三维T型焊缝的双光束激光焊接及其焊缝跟踪控制

由于三维T型焊缝的焊接中存在双光束焊接结构特殊、三维焊接轨迹难以拟合、焊接变形量大的难点,针对三维T型焊缝的双光束焊接需求,在六轴联动机床上设计了双光束焊接平台的方案,根据焊件的三维模型,运用三维焊接路径控制技术,生成实际的三维双光束焊接路径;在双光束焊接过程中采用双路实时闭环焊缝跟踪技术,对焊接过程中的焊接变形引起的焊接偏差进行的跟踪. 结果表明,双光束焊接平台的实施及其双路焊缝跟踪技术很好的满足了双光束激光焊接要求.     

IGM 330型焊接机器人手动校点在大功率机车侧梁上的应用

简要介绍了IGM 330型焊接机器人和大功率机车侧梁,通过对IGM330型机器人的寻踪定位和电弧跟踪的介绍,分析了手动校点在焊接过程中的必要性及其作用。     

一种逆变式超声焊接电源频率跟踪技术

作为一种材料加工方法,超声焊接技术的应用日益广泛.针对超声焊接过程中超声换能器谐振频率发生漂移的问题,提出了一种基于AT89S52单片机、脉宽调制(PWM)型控制芯片SG3525A和数字电位器的逆变式超声焊接电源频率自动跟踪技术.介绍了超声焊接电源主电路和频率跟踪电路的工作原理以及所用器件的功能,并给出了超声焊接电源频率跟踪子程序的流程.与传统电路相比,所设计的频率跟踪电路具有简单、新颖、实用等优点.     

机器人型TIG焊自动化工作站的设计与研究

航天运载系统中的一些小尺寸薄壁件对焊缝质量要求较高,目前大多采用手工TIG焊,焊缝质量不稳定,易受人为因素影响。焊接机器人具有故障率低、焊接质量稳定的特点,设计了一种机器人型TIG焊自动化工作站,可实现自动化焊接、焊接参数可调,并具有弧长跟踪功能,能够自动调整焊枪高度,保证焊缝稳定。介绍工作站的总体设计和自动焊接功能的实现,详述弧长跟踪功能的实现方式,并通过直焊缝、环焊缝、方焊缝的焊接实验验证了自动焊接功能和弧长跟踪功能。     

自动焊机焊炬垂直方向跟踪的一种简易装置

本文介绍了在常用的MZ—1000型(或MZ1型)自动焊机上,增设一套简易装置,可完成焊炬垂直方向的自动跟踪。跟踪精度可达±1mm,符合一般焊接要求。图1为内环缝焊接时的工作示意图。     

焊接顺序对T型接头焊接温度场、应变场和应力场的影响

采用双椭球热源模型,利用Simufact.welding焊接仿真分析软件,对四种不同焊接顺序下T型接头焊接温度场、应变场、应力场进行了数值模拟。通过研究分析跟踪点的温度、应变和应力的变化情况,验证了数值分析结果的可靠性;通过对比分析应力和应变的仿真结果,得出了不同焊接顺序的优劣排序。本研究对T型接头焊接工艺优化有指导意义。     

焊接机器人焊缝视觉跟踪修正系统开发与实验研究

针对示教型机器人在实际焊接中常存在的热变形、工件加工误差和装配误差等因素造成焊缝位置和尺寸变化,导致焊缝和示教轨迹发生偏差等问题,对某型常用焊接机器人的视觉控制器进行了改进,并开发了焊缝视觉跟踪修正系统,将传统的"开环控制"转化为可控的"闭环控制",并通过试验分析,验证了该修正算法的可行性,提高了焊接机器人的焊接精度。     

基于摆动式电弧传感器的焊缝跟踪方法

实现焊接工作的机器人化是焊接自动化发展的主要方向,在汽车制造、工程机械等产业已有广泛的应用.但目前国内外应用的大都是示教再现型焊接机器人, 还无法解决诸如安装误差、焊接变形等各种原因引起实际焊缝线偏离示教运动轨迹的困难,不具备焊缝实时跟踪纠偏的功能.因此,焊缝跟踪对于焊接机器人实现焊接过程显得尤为重要,其中焊缝偏差信息提取是实现焊缝跟踪的主要研究课题.只有准确地识别出焊缝和焊炬的具体位置,才能控制焊炬,使之能够始终保持在焊缝上,从而保证焊接工作的顺利.基于上述目的,本文提出利用摆动式电弧传感器提取焊缝偏差信息,实现焊缝偏差实时跟踪的基本方法.     

一种基于三维空间的焊缝跟踪精度评价分析方法

为了提高弧焊机器人的焊缝跟踪精度,提出了一种新的焊缝跟踪精度的评价方法,建立了基于三维空间焊缝的精度评价模型,该模型建立了焊接电流、焊接速度和焊枪高度等多个焊接工艺参数与焊缝跟踪精度之间的模型关系. 基于该模型,通过MATLAB对该模型进行仿真分析,验证了所提出精度分析方法和精度模型的正确性及有效性. 结果表明,在焊缝跟踪过程中焊接电流和焊接速度对焊缝跟踪精度影响明显. 该精度分析方法对于焊缝跟踪精度的评价具有一定的参照意义,并且在焊接工艺参数的合理选择时对焊缝跟踪精度具有重要影响.     

钢结构全位置焊接机器人的研究与开发

介绍了一组适用于钢结构焊接的GDC型全位置焊接机器人.该焊接机器人具有在线焊缝轨迹示教、在线全位置焊接参数示教、离线焊接参数设置等智能控制手段,可适应不规则焊缝的轨迹跟踪,实现多层多道焊及全位置焊的自动化焊接,并可灵活方便地完成多台焊接机器人的焊接参数设置.GDC-1型焊接机器人已成功应用于"奥运鸟巢工程"现场焊接,可在建筑铜结构焊接工程中推广应用.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。