V、Ta微合金化12Cr低活性F/M钢的优化设计

采用Thermo-Calc热力学模拟计算与实验相结合的方法,优化设计了一种V、Ta微合金化的低活性F/M钢12Cr3WVTa,经1 050℃水淬及780℃回火后对其显微组织及析出相进行光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察以及能谱分析.实验钢淬火回火后显微组织由回火马氏体和少量δ铁素体相组成,析出相主要为M₂₃C₆和MX相(M=V,Ta;X=C,N),其中M₂₃C₆主要分布于回火马氏体板条界和相界,而MX弥散析出于回火马氏体板条内以及δ铁素体内.实验钢室温和高温(600℃)拉伸力学性能良好,600℃下材料抗拉强度为507 MPa,屈服强度为402 MPa,满足超临界水冷堆用包壳管的拉伸性能要求.      

钒对高铁制动盘钢中碳化物析出及力学性能的影响

随着列车时速不断提高,制动盘承受的热负荷不断增大,这对制动盘材料提出了更高的要求.为了提高制动盘钢的机械性能及耐热疲劳性,钒元素被添加到制动盘钢中.本文研究了不同淬火温度时V含量对Cr-Mo-V系制动盘钢组织及力学性能的影响,并通过Thermo-Calc热力学软件、碳复型、透射电镜、能谱分析等方法对不同V含量时析出相的演变规律进行研究.结果表明,增加钒含量使高温析出的V（C,N）含量增加,细化奥氏体晶粒和回火马氏体组织.淬-回火态析出相主要为V（C,N）、（Mo,V）C、M₇C₃和M₂₃C₆.随钒含量增加,大尺寸M₂₃C₆和M₇C₃的析出被抑制,对韧性损害降低;小尺寸（Mo,V）C含量增多,析出强化效果增强.淬火温度为880~900℃时,增加钒含量能细化马氏体和减少大尺寸碳化物,弥补了析出强化对韧性的损害,故冲击功变化不大.淬火温度为920~940℃时,提高钒含量促使（Mo,V）C量急剧增加,冲击功快速下降.实验钢淬火温度不应超过900℃.      

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M₂₃C₆型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M₇C₃型和M₂₃C₆型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M₇C₃型为主,少量M₂₃C₆以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.      

Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV

Martensitic stainless steel containing 12%-18%Cr have high hardness due to high carbon content. These steels are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel.The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment,especially as Cr and C content.Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance,a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed.This study emphatic researches the effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel.Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation;optical microscope（OM）,scanning electronic microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM） have been carried out to microstructure observation;hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties.Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M₂₃,C₆ carbide,and finely distributed of M₂₃C₆ carbides can be observed on annealed microstructure of 6Cr15MoV stainless steel.6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range,the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to 60.8 -61.6 HRC when quenched at 1060 - 1100℃.Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure,and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain.With the increasing of quenching temperature,the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease.The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060-1100℃with tempered at 100-150℃,and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size.At these temperature ranges,the hardness will retain about 59.2-61.6 HRC and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 17.3-20 J.The morphology of impact fracture surface of tested steel is small dimples with a small amount of cleavage planes.The area of cleavage planes increases with the increasing of tempering temperature.     

2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中析出相的热力学计算与试验分析

 利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算了2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中各个元素在成分范围内均为中值时的平衡相图,同时计算了2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中碳、铬、钼、铌、氮元素含量变化时的平衡相图,以此分析钢中主要平衡析出相和合金元素含量对析出相析出行为的影响。为验证热力学计算的可靠性,采用XRD、SEM及TEM等分析方法对热处理后的2Cr12Ni4Mo3VNbN钢中析出相类型进行了试验验证。结果表明,钢中的平衡析出相为MX相、M₂₃C₆、M₆C、Z相和Laves相。在热力学平衡条件下,MX相在850 ℃转化为Z相,M₆C在787 ℃转化为Laves相。但是在实际热处理过程,由于保温时间较短且冷却速度较快,上述转化过程不会发生,所以钢中主要析出相为MX相、M₂₃C₆和M₆C。平衡析出相种类与相分析的试验结果基本一致。MX相存在大尺寸的一次MX相和细小弥散的MX相,MX相主要受铌、氮元素影响,其析出量随氮含量升高而升高,析出温度随铌含量升高而升高;M₂₃C₆相的析出温度随碳含量增加而升高,析出量也随之升高;M₆C的析出温度随铬含量增加而降低,随钼含量增加而升高;在成分范围内,元素控制原则为增加碳含量以增加M₂₃C₆的析出强化作用,减少铬含量以避免热加工时进入δ-Fe相区,减少钼含量以降低Laves相析出倾向,减少铌含量以降低一次MX相的析出温度,氮含量需要采取中间量以减少一次MX相析出,增加低温阶段细小弥散的MX相析出。     

T23钢再热裂纹敏感性的改善及其组织

 T23钢较高的再热裂纹敏感性严重危害了超超临界火电厂的安全运行。为了改进T23钢再热裂纹敏感性,主要通过改变其碳、钨等元素的质量分数,并且采用Gleeble热模拟及等温缓慢拉伸方法评判T23钢和改进型T23钢焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)的再热裂纹敏感性。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)研究两者CGHAZ的微观组织,探讨了微观组织对改进型T23钢再热裂纹敏感性的影响。结果表明,改进型T23钢的再热裂纹敏感性得到极大的改善,且其常规力学性能均达到ASME规范要求。与T23钢相比,改进型T23钢CGHAZ晶界M₂₃C₆相和晶内MX相数量均较少,同时,其固溶强化元素碳、钨质量分数较低。因此,改进型T23钢CGHAZ晶内晶界的强度差降低,再热裂纹敏感性改善。另外,较小的CGHAZ晶粒尺寸及较少的M-A组元也有助于降低改进型T23钢的再热裂纹敏感性。改进型T23钢晶界较少的M₂₃C₆相还使得晶界上孔洞连接和裂纹扩展的速率降低。设计的改进型T23钢成分可以为以后进一步改善T23钢再热裂纹敏感性提供参考。     

Investigation on the strengthening mechanism of S30432 austenitic heat-resistant steel

From the viewpoint of energy-saving and environment protection,it is necessary to develop Ultra Super Critical（USC） fossil-fired power plants.In order to ensure the reliable operation of power plants under high steam conditions,good mechanical properties（particularly high creep strength）,corrosion resistance and fabricability are generally required for the heat resistant steels used in USC boilers.Among these heat-resistant steels,S30432 austenitic heat-resistant steels are of interest due to high creep strength,excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance at temperatures up to 650 -700℃.In this paper,the strengthening mechanism of S30432 austenitic heat-resistant steel was investigated based on the precipitation behavior of S30432 during aging and creep at 650℃.Results show that the microstructure of as-supplied S30432 steel is austenite,the main precipitation consists of only Nb（C,N）.After aged for 10 000 h or crept for 10 712 h,there is a slight increase in the size of fine Nb（C,N）,but the transformation from Nb（C,N） to NbCrN does not occur.Aging and creep results in the precipitation ofε-Cu and M₂₃C₆.The coarsening velocity ofε-Cu particles diminishes greatly and they are still very fine in the long-term creep range.With the increase of aging and creep time M₂₃C₆ carbides tend to coarsen gradually.The size of M₂₃C₆ is larger and the coarsening is easier in contrast toε-Cu and Nb（C,N）.Nb（C,N） precipitates in the as-supplied microstructure,while aging and creep result in the precipitation ofε-Cu and M₂₃C₆.High creep rupture strength of S30432 steel is attributed to the precipitation hardening ofε-Cu,Nb（C,N） and M₂₃C₆.Extremely,ε-Cu plays an important role in improving the creep rupture strength of S30432,and at least 61%of the creep rupture strength of S30432 at 650℃results from the precipitation hardening ofε-Cu particles.     

回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢析出相与力学性能的影响

 为了调整COST-FB2转子钢的强韧性,采用OM、SEM和TEM等手段研究了回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢的析出相类型与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度由350 ℃升高到750 ℃,试验钢的强度、硬度不断下降,塑性和冲击功上升;试验钢350 ℃和570 ℃回火后的高强低韧性可通过再次在700 ℃回火改善。淬火后COST-FB2转子钢中的残余奥氏体,可通过在570 ℃回火消除;在350 ℃和570 ℃回火后马氏体板条内部有大量针状的M₃C,700 ℃回火后的显微组织中M₃C消失,M₂₃C₆在原奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界上析出,750 ℃回火后晶界上的M₂₃C₆有聚集粗化的现象,部分马氏体板条存在回复现象。     

新型奥氏体耐热钢C-HRA-5原位拉伸断裂机理

 断裂机理是材料力学性能研究的主要方向之一。为了阐明C-HRA-5钢单轴拉伸断裂机理,通过原位SEM观察拉伸全过程,对该耐热钢内部微裂纹萌生—扩展—断裂进行了深入分析。结果表明,C-HRA-5钢在室温和700 ℃下都表现出典型的韧性断裂特征。材料断裂主要受到M₂₃C₆相和MX相的影响,微裂纹由M₂₃C₆相聚集的三叉晶界处萌生。室温时,微裂纹与晶内MX相处裂纹相连,形成穿晶裂纹;高温时,微裂纹在剪应力的作用下形成局部穿晶裂纹,导致材料最终失效。     

M23C6析出相对节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷轧表面裂纹的影响

为找出生产的节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷卷表面裂纹形成原因,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜对表面裂纹进行检测分析并结合热处理试验及热力学软件JMatPro进行分析计算研究。检测分析发现裂纹处晶界存在大量的析出相,据此推测析出相是导致钢材冷轧形成表面裂纹的主要原因。模拟连续退火工艺开展热处理试验,结果表明正常退火工艺无法完全消除热轧工序钢卷晶界处聚集的大量析出相。计算研究该成分体系下奥氏体不锈钢的平衡相图,结合能谱及透射电镜衍射斑点分析,结果表明M₂₃C₆碳化物的沉淀温度范围为500～925 ℃,钢卷从高温缓慢冷却下来会析出M₂₃C₆碳化物,析出鼻温区为850～900 ℃。以此结合实际工艺流程对减少钢卷中M₂₃C₆碳化物析出提出了可能的措施。     

深冷处理对H13钢组织结构和热稳定性的影响

 为了研究深冷处理对H13热作模具钢热稳定性的影响及组织演化规律,利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等对经不同热处理工艺处理后H13热作模具钢的热稳定性及显微组织进行了表征。结果表明,深冷处理促使部分残余奥氏体转变为马氏体,导致深冷处理后试验钢的硬度高于淬火态试验钢的硬度。经深冷处理后试验钢在540 ℃回火20 h过程中其硬度均比常规热处理的试验钢硬度高,深冷处理的试验钢具有更好的热稳定性。与常规热处理的试验钢相比,深冷处理促使钢中碳原子偏聚并在回火过程中以碳化物的形式析出,导致深冷处理的试验钢回火后马氏体基体中碳的质量分数降低。透射电镜结果显示,试验钢在回火过程中析出的大量弥散分布的纳米级M₂₃C₆型碳化物,经长时间回火后碳化物粗化致使试验钢硬度随着回火时间的增加而下降。     

9Cr18Mo马氏体不锈钢的平衡相热力学计算

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对9Cr18Mo马氏体不锈钢(%:0.95～1.10C、16.0～18.0Cr、0.4～0.7Mo)平衡析出相M₂₃C₆和铁素体以及非平衡凝固进行了模拟计算分析。结果表明,凝固时9Cr18Mo钢中C、Cr、Mo和Fe偏析都比较严重;C和Cr含量对M23C6析出量以及M₂₃C₆与基体中的Cr、Fe含量有一定的影响;而Mo含量的变化仅对M₂₃C₆析出量以及M₂₃C₆所含Cr、Mo元素有所影响。     

T91耐热钢析出物的热力学计算和平衡相分析

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对191耐热钢(%:0.09C、8.57Cr、0.90Mo、0.19V、0.08Nb、0.04N)600～1600℃存在的平衡相M₂₃C₆和MX进行了热力学计算。结果表明,T91钢600～1600℃主要平衡析出相为M23C6和MX,M₂₃C₆开始析出温度860℃,MX为1200℃。MX相中首先析出富Nb碳氮化物,随后析出富V碳氮化物。随钢中Nb、V、N含量的提高,MX的数量和平衡开始析出温度均有提高,其中N的影响最为显著。     

Boron metallurgy of advanced ferritic power plant steels and welded joints

This paper describes the alloy design philosophy for the improvement of long-term creep strength of tempered martensitic 9Cr steel,including welded joints.The creep life t_r is inversely proportional to the minimum creep rateε_min times the increase in creep rate by strain dlnε/dεin the acceleration region as t_r = 1.5/[(ε_min) （dlnε/dε）].The parametersε_min and dlnε/dεare closely correlated with the time to minimum creep rate t_m and the strain to minimum creep rateε_m,which characterize the creep deformation behavior in the transient region.The boundary and sub-boundary hardening is shown to be the most important strengthening mechanism in creep of 9Cr steel and is enhanced by fine dispersions of precipitates along boundaries.The addition of boron reduces the coarsening rate of M₂₃C₆ carbides along boundaries near prior austenite grain boundaries during creep.The enhancement of boundary and sub-boundary hardening increases the t_m and decreases theε_min,which improves the creep life.The boundary and sub-boundary hardening is significantly reduced in fine-grained region of heataffected -zone（HAZ） of conventional steel P92 welded joints,promoting TypeⅣfracture.In NIMS 9Cr boron steel welded joints,the distribution of carbonitrides along boundaries are substantially the same between the HAZ and base metal,suppressing the TypeⅣfracture.     

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Short-Term Thermally Exposed 9/12Cr Heat-Resistant Steels

The microstructural evolution during short-term (up to 3000?hours) thermal exposure of three 9/12Cr heat-resistant steels was studied, as well as the mechanical properties after exposure. The tempered martensitic lath structure, as well as the precipitation of carbide and MX type carbonitrides in the steel matrix, was stable after 3000?hours of exposure at 873?K (600?°C). A microstructure observation showed that during the short-term thermal exposure process, the change of mechanical properties was caused mainly by the formation and growth of Laves-phase precipitates in the steels. On thermal exposure, with an increase of cobalt and tungsten contents, cobalt could promote the segregation of tungsten along the martensite lath to form Laves phase, and a large size and high density of Laves-phase precipitates along the grain boundaries could lead to the brittle intergranular fracture of the steels.     

V和Nb对12％Cr铁索体钢微观组织和蠕变特性的影响

利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜以及光电子能谱分析方法,研究了元素V和Nb对12％Cr铁素体耐热钢的微观组织和析出相的形态和分布的影响.结果表明:添加V和Nb的铁素体钢具有更窄的马氏体板条组织;附于MX型碳氮化物生长的M23C6碳化物呈细小的针状或短棒状析出,而单独析出的M23 C6尺寸较大,呈椭圆形.这些组织上的优化和MX型碳氮化物的弥散析出有效抑制了回火马氏体组织的回复和再结晶,提高了铁素体钢的蠕变抗力.     

硼元素对FB2钢组织和力学性能的影响

 为了研究硼含量对FB2钢组织和力学性能的影响,先对5组不同硼含量的FB2钢用维乐试剂(1 g苦味酸+5 mL盐酸+100 mL无水乙醇)浸泡腐蚀90 s后进行形貌观察与分析。通过SEM-EDS观察分析基体中M₂₃C₆型碳化物,然后用Image-pro plus软件对析出相的尺寸进行分析。接着采用日本岛津制造所生产的AG-XPLUS 100 kN万能试验机,对5组不同硼含量的FB2钢进行室温拉伸试验和室温冲击试验。最后对5组不同硼含量的FB2钢进行组织和力学性能的分析。结果表明,FB2钢中的硼元素可以抑制M₂₃C₆型碳化物的长大粗化,但是硼元素易于与氮元素形成BN夹杂物。随着硼含量的增加,M₂₃C₆型碳化物的平均尺寸呈现降低的趋势,BN夹杂物的单位数量和平均尺寸呈现增大的趋势。FB2钢的室温拉伸性能随着硼含量的增加先升高后降低,并且在硼质量分数为0.010%时FB2钢的室温拉伸性能达到最强。当硼质量分数由0增加到0.010%时,FB2钢的室温拉伸性能升高,这是由于硼元素的加入抑制了M₂₃C₆型碳化物的粗化,从而提升了FB2的强度;当硼质量分数由0.010%增加到0.030%时,FB2钢的室温拉伸性能降低是由于硼元素与氮元素结合形成了BN夹杂物,引起应力集中,且大尺寸的BN夹杂物诱发了孔洞的形成,降低了FB2钢的性能。FB2钢的冲击功随着硼含量的增加呈现降低的趋势,且当硼质量分数为0.020%和0.030%时,冲击功出现了骤降,这是由BN夹杂物的单位数量、平均尺的上升和大尺寸BN及杂物的析出导致的。     

电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢中碳化物的影响

研究电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢凝固组织和碳化物偏析的影响.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等分析凝固组织及碳化物的特征.研究发现,钢锭的凝固组织均为马氏体组织、残余奥氏体及一次碳化物.H13钢电渣锭中主要析出的一次碳化物为V₈C₇、MC、M₂₃C₆及M₆C.随着冷却强度增加,电渣锭边部碳化物的尺寸减小且分布更加均匀,但是碳化物的类型不发生变化.电渣重熔过程中冷却强度增加促进钢中镁对夹杂物的变性能力,经过镁变性后生成的MgO·Al₂O₃为TiN的析出提供形核质点,MgO·Al₂O₃和TiN的复合夹杂物能够促进一次碳化物异质形核,从而细化一次碳化物.      

5Cr21Mn9Ni4Nb2WN耐热钢M(CN)和M23(CN)6的可逆析出反应

通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和选区电子衍射分析(EDA)、能量色散X-射线衍射分析(EDAX)等技术研究了5Cr21Mn9Ni4Nb2WN耐热钢锻态,1200℃ 120 min水冷固溶,+1030℃ 20~240 min水冷固溶状态,再经1220℃ 20~240 min水冷固溶状态的晶内和晶界面上碳化物相、显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,5Cr21Mn9Ni4Nb2WN钢在1030℃固溶时晶界晶内不但有粒状M₂₃(CN)₆析出,同时M(CN)块作为补充碳源发生了向M₂₃(CN)₆的退化反应,其室温冲击功急剧下降,但对钢的屈服强度影响不大;再经在1220℃固溶处理时出现M₂₃(CN)₆向M(CN)的逆析出反应,该钢又显示出较高的室温冲击功。     

Effect of carbon concentration on precipitation behavior of M<Subscript>23</Subscript>C<Subscript>6</Subscript> carbides and MX carbonitrides in martensitic 9Cr steel during heat treatment

The distributions and precipitated amounts of M₂₃C₆ carbides and MX-type carbonitrides with decreasing carbon content from 0.16 to 0.002 mass pct in 9Cr-3W steel, which is used as a heat-resistant steel, has been investigated. The microstructures of the steels are observed to be martensite. Distributions of precipitates differ greatly among the steels depending on carbon concentration. In the steels containing carbon at levels above 0.05 pct, M₂₃C₆ carbides precipitate along boundaries and fine MX carbonitrides precipitate mainly in the matrix after tempering. In 0.002 pct C steel, there are no M₂₃C₆ carbide precipitates, and instead, fine MX with sizes of 2 to 20 nm precipitate densely along boundaries. In 0.02 pct C steel, a small amount of M₂₃C₆ carbides precipitate, but the sizes are quite large and the main precipitates along boundaries are MX, as with 0.002 pct C steel. A combination of the removal of any carbide whose size is much larger than that of MX-type nitrides, and the fine distributions of MX-type nitrides along boundaries, is significantly effective for the stabilization of a variety of boundaries in the martensitic 9Cr steel.