红外折/衍混合光学系统无热化设计

论述了利用衍射元件实现光学系统消热差的原理和设计方法.利用衍射光学元件特殊的消热差和消色差特性,设计了8～12μm波段内,焦距为90mm,F/#为1.5,视场角为±2°,在-40～80℃温度范围内既消热差又消色差的折/衍混合红外光学系统,并给出了评价结果.该系统在工作温度范围内,成像质量接近衍射极限,适用于非制冷红外焦平面阵列热像仪上.     

红外双波段光学系统被动式消热差设计

为提高红外光学系统的目标探测识别能力,增强其温度适应能力,在分析红外材料在中波和长波红外波段的色差与热差特性的基础上,根据系统光焦度分配、双波段轴向消色差和双波段消热差等要求,利用红外色差图合理选择光学材料组合,设计了一款中波和长波红外双波段消热差系统,系统采用非制冷探测器,工作波段为3~5 m和8~12 m,由4片透镜组成,焦距为50 mm,相对空间为1:1.25,全视场角为14,总长67.9 mm。设计结果表明:在温度范围-50~60 ℃范围内,在空间频率为17 lp/mm处,系统在中波和长波波段的MTF值均大于0.4,表明系统有较强的温度适应性。     

实现消热差和消色差的折衍混合红外光学系统

论述了利用衍射光学元件的环境温度特性实现光学系统消热差的原理和设计方法,给出了8－12μm波段内、焦距123mm、相对口径1／2．5在20－50℃温度范围内实现消热差和消色差的折衍混合红外光学系统的设计和评价结果;叙述了用NANOFORM250型金刚石微表面发生器在Ge单晶平面基体上加上衍射元件的主要过程和测试结果,最后给出了在不同温度下用英国Ealing传递函数仪测试系统性能的测试结果。     

一种长波红外光学消热差系统设计

介绍了长波红外消热差系统的种类,分析了温度对光学元件的影响,并列出光学参量随温度变化的公式。总结了红外消热差系统的设计原理,解出消热差消色差条件方程组并设计了一个工作波段为8～12 m,f=25mm,F数1.2,配384×288,像元大小25 m非制冷探测器的系统。结果表明,系统结构简单,在-40℃～80℃温度范围内系统调制传递函数,均方根弥散斑直径变化均很小,符合红外消热差系统的条件。     

基于谐衍射的红外双波段共口径消热差光学系统设计

设计了一种基于谐衍射的红外双波段共口径消热差光学系统。此光学系统的工作波段为3~5¼m及8~12¼m,焦距为45 mm,F/#为2,双色探测器为320×256、30μm制冷型探测器。谐衍射光学元件改进了衍射光学元件在宽波段上的大色散问题,解决了衍射光学元件在宽波段上的色散严重和衍射效率低下的问题。该光学系统采用谐衍射光学元件消宽波段色差和宽温度范围热差,使中波红外和长波红外在不同衍射级衍射实现谐振共焦成像,使用较少光学元件,校正了双波段红外光学系统的像差和热差。基于谐衍射的红外双波段共口径消热差光学系统在改善像质、减小体积重量、宽波段消热差等方面表现出传统光学系统不可比拟的优势。随着双波段探测器和谐衍射透镜研发制造技术的进一步发展,双波段光学系统必将在目标跟踪、识别、精确打击等军工系统中得到广泛应用。     

折/衍共口径红外双波段位标指示器光学系统设计

针对反射式双模位标指示器视场小、中心遮拦、能量低等问题,提出一种折/衍共口径红外双波段位标指示器光学系统。基于消色差理论和MRTD模型分别推导了光学系统波段间消色差公式和作用距离方程。设计的双波段光学系统具有共焦距特性,从而实现了双波段同步探测以及识别目标信息的一致性。折/衍共口径红外双波段位标指示器光学系统工作波长为3.4~4.8 m、7.7~9.5 m,俯仰、偏航视场为-26~26,焦距115 mm,F数为2。结果表明:在-40~60℃温度范围内消热差,成像质量接近衍射极限。     

制冷型红外双波段广角无热化光学系统设计

设计了用于制冷型红外双波段探测器的、广角光学系统,并进行了被动式消热差设计。镜头由6片透镜组成,通过不同镜片材料搭配来进行消色差设计,实现在环境温度-40～70℃范围内被动式消热差。光学系统采用中长波共焦面设计,设计波段为3.5～4.9μm和7.5～9.5μm,焦距为11 mm, F数为1.6,全视场角150°。结果表明,此光学系统工作范围大、结构简单、透过率高,能够实现在全工作温度范围内成像质量良好。     

8～12 μm折/衍混合监视系统无热化设计

论述了利用衍射元件实现光学系统无热化的原理和设计方法,并利用衍射光学元件特殊的消热差和消色差特性,设计了8～12 μm波段、焦距45 mm、F#为1.8、视场30°、工作在-55℃～55℃范围内的折/衍混合红外监视系统.设计结果表明,在此温度范围内,系统具有良好的消热差作用,成像质量接近衍射极限;而且具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻和可靠性高等优点.     

红外7.5～10.5μm波段折射/衍射光学系统的消热差设计

分析了衍射光学元件在红外折射/衍射混合光学系统中的消热差特性,设计了在红外7.5μm～10.5μm波段的红外折射/衍射混合消热差光学系统并进行了分析.设计结果表明,该系统在-40℃～60℃温度范围内不仅得到接近衍射极限的成像质量,而且具有结构简单,体积小,重量轻的特点.     

长波红外光学系统无热化设计

分析了衍射光学元件在红外光学系统中的消热差特性,设计了工作于8～12 μm,全视场角为6.44°的红外消热差光学系统,设计结果表明,该系统在-10℃～60℃温度范围内成像质量接近衍射极限,适用于像元尺寸为45μm的非制冷焦平面阵列探测器.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks