by fatty amines in association with phosphonocarboxylic acid salts

This work was carried out to study the inhibition mechanism of a carbon steel in a 200 mg l⁻¹ NaCl solution by a non-toxic multi-component inhibitor used for water treatment in cooling circuits. The inhibitive formulation was composed of 50 mg l⁻¹ fatty amines associated with 200 mg l⁻¹ phosphonocarboxylic acid salts. Steady-state current-voltage curves, obtained with a rotating disc electrode, revealed that the properties of the protective layer were dependent on the electrode rotation rate and on the immersion time. The cathodic process of oxygen reduction was not modified in the presence of the inhibitive mixture. As expected, the current densities increased when the rotation rate was increased. In the anodic range, original behaviour was observed: the current densities decreased when the electrode rotation rate increased. The morphology and the chemical composition of the inhibitive layers allowed the electrochemical results to be explained. Two distinct surface areas were visualised on the metal surface and the ratio between the two zones was dependent on the flow conditions. This behaviour was attributed to a mechanical effect linked to centrifugal force. XPS analysis revealed that the formation of a chelate between the phosphonocarboxylic acid salt molecules and the iron oxide/hydroxide was enhanced by the increase of the electrode rotation rate.     

Quantum chemical studies on corrosion inhibition of some lactones on mild steel in acid media

Study of the efficacy of some lactones to counter iron corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid using ab initio quantum chemical deductions and its comparison with the available experimental data forms a part of this research. It is believed that the inhibition efficiency has lucid correlation with the charge of oxygen atoms of inhibitor molecules. Furthermore, thermo-chemical calculations for oxepan-2-one (L3) on iron cluster result in adsorption energies close to experimental values. However, the interaction energies of L3 and iron cluster with the natural bond orbital are also reported. Furthermore, interaction energy of hydrogen ion and inhibitor with iron surface is investigated.     

Effect of tempering temperature and microstructure on the corrosion behavior of a tempered steel

In this study, a tempered martensitic matrix was obtained in a low carbon steel, by applying austenization, quenching and tempering heat treatments. After austenization at 1000°C for 30 minutes, steel samples were quenched in water and then tempered at 200, 540 and 600°C for 30 minutes. Hardness measurements were done and then immersion tests were carried out in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution for periods ranging between 1–7 days. Weight losses of the samples were determined after each immersion period and microstructural studies were performed on the corroded surfaces. Corrosion rates were calculated using weight loss data and verified by potentiodynamic tests. Results revealed that corrosion behavior of the experimental steels was directly affected by tempering temperature, hardness and microstructure.     

Copper corrosion inhibition by polyaspartic acid and imidazole

This work reveals the corrosion inhibition effect of polyaspartic acid (PASP) and imidazole (IM) on copper in 3 wt% aminosulfonic acid acting as mixed‐type inhibitor of predominant cathodic effect. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy work prove that at 30 °C, 1.0 g/L PASP alone gave the best inhibitory effect of 89.8%; the inhibition efficiency could reach up to 95.4% when combining PASP and IM at the same ratio in total of 1.0 g/L. The anti‐corrosion mechanism of PASP and IM on copper is proposed from the characteristic molecular structures of these two chemicals.     

The Rhodanine inhibition effect on the corrosion of a mild steel in acid along the exposure time

The corrosion performance of a mild steel (MS) exposed to a 0.5 M HCl solution with various concentrations of Rhodanine (Rh) was studied by means of anodic and cathodic voltammetric curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) techniques. Rh makes the corrosion of MS in HCl solution decelerate with the exposure time so as to reach a protective value of more than 99% in 168 h. The adsorption of Rh molecules on the MS obeys Langmiur adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters, adsorption equilibrium constant (K _ads), and standard free energy of adsorption (ΔG _ads ^o ) were calculated and discussed. The high inhibition efficiency was discussed in terms of blockading the metal surface by the Rh molecules strongly adsorbing witch their active centers and thus forming a sufficiently effective protective film.      

Evaluation of impedance measurements on mild steel corrosion in acid media in the presence of heterocyclic compounds

Five heterocyclic compounds, having a five atom ring, fused with the benzene ring (indole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, benzothiazole and benzothiadiazole) were investigated as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in 1 N HCl using impedance and polarisation resistance methods. Four of these compounds exhibit inhibition properties, while one of them, benzothiadiazole, stimulates the corrosion process. Adequate structure models of the interface are offered. The experimental data show a frequency distribution and therefore a modelling element with frequency dispersion behaviour, a constant phase element (CPE) has been used. At high inhibitor concentrations a second time constant is observed in the impedance spectra. The values of the polarisation resistance determined by the polarisation resistance method are well correlated with the sum of the separate resistances from the impedance measurements.     

温度对304不锈钢在液态Sn中腐蚀行为的影响

Sn是一种低熔点金属,其导热性高可用作快中子反应堆中的液体冷却剂。与目前所使用的的液态钠冷却剂相比,Sn具有更好的化学稳定性及遇水或空气不易燃烧的特点。在快中子反应堆中,不锈钢是应用广泛的主回路管道,本文研究了Sn与304不锈钢的化学反应,讨论了温度对304不锈钢在液态Sn中腐蚀行为的影响,结果表明,当温度低于823K时,发生点蚀,当温度高于823K时,发生溶解。     

A comparative study of the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid by 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine-2-thione

The corrosion protection of mild steel in a 2.5 M H₂SO₄ solution by 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine-2-thione (DMT) was studied at different temperatures by measuring changes in open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Corrosion current densities calculated from EIS data were comparable to those obtained from polarisation measurements. Results showed that DMT inhibited mild steel corrosion in a 2.5 M H₂SO₄ solution and indicated that the inhibition efficiencies increased with the concentration of inhibitor, but decreased proportionally with temperature. Polarisation curves showed that DMT is a mixed-type inhibitor. Changes in impedance parameters suggested the adsorption of DMT on the mild steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films. The DMT adsorption on the mild steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for dissolution and adsorption were investigated. Comprehensive adsorption (physisorption and chemisorption) of the inhibitor molecules on the mild steel surface was suggested based on the thermodynamic adsorption parameters.