检测天然气中H2S气体浓度的光子带隙光纤传感器

为消除光源不稳定、光电器件的热零点漂移以及零 点漂移对测量准确度的影响,基于差分吸收检测法,设计一种检测天然气中H₂S气体浓度 的高稳定性、高灵敏度的光子带隙传感器。为提高系统响应,采 用4段串联的空芯光子晶体光纤(HC-PBF)作为气体传感探头。对不同组分浓度 的H₂S和CO₂气体进行了检测,结果表明,系统响应时间为53s, 测量灵敏度可达2×10－6 mol/L。     

一种基于Pd-Y合金纳米膜的光纤H2传感器

为提高光纤H₂传感器的响应速度、稳定性和可 重 复性,本文分析了Pd-H传感机理,进而提出利用双靶溅射工艺在石英光学玻璃基底上制 备55nm厚的Pd-Y合金H₂敏薄膜,采用双光路 检测技术设计并实现了反射式光纤束H₂传感器系统。通、放H₂实验结果表明,本文 研制的基于Pd-Y合金纳米薄膜的 传感器具有响应快速的特点,特别是在多次循环老化实验后表现出良好的稳定性和可重复性 。     

多层透射式光纤氢气传感器的氢敏光谱特性

针对多层透射式光纤氢气(H₂)传感器其特殊的多层结构造成了类似于F-P 腔 效应的周期性光谱特性变化尚未可知问题,构建了一种适用于多层 透射式探头的原位H₂敏光谱观测系统,通过实验研究了在不同H₂浓度下这种多层膜 结构的光谱特性, 讨论了光源波长变化对传感器测量稳定性的影响规律,为进一步提高传感器性能奠定了实 验基础。实验 结果表明,光源波长变化对传感器测量的可靠性有显著影响,但是通过扫描波长的方式测 量可以有效避免这类H₂传感器的波长漂移问题,达到较高的测量可靠性。     

高灵敏度塑料光纤湿度传感器

为了提高塑料光纤湿度传感器的灵敏度,该文利用商用塑料光纤、聚砜、二氧化锗(GeO₂)和聚酰亚胺构建了一种新型结构的塑料光纤湿度传感器。首先将长度为0.5 m的商用塑料光纤中心部分(长5 cm)包层去除,并弯曲成U形(弯曲半径为2 cm),再将聚砜与GeO₂的混合物涂覆在商用光纤纤芯表面,然后将涂覆聚砜与GeO₂的塑料光纤在70 ℃下干燥10 h,最后涂覆上聚酰亚胺湿敏材料,在60 ℃下干燥后形成塑料光纤湿度传感器。实验研究了不同涂覆对塑料光纤传感器光传输特性及其灵敏度的影响,实验结果表明,在温度40 ℃、相对湿度10%RH~80%RH下,当塑料光纤纤芯直径为900 μm、聚砜与GeO₂涂覆层厚200 μm、聚酰亚胺湿敏膜厚 20 μm时,传感器对湿度的响应灵敏度可达到-0.9 nW/(1%RH),是将20 μm聚酰亚胺湿敏材料涂覆在1 500 μm塑料光纤纤芯表面响应灵敏度的6.9倍。     

MP-CVD中CH4浓度对CH4/H2等离子体中基团的影响

采用发射光谱法(OES)诊断了微波等离子体化学气 相沉积(MP-CVD)制备金刚石膜过程中CH₄浓度对 CH₄/H₂等离子 体中基团分布的影响,并利用拉曼光谱对不同CH₄浓度下沉积的金刚石膜生长面进行表 征。研究表明:CH₄/H₂等离子体中存在Hα、Hβ、Hγ、CH、C₂基团,且各基团谱线强度随CH₄浓度 的增加而增强,其中C₂基团的光 谱强度显著增强;CH₄/H₂等离子体电子温度随CH₄浓度的增加而上升;光谱空间诊 断发 现等离子体球中基团 沿径向分布不均匀,随CH₄浓度增加,C₂和CH基团分布的均匀性显著变差;沉积速率 测试表明,单纯增加CH₄浓度不能有效提高金刚石膜的沉积速率;Raman光谱测试结果 表 明,低CH₄浓度(0.8%)下沉积出的金刚石膜质量更理想。     

PEI/PMMA共混有机聚合物的成膜性和对硫化氢气体的响应

采用主客掺杂的方法制备PEI/PMMA共混有机聚合 物,并采用旋涂的方法研究了共混有机聚合物的成膜特性,包括薄膜厚度、平整度与旋涂薄 膜转速的关系,测量发现匀胶机 转速越高薄膜厚度越均匀,高速为1500r/min 时薄膜最大厚度差为0.626μm。有机聚合物 薄 膜的紫外透过光谱表明共混有机聚合物所成的薄膜对H₂S气体有良好的响应,当混合液中 含有0.04g的PEI时,紫外透射率由86.81%下 降到55.54%,非常明显。紫外吸收光谱表明 薄膜和低浓度H₂S气体的反应不明显,但是对高浓度的H₂S有响应。通过高温处理与H₂S气体反应后的薄膜,可以增大薄膜的紫外吸收强度。     

TiO2基染料敏化太阳能电池的表面修饰及性能研究

采用水热法制备TiO₂浆料,用La(NO₃)₃溶 液浸泡TiO₂薄膜获得修饰电极。用X射线光电子能谱(XPS) 和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对修饰电极的主要成分及形貌进行表征的结果显示,电极薄膜分为 上下两层,表 面包覆层粒径较大,为La₂O₃颗粒;下层颗粒粒径较小,为TiO₂颗粒。电流-电压测 试结果显示,与修饰 前相比,用La(NO₃)₃溶液浸泡30min获得的膜电极性能最优,使 开路电压和短路电流分别提高了6.8%和 18.5%。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试结果表明,相同偏压下,TiO₂/La ₂O₃电极界面复合电阻比TiO₂要大,说明 La₂O₃包覆层在一定程度上抑制了界面的电子复合,改善了电池的光电化学性能。     

脉冲激光沉积Er:LiNbO3薄膜及1.54μm光致发光的研究

利用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)技术,通过双靶(Er₃O₂/LiNbO₃)交替与脉冲激光作用,在SiO ₂/Si 衬底上制备了c-轴择优取向的Er掺杂LiNbO₃(Er:LiNbO₃)薄 膜。用X射线衍射(XRD)、 场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、台阶仪及光致发光(PL)光 谱对制备的掺杂薄膜进行了表征。研究了衬底温度、O₂压及沉积时间对Er:LiNbO₃薄膜 结晶、表面形貌及 PL性能的影响。结果发现,衬底温度低于300℃时制备的Er:LiNbO 3薄膜为非晶膜,随衬底温度升高,薄膜出 现(006)衍射峰,并且其强度随衬底温度升高而增大;O₂压变化对 利用双靶沉积获得的Er:LiNbO₃薄膜择优 取向及(006)衍射峰强度影响不明显;沉积时间越长Er:LiNbO₃薄膜 中Er³⁺浓度越大,但结晶择优取向 变差;利用532nm波长激光泵浦,室温下,在1537nm波长处测得很强的光致荧光峰,而且沉积时间越长谱峰越尖锐强 度越大。     

用溶胶-凝胶法制备的Cu2Bi2Cr2O8薄膜 及其光学和铁磁性能研究

以硝酸铜Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O、硝酸铬Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂O、硝酸铋Bi(NO₃)₃·3H₂O和乙二醇为原料,利用溶胶-凝胶工艺在石英衬底上制备了纳米Cu₂Bi₂Cr₂O₈薄膜。通过X射线衍射(X-Ray Diffraction, XRD)和拉曼测试对样品进行了表征。结果表明,Cu₂Bi₂Cr₂O₈薄膜具有良好的光学特性,其禁带宽度为1.49 eV;在磁性测试方面,Cu₂Bi₂Cr₂O₈薄膜呈现出了良好的铁磁性。     

镀有铜膜的锥形光子晶体光纤温度传感器

提出一种镀有铜(Cu)膜的锥形光子晶体光纤(TPCF) 倏逝波耦合温度传感器。其结构是在两段单模光纤 (SMF)之间熔接上一段长为20mm的PCF,并在熔融拉锥后的TPCF表面 上蒸镀一 层Cu膜制成的。熔接机放电电流设置为10mA,拉锥机拉锥速度为0.08mm/s,H₂流量为160mL/min。拉 锥完成后的TPCF锥腰最细处为68.47μm,传感器干涉条纹对比度为 8dB。将传感器放入温控箱中, 传感器两端分别连接至宽带光源(ASE)和光谱仪(OSA)上进行温度传感实验。实验结果表明, 当锥区长为10mm,镀 Cu膜厚为110nm时,在30～80℃温度变化范 围内,传感器的温度灵敏度最高可达0.075dB/℃。本文制作的传感 器 具有结构紧凑、制备简单和灵敏度高等特点,可用于工业生产、生物医学和电力电子等领域 的温度检测。     

Controllable gas selectivity at room temperature based on Ph5T2-modified CuPc nanowire field-effect transistors

A dinaphtho[3,4-d:3′,4′-d′]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (Ph5T2)-modified copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) single crystal nanowire field-effect transistor (FET) with gas dielectric was fabricated as an organic gas sensor. This device exhibits the high response and the excellent controllable selectivity at room temperature. Its detection limit for NO₂, NO, and H₂S is down to sub-ppm level. Prior to surface modification, the CuPc nanowire FET shows the response as high as 1088% to 10 ppm H₂S, but only 97.5% to 10 ppm NO₂. After Ph5T2 modification, the response to 10 ppm H₂S is decreased by one order of magnitude, but is dramatically improved up to 460% to 10 ppm NO₂. The responses towards H₂S and NO₂ respectively for pristine and the modified sensor are higher than those of most reported organic sensors. The gas-sensing results reveal that Ph5T2 modification can transform the selectivity of the sensor from H₂S to NO₂. The controllable modulation of gas selectivity is related to the formed organic heterojunctions between CuPc and Ph5T2, where the hole carriers of CuPc nanowire are modulated by these heterojunctions, resulting in the changed adsorption behavior towards different gases.     

High‐Performance,Transparent Thin Film Hydrogen Gas Sensor Using 2D Electron Gas at Interface of Oxide Thin Film Heterostructure Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition

A high‐performance, transparent, and extremely thin (<15 nm) hydrogen (H₂) gas sensor is developed using 2D electron gas (2DEG) at the interface of an Al₂O₃/TiO₂ thin film heterostructure grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD), without using an epitaxial layer or a single crystalline substrate. Palladium nanoparticles (≈2 nm in thickness) are used on the surface of the Al₂O₃/TiO₂ thin film heterostructure to detect H₂. This extremely thin gas sensor can be fabricated on general substrates such as a quartz, enabling its practical application. Interestingly, the electron density of the Al₂O₃/TiO₂ thin film heterostructure can be tailored using ALD process temperature in contrast to 2DEG at the epitaxial interfaces of the oxide heterostructures such as LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃. This tunability provides the optimal electron density for H₂ detection. The Pd/Al₂O₃/TiO₂ sensor detects H₂ gas quickly with a short response time of <30 s at 300 K which outperforms conventional H₂ gas sensors, indicating that heating modules are not required for the rapid detection of H₂. A wide bandgap (>3.2 eV) with the extremely thin film thickness allows for a transparent sensor (transmittance of 83% in the visible spectrum) and this fabrication scheme enables the development of flexible gas sensors.     

An optical sensor for hydrogen sulfide detection in open path using WMS-2f/1f technique

An optical hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sensor based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy with the second harmonic (2f) corrected by the first harmonic (1f) signal (WMS-2f/1f) is developed using a distributed feedback (DFB) laser emitting at 1.578 µm and a homemade gas cell with 1-m-long optical path length. The novel sensor is constructed by an electrical cabinet and an optical reflecting and receiving end. The DFB laser is employed for targeting a strong H2S line at 6 336.62 cm-1 in the fundamental absorption band of H2S. The sensor performance, including the minimum detection limit and the stability, can be improved by reducing the laser intensity drift and common mode noise by means of the WMS-2f/1f technique. The experimental results indicate that the linearity and response time of the sensor are 0.999 26 and 6 s (in concentration range of 15.2—45.6 mg/m3), respectively. The maximum relative deviation for continuous detection (60 min) of 30.4 mg/m3 H2S is 0.48% and the minimum detection limit obtained by Allan variance is 79 μg/m3 with optimal integration time of 32 s. The optical H2S sensor can be applied to environmental monitoring and industrial production, and it has significance for real-time online detection in many fields.     

Room temperature NO2 gas sensing properties of DBSA doped PPy–WO3 hybrid nanocomposite sensor

We demonstrate the chemiresistive NO₂ gas sensor based on DBSA doped PPy–WO₃ hybrid nanocomposites operating at room temperature. The sensor was fabricated on glass substrate using simple and cost effective drop casting method. The gas sensing performance of sensor was studied for various toxic/flammable analytes like NO₂, C₂H₅OH, CH₃OH, H₂S and NH₃. The sensor shows higher selectivity towards NO₂ gas with 72% response at 100 ppm. Also the sensor can successfully detect low concentration of NO₂ gas upto 5 ppm with reasonable response of 12%. Structural, morphological and compositional analyses evidenced the successful formation of DBSA doped PPy–WO₃ hybrid nanocomposite with uniform dispersion of DBSA into PPy–WO₃ hybrid nanocomposite and enhance the gas sensing behavior. We demonstrated that DBSA doped PPy–WO₃ hybrid nanocomposite sensor films shows excellent reproducibility, high stability, moderate response and recovery time for NO₂ gas in the concentration range of 5–100 ppm. A gas sensing mechanism based on the formation of random nano p–n junctions distributed over the surface of the sensor film has been proposed. In addition modulation of depletion width takes place in sensor on interaction with the target NO₂ gas has been depicted on the basis of schematic energy band diagram. Impedance spectroscopy was employed to study bulk, grain boundary resistance and capacitance before and after exposure of NO₂ gas. The structural and intermolecular interaction within the hybrid nanocomposites were explored by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to characterize surface morphology. The present method can be extended to fabricate other organic dopent-conducting polymer–metal oxide hybrid nanocomposite materials and could find better application in the gas sensing.     

Low‐Temperature Growth of SnO2 Nanorod Arrays and Tunable n–p–n Sensing Response of a ZnO/SnO2 Heterojunction for Exclusive Hydrogen Sensors

Uniform SnO₂ nanorod arrays have been deposited at low temperature by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). ZnO surface modification is used to improve the selectivity of the SnO₂ nanorod sensor to H₂ gas. The ZnO‐modified SnO₂ nanorod sensor shows a normal n‐type response to 100 ppm CO, NH₃, and CH₄ reducing gas whereas it exhibits concentration‐dependent n–p–n transitions for its sensing response to H₂ gas. This abnormal sensing behavior can be explained by the formation of n‐ZnO/p‐Zn‐O‐Sn/n‐SnO₂ heterojunction structures. The gas sensors can be used in highly selective H₂ sensing and this study also opens up a general approach for tailoring the selectivity of gas sensors by surface modification.     

Hydrogen Gas Sensing Based on SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Nanostructure Prepared by Sol–Gel Spin Coating Method

A novel H₂ gas sensor based on a SnO₂ nanostructure was operated at room temperature (RT) (25°C). The SnO₂ nanostructure was grown on Al₂O₃ substrates by a sol–gel spin coating method. The structural characteristics, surface morphology, and gas sensing properties of the SnO₂ nanostructure were investigated. Thin film annealing at 500°C produced a high-quality SnO₂ nanostructure with a crystallite size of 33.98 nm. A metal–semiconductor–metal gas sensor was fabricated using the SnO₂ nanostructure and palladium metal. The gas sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 2570% to 1000 ppm H₂ gas at RT. The sensing measurements for H₂ gas at different temperatures (RT to 125°C) were repeatable?for 50 min. Sensor sensitivity was tested under different H₂ concentrations (150 ppm, 250 ppm, 375 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm) at different operating temperatures. Adding glycerin to the sol solution increased the porosity of the SnO₂ nanostructure surface, which increased the adsorption/desorption of gas molecules which leads to the high sensitivity of the sensor. Therefore, this H₂ gas sensor is a suitable?portable?RT gas sensor.     

Synthesis of highly selective and sensitive Cu-doped ZnO thin film sensor for detection of H2S gas

Copper (Cu) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were successfully prepared by a simple sol-gel spin coating technique. The effect of Cu doping on the structural, morphology, compositional, microstructural, optical, electrical and H₂S gas sensing properties of the films were investigated by using XRD, FESEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS, Raman, HRTEM, and UV–vis techniques. XRD analysis shows that the films are nanocrystalline zinc oxide with the hexagonal wurtzite structure and FESEM result shows a porous structured morphology. The gas response of Cu-doped ZnO thin films was measured by the variation in the electrical resistance of the film, in the absence and presence of H₂S gas. The gas response in relation to operating temperature, Cu doping concentration, and the H₂S gas concentration has been systematically investigated. The maximum H₂S gas response was achieved for 3 at% Cu-doped ZnO thin film for 50 ppm gas concentration, at 250 °C operating temperature.     

C2H2 sensing at V1+V3 band with a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber

In this paper, we demonstrate the acetylehe (C2H2) sensor with high sensitivity using a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PCF). Experiments for measuring C2H2 concentrations in gas mixture are performed. Using a 2 m-long HC-PCF as gas cell, the spectrum of acetylene at n1+n3 band has been measured, and the P11-branch has been selected for the purpose of sensing. A minimum detectivity of 143 parts per million by volume (ppmv) for the system configuration is estimated.     

Enhanced ammonia sensing characteristics of tungsten oxide decorated polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites

Polyaniline (PAni)-tungsten oxide (WO₃) hybrid nanocomposites sensor have been lucratively synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method by entrapping tungsten oxide nanoparticles (10–50%) in the polyaniline matrix on precleaned glass substrate. The structural, morphological and surface composition elucidation of PAni-WO₃ hybrid nanocomposites were explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The existence of WO₃ in PAni matrix and interaction between them was confirmed using XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The incorporation of WO₃ nanoparticles into the PAni matrix introduces porosity which enhanced gas sensing properties. The TEM image of PAni-WO₃ hybrid nanocomposite film exploded the average diameter of WO₃ nanoparticles ranging from 40 to 50 nm. Chemical composition of PAni-WO₃ hybrid nanocomposites was characterized by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In order to investigate the gas sensing parameter of PAni-WO₃ hybrid nanocomposite, hybrid nanocomposite film was exposed to different oxidizing gases (Cl₂, NO₂) and reducing gases (NH₃, H₂S, CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH) in range 5–100 ppm concentration of gas. It was observed that the sensors of PAni-WO₃ hybrid nanocomposites showed better sensitivity, selectivity, stability and reproducibility compared to pure PAni and pure WO₃. PAni-WO₃ (50%) hybrid nanocomposite sensor operating at room temperature reveals maximum response of 158% towards 100 ppm of NH₃ gas and also capable to respond very little concentration of 5 ppm NH₃ gas with reasonable response of 24%. The gas sensing mechanism of the nanocomposites in presence of air and with target NH₃ gas atmosphere was discussed in detail with the help of energy band diagram. The interaction of NH₃ and NO₂ gas with PAni-WO₃ hybrid nanocomposite sensor was investigated by employing an impedance spectroscopy also.     

Role of intrinsic defects in splitting the energy spectra of charge carriers in Ag2Te

The energy gap and its temperature coefficient are calculated depending on the concentration of defects in silver telluride with a Te and Ag excess. On the basis of the obtained data, the correlation between the charge-carrier energy spectrum and the silver-telluride defectness is analyzed. It is established that the correlation is a reflection of more general fundamental relations between the energy structure and the defect concentration in Ag₂Te caused by ions and vacancies of silver atoms in the sublattice.