使用耐火胶泥减少玻璃池炉耐火材料的侵蚀

玻璃液对池炉熔化部位耐火材料最强烈的侵蚀是发生在玻璃液与耐火材料接触时有空气存在的情况下,即发生在池炉砌体的砌缝处。 经英国玻璃工业研究协会研究,并由国际陶瓷有限公司生产了填封砌缝的耐火胶泥。该材料由细     

磷酸结合的锆英石捣打料在陶瓷熔块池炉中的应用

采用磷酸结合锆英石捣打料捣制锆英石流出口砖和捣打池炉底，明显地提高了池炉底和流出口的抗熔体侵蚀性能，延长了熔块池炉的大修周期，不但保证了所熔制的陶瓷熔块质量，而且降低了产品成本。     

大型日用玻璃马蹄焰池炉的设计

大型日用玻璃马蹄焰池炉的设计杨立臣（沈阳玻璃制瓶厂１１００２１）近几年来，国内相继引进了十几座玻璃池炉，对我国日用玻璃池炉的技术进步起着较大的推动作用。１９９４年，我厂工程技术人员仔细研究了国内引进玻璃池炉的先进技术，在此基础上结合国内和本厂实际，设...     

中国专利文摘（玻璃部分）

利用废玻璃烧结制备可加工氟云母玻璃陶瓷技术,在玻璃和玻璃制品表面形成彩色凹刻精细图案的方法,一种透明导电低辐射玻璃涂层的生产方法,加料口位置改进型马蹄焰玻璃池炉,一种防护玻璃.[编者按]     

玻璃容器池炉的换料

玻璃容器池炉的换料由于种种原因玻璃生产中需要定期进行池炉换料。本文介绍无色和棕色玻璃的换料。换料方法有二。其一为排空和充填法，即将炉内原有的玻璃基本排空，然后加入新组成的玻璃。有时可将池炉的一小部分重新填入玻璃并排空，以尽可能减少残留于池炉底部的原有...     

玻璃池炉砌体保温实例

玻璃池炉的隔热保温,对减少池炉热量散失和提高热效率有显著效果;隔热良好的池炉,一般能节省燃料约20％,并且能提高炉温和增加出料量。     

玻璃池炉综合节能措施

本文介绍了玻璃池炉综合节能的具体措施,探讨了炉温和炉压调节系统、烟道含氧量控制系统、玻璃液面自动控制系统、报警检查系统以及取料甏口等的改进办法。实践证明,综合改造后的玻璃池炉节能效果显著,产品质量和池炉的出料量也有所提高。     

《玻璃池炉工艺设计与冷修》简介

沈长治等编著的《玻璃池炉工艺设计与冷修》一书,即将由轻工业出版社正式出版。作者集20多年池炉设计、修建和操作的经验,并博采世界先进技术,将玻璃熔化工艺和热工技术融为一体,以大量的经验数据和经验公式帮助玻璃池炉的设计、操作人员从繁琐的计算和公式推导中解放出来,解决了池炉结构设计及修建等一系列关键问题。     

光学玻璃半连续熔炼池炉

介绍了国际上存在的几种半连续熔炼光学玻璃池炉。指出它们具有坩埚和连续熔炼池炉的优点。对其结构和作业方式做了讨论。     

探讨提高换热式池炉寿命的方法

探讨提高换热式池炉寿命的方法廖永元（广州华宝玻璃实业有限公司５１１４５０）一、影响换热式池炉寿命的主要因素随着窑炉大型化的日益发展，换热式池炉日趋减少。但小型的筒子换热式双碹池炉由于其温度稳定、容易转换玻璃品种、操作简单、投资少，易于上马等优点，仍具...     

氧化锌和铅硼玻璃料对MgTiO3微波介质陶瓷的影响

研究了氧化锌和铅硼玻璃料的加入对MgTiO3微波介质陶瓷的烧结和微波介电特性的影响。结果表明：氧化锌和铅硼玻璃料均可以使MgTiO3微波介质陶瓷的烧结温度降低，在等量添加的条件下，铅硼玻璃料降低烧结温度的效果更佳，可使烧结温度降至1200℃，且器件在2－6GHz的频率范围内具有良好的介电性能。     

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BUTTON TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF FRIT FLUIDITY*

An investigation has been conducted on the factors involved in making the so-called button test for frit fluidity in a small Hoskins electric furnace, in order to attain a high degree of reproducibility. Among the important factors are (1) the particle size and shape of the frit, (2) the kind and amount of binder, (3) the maintenance of constant dimensions and weight of the pellet, (4) the position of the test plate in the furnace, and (5) the time of heating in the horizontal position. An improved procedure is suggested for carrying out the test.     

Chemical hardening of glazed porcelain tiles

Glazed ceramic tiles are used for wall and floor covering thanks to their high resistance to chemicals attacks, although big efforts should be done to increase their surfaces resistance to mechanical stresses. This study investigates the applicability of a well-known glass hardening process to glazed ceramic tiles following a rational design based on Design of Experiments technique. A Mixture Design has been carried out to formulate new frits compositions to enhance the ion-exchange process, starting from a commercial product. Vickers Hardness and SEM-EDS techniques have been employed to evaluate the frits and elaborate the model. Results suggest that frits for ceramic tiles are positively affected by ion-exchange process only if an appropriate combination of ions in the starting composition is present, establishing a new category of frit formulations suitable for that purpose. The results have been confirmed employing the optimized frit for the glazing of porcelain stoneware.     

Development of Low-Firing B-Fluxed Stoneware Tiles

In a global period of economic recession, innovation is a key requisite to get over this critical phase and prompt an upturn in the economy. Even the market of traditional ceramics is in a stalemate and producers desperately seek for new ideas which may supersede the long-used stoneware tiles. This paper presents the full characterization of a new potential class of ceramics named low-temperature stoneware tiles , highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The body formulation and the firing process are both covered by an Italian Patent. This innovative product exhibits technological and esthetical features analogous to those of the traditional stoneware tile bodies but is fired at a maximum temperature of 950°C, about 250°C lower than the firing temperature of stoneware tiles. This is possible thanks to the addition of a B-rich frit to the mixture composed of quartz, feldspars, and clays. The frit acts as a low-temperature flux and promotes the melting of the feldspars. Within the fired body, the residual phases are quartz and feldspars. The newly formed phases can be β-spodumene if Li is present in the frit or spinel if Mg is present in the natural materials. The best body formulations have been characterized with mineralogical, microscopic, and technological methods. The major weakness of these ceramic bodies is their unresistance to acids. The chemical nature of the sintered matrix, with a high content of alkalies and B, triggers off the tendency of the ceramic body to react in contact with acidic solutions. Another penalty factor is the cost of the B-rich frit used in the formulation of the ceramic mixture which increases the overall cost of the ceramic body.     

Li_2O-Na_2O-B_2O_3-SiO_2系无铅低温透明熔块的研制

探索用"Li2O-Na2O-B2O3-SiO2"新的配方系统配制无铅低温透明熔块的方法。制得使用温度为740~780℃的低温无铅透明熔块,以熔块配制成的低温透明熔块釉可作为生产陶瓷装饰色料中的低温熔剂。     

Development of TiO2 white glazes for ceramic tiles

The objective of this work was the use of titania polymorphs (rutile and anatase) in substitution of zirconia as the main component for producing white opacity in ceramic glazes for tile coatings. Initially, total zirconia (12% mass fraction) was replaced in the standard frit by rutile and by anatase in mass fractions of 5%, 10% and 15%, forming two frit groups processed as ceramic glazes. The glaze color was determined by spectrophotometry and the glaze microstructure by XRD and SEM. The results showed the frit containing 10% anatase formed a totally white glaze presenting excellent coating capacity. The frits containing rutile produced yellow opacity. The results of microscopy and X-rays diffraction revealed that opacity was caused by tiny rutile crystals in the anatase frits and by titanite crystals in the rutile frits.     

Reuse of glass waste in the manufacture of ceramic tableware glazes

Today, various studies are carried out to spread the understanding of sustainability. The sustainability of production processes gains importance in corporate areas. In this study, the use of glass waste instead of frit used in glaze compositions in the ceramic industry was evaluated. The chemical and physical properties of glass wastes on samples were examined. The glaze formulations were prepared using 3%, 5%, and 8% by weight of glass waste instead of frit. Glass wastes were added to glaze compositions and 12 different glaze formulation studies were carried out. Transparent, Opaque, and Matte test glazes were prepared with glass waste added glaze formulations, and these glazes were applied to ceramic bodies. SEM (scanning electron microscope) analysis of standard glaze and glass waste added glazes was performed to determine the microstructural and morphological characterizations. Also, surface whiteness, brightness, L*a*b values, glaze flows, harcort test results, and final water absorption values were compared. As a result of the studies, it has been determined that it is appropriate to use 3% glass waste by weight instead of the frit in the production of ceramic tableware.     

REFRACTORY CERAMIC BASE COATS FOR METAL*

Refractory ceramic base coatings were formulated and developed for application to ingot iron, low-carbon steel, and alloy metals. Mill additions to increase the effectiveness of the coatings produced from various frit glasses were studied. Diaspore proved to be the most desirable of the materials considered. The formulation of special frit glasses was undertaken to further increase the refractoriness and heat-resistant properties of ceramic coatings. The effects of changes in the base composition and the inclusion of various refractory materials was investigated. Tests for the evaluation of the coatings are listed with a summary of the results obtained. Metal preparation and procedures are described. Sandblasting is the recommended method of preparing metals for coating. Results of service tests are discussed. The important part that ceramics can play in aeronautics is pointed out.     

建筑陶瓷装饰技术的现状和展望

建筑陶瓷制品竞争的一个重要方面是花色品种的竞争,竞争的焦点是产品设计和装饰材料的水平。装饰材料包括陶瓷颜料、熔块、干粒、液体色料、渗花釉等。其中,不乏一些新型陶瓷装饰材料如仿金属色料、相干色料、仿金属釉、虹彩釉、反应釉、各种熔块、干粒等,在装饰手法上吸收了很多日用陶瓷和艺术陶瓷的装饰手法和印刷行业的惯用技法如手彩、釉中、釉下彩,丝网印花、辊筒印花、喷墨印刷等。我国要缩小建筑陶瓷制品和国外先进国家的差距,首当其冲的是要在产品的装饰材料、装饰技术上迎头赶上;不仅要缩短两者在硬件方面的差距,还要缩短在软件方面的差距,使我国建筑陶瓷产品的档次有明显的提高。     

Life cycle assessment of a ceramic glaze containing copper slags and its application on ceramic tile

Even though copper slags have many possible applications, their disposal is still practiced, creating long-term waste management problems. This led to the investigation of new products for residential applications, taking advantages of the interesting chemical properties of copper slag. This study aims to assess the environmental impact of the use of copper slag as secondary raw material in a ceramic glaze composition and to compare it with a traditional glaze. A manufacturing process was designed, through an industrial scale up operation from experimental laboratory data and the entire life cycle of the products was analyzed using the Life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Considering the production of a ceramic glaze containing copper slag, the most impacting process resulted the one related to frit production, due to the large amount of thermal energy necessary for the raw materials melting. The comparative LCA analysis carried out between the frit obtained from metallurgical slags and a traditional one, demonstrated that the innovative ceramic frit has a greater environmental advantage. The LCA analysis allowed to highlight the most impactful stages of an industrial process using copper slag as a secondary raw material for glaze production and to quantify the potential environmental advantages of this operation.