三维编织复合材料拉伸损伤声发射监测与显微CT表征

为了准确评估碳纤维三维编织复合材料力学行为及损伤特性,利用声发射技术对复合材料的拉伸损伤过程展开实时监测,并基于概率熵统计分析方法研究材料损伤演化所产生声发射信号的动态响应行为。此外,采用显微CT扫描技术对复合材料的内部损伤状态进行可视化表征。结果表明,声发射信号的特征能够很好地反映复合材料的破坏过程,声发射信号概率熵的演变描述了复合材料内部不可逆的损伤与失效机制。声发射结合显微CT技术能够有效地获取三维编织复合材料内部不同截面上的微观结构及其损伤特征,为该类复合材料的无损检测与寿命评估提供技术支撑。     

碳纤维复合材料层合板面内压缩损伤及声发射特征分析

针对碳纤维复合材料层合板面内压缩损伤问题,基于声发射技术分析不同损伤阶段的声发射信号特征。根据加载过程中时间–载荷曲线以及试样破坏断面微观形貌,将损伤过程分为三个阶段:初始损伤阶段主要产生少量基体开裂与纤维–基体界面脱粘,裂纹迅速扩展阶段开始产生纤维剪断以及失稳变形,平稳损伤阶段主要产生失稳变形以及分层裂纹扩展。结合声发射信号的振幅、振铃计数研究损伤过程,并基于小波变换进行损伤信号的时频分析,发现不同损伤类型可通过声发射振幅及频率特征有效识别。     

基于声发射的三点弯曲混凝土梁损伤演化表征

基于声发射多角度分析了三点弯曲作用下混凝土梁损伤演化特征.通过声发射事件计数、振铃计数、能率和幅频极值等多参数分析,定性研究了混凝土梁三点弯曲作用下损伤累积过程;提出基于声发射幅频极值的损伤量,对损伤过程进行了定量分析;结合声发射事件定位点和损伤量,对混凝土梁受载过程中损伤累积过程进行了量化表征.结果 表明,损伤主要发生在塑性阶段,在受拉区产生、聚集,快速向受压区发展,形成损伤带,导致试件脆性断裂.研究为混凝土梁灾变破坏预警和工程设计提供基础性的参考.     

复合材料胶接修补界面损伤演化声发射监测

利用声发射技术实时监测四点弯曲载荷作用下含纤维断裂玻璃纤维增强复合材料胶接修补后试件的损伤演化过程,结合声发射信号统计分析方法,研究贴补片尺寸对修复效果的影响。结果表明,弯曲载荷作用下,两类贴补修补试件破坏模式均以贴补界面开裂为主,随着胶接修补贴补面积的增加,试件失效载荷呈增大趋势。贴补修补片长度为90mm时,其破坏载荷约为未修补试件破坏载荷的2倍。修补试件损伤破坏过程与对应声发射特征表现出良好的相关性,声发射信号统计性描述方法能够有效用于评估胶接修补复合材料试件的微损伤演化行为。     

碳纤维复合材料弯曲损伤的声发射试验研究

采用声发射技术研究了碳纤维复合材料的弯曲损伤与破坏行为。实验结果表明,碳纤维铺层在损伤与断裂不同阶段所释放的声发射信号特征不同,声学检测能有效的监测其剪切分层,混合分层,张力分层过程,声发射检测能有效判断碳纤维复合材料内部活动过程,判定损伤类型,在碳纤维复合材料结构与完整性评价中有良好的应用价值。     

基于经验模式分解与主元分析的耐火材料声发射损伤分类

耐火材料微观结构十分复杂,其破坏形式呈现多样化、复杂化,如何对其损伤进行高效准确地判别十分重要。为此,借助声发射技术对镁碳质耐火材料受压过程进行了损伤声发射信号采集,针对海量声发射数据,首先采用了经验模式分解结合主元分析,对声发射信号进行了特征提取与参数化降维:在大量的声发射时域与频域参数中,选取前7个主元来表征损伤,其损伤贡献率可以达到99%;之后将主元作为支持向量机输入进行损伤分类,将损伤分为两个主要类型,基质相与界面相损伤;最后将分析结果与扫描电镜结果进行对比分析,发现两者结论可以较好地吻合,可为运用声发射手段检测耐火材料损伤提供一种高效准确的解决方案。     

压缩载荷下复合材料分层损伤演化声发射监测及应变分析

通过单向玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料试件的单轴向压缩实验,结合声发射及应变电测技术,研究含直径分别为5mm和10mm两种圆形分层复合材料损伤演化特性,并探讨了试件的压缩损伤破坏过程。结果表明,在压缩载荷作用下,两类分层直径试件的破坏路径基本一致,层间破坏机理相同。分层缺陷面积的大小对试件的承载能力有较大影响,分层缺陷面积越大,试件的承载能力降低,试件的破坏程度加剧。载荷-纵向应变曲线由线性变化到近似线性变化再到非线性变化的过程与声发射信号分析结果较吻合。     

基于声发射检测技术的FRP复合材料损伤试验研究

用声发射技术研究了FRP复合材料的拉伸损伤与断裂行为,宽带传感器记录了不同纤维铺向的复合材料在拉伸破坏过程中的声发射信号.运用三维参数法,分析了FRP复合材料拉伸损伤的声发射特性,并对复合材料声发射信号的幅度进行统计分析,宏观上揭示了不同角度FRP复合材料拉伸损伤的发展、演化过程和规律.     

石墨材料的声发射行为研究

通过对多种石墨材料声发射行为的实验研究,探讨石墨材料声发射行为所服从的规律。结果表明,对各种石墨材料而言,它们的声发射累计数随载荷的变化关系可以很好地用一个指数规律来描述,无论是声发射振幅分布,还是累计声发射振幅分布都服从一个经验的指数规律。同时,定量分析结果还表明,振幅分布的参数及声发射累计数与载荷关系中的参数都随石墨材料的不同而不同,振幅分布参数与载荷的关系也有所区别。因此,可望通过建立声发射行为与石墨材料结构性能的关系,为在石墨材料检测中应用声发射技术提供理论依据。     

二维机织碳纤维/碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料损伤分析

利用声发射技术全程监测二维机织C／SiC复合材料拉伸实验,通过声发射多参数分析法和断口显微观察,结合材料拉伸应力-变曲线,分析了二维机织C／SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化过程和损伤机理。结果表明：材料拉伸损伤演化经历3个阶段：第一阶段为无损伤阶段,材料无损伤发生;第二阶段为损伤初始阶段．损伤主要为微裂纹开裂．并且微裂纹开裂基本上均匀发生在样品工作段;第三阶段为损伤加速阶段,损伤主要为宏观基体、界面开裂和纤维束断裂．井且集中发生在断口区域。损伤第二阶段与第三阶段的转换点在拉伸强度的76％左右,转换点的确定对二维机织C／SiC复合材料工程应用有重要意义。     

Damage analysis of a SiCf/SiC ceramic matrix composite under stepwise fatigue loading with acoustic emission

Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) exhibit different damage mechanisms at multiple scales under cyclic loading. In this paper, the tension-tension fatigue behavior of a plain woven SiC_f/SiC CMC was investigated, and damage accumulation and evolution process were studied in detail via acoustic emission (AE) method. With the increase of cycles, the material exhibits obvious hysteresis behavior affected by interfacial slip and wear mechanisms. Most of the fibers with radial fracture characteristic have relatively high strength, showing excellent toughening property. In the stepwise cyclic loading process, the Kaiser effect of AE determines the initiation of AE activities at each initial loading moment, which shows obvious nonlinear damage accumulation behavior of the material. High-energy events are related to significant matrix cracking and fiber fracture, and the evolution process of material damage initiation and propagation is monitored in real time.     

Fracture behaviour of teeth with conventional and mini-invasive access cavity designs

Presented work is targeted toward fracture analysis of endodontically treated human teeth. Three sets of teeth were loaded by compression simulating natural loading conditions. For this purpose, each tooth was mounted into the resin in the axis angle declination of 30° and kept all the time in saline up to the moment of test to simulate the intraoral environment. Two access cavity designs – mini-invasive (conservative) and conventional (traditional), were analysed. Fracture behaviour of treated teeth with mini-invasive access was compared with conventional and with the intact set of teeth. Complex monitoring of the fracture process together with loading traces enables to characterise typical fracture features and crack propagation schemes. The extensive fractographic analysis reveals the effect of adhesive bonding on the crack propagation. Also, fracture initiation and damage accumulation were identified. The quality of newly developed mini-invasive design in comparison with the conventional one was proved.     

A study of damage accumulation in unidirectional glass reinforced composites via acoustic emission monitoring

Damage accumulation in continuous unidirectional glass reinforced composites was studied by acoustic emission (AE) monitoring during three-point-bend loading. Results are presented for four composites monitored during quasi-static break loading, and one composite also monitored during cyclic fatigue and static creep loading. AE response was correlated with the mechanical (stress-strain) response and with visual observation of damage events to study the details of the damage accumulation process. Results show that the failure process is characterized by the sequential occurrence of three distinct damage mechanisms. Specifically, the failure process initiated with cohesive matrix damage, propagated with interfacial debonding, and ended with fiber breakage very near catastrophic failure. The same sequential damage process occurred in all four composites and all three test procedures examined. Results also demonstrate that AE analysis, in combination with mechanical testing and microscopic observation, is a valuable tool in understanding damage accumulation in composites.     

Fatigue crack initiation and damage characterization in Brazilian test specimens for adhesive joints

The present study is focused on the fatigue failure initiation at bimaterial corners by means of a configuration based on the Brazilian disc specimens. These specimens were previously used for the generalized fracture toughness determination and prediction of failure in adhesive joints, carried out under static compressive loading. Under static loading, local yielding effects might affect the asymptotic two-dimensional linear elastic stress representation under consideration. Fatigue loading avoids this fact due to the lower load levels used. The present tests were performed using load control; video microscopy and still cameras were used for monitoring initiation and crack growth. The fatigue tests were halted periodically and images of the corner were taken where fatigue damage was anticipated. Damage initiation and subsequent crack growth were observed in some specimens, especially in those which presented brittle failure under static and fatigue tests. These analyses allowed the characterization of damage initiation for a typical bimaterial corner that can be found in composite to aluminium adhesive lap joints.     

周期载荷下的阻尼硅橡胶动态粘弹性研究

研究了阻尼硅橡胶的非线性粘弹行为及在周期载荷下的动态粘弹性能变化。结果表明,在周期性载荷作用下,阻尼硅橡胶表现出非线性粘弹行为,且在疲劳后此种非线性特征更为明显;阻尼硅橡胶的疲劳过程分为3个阶段,分别为模量稳定阶段、微观损伤阶段及宏观损伤阶段;达到第3阶段时,基本可以判定硅橡胶材料达到了疲劳损伤寿命。     

Measurement of ceramics cracking during water quenching by digital image correlation

Measuring the thermal shock crack growth process is crucial for revealing ceramic materials and structures’ thermal shock failure mechanisms and evaluating their reliability. We used a self-made water quenching system to conduct thermal shock tests on alumina and zirconia ceramics. The thermal shock process was recorded by high-speed digital image correlation (DIC) during the test. The process of thermal shock crack initiation and propagation in two kinds of ceramics was determined by analyzing the speckle image change on the sample’s surface. It is found that the crack growth rate of alumina is faster than that of zirconia, which is caused by different material parameters. This paper presents an in-situ measurement method for the initiation and propagation of thermal shock cracking in ceramic materials. It can provide a measurement method to identify and predict the thermal shock damage of ceramic components.     

碳纤维编织复合材料损伤变形与破坏实验研究

通过对碳纤维编织复合材料的拉伸实验,利用声发射技术(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")方法研究碳纤维复合材料的损伤演化规律。通过采集试件在拉伸过程中的声发射信号、损伤变形与应变场信息,分析碳纤维编织复合材料的力学加载、变形场和声发射特征参数的关系。结果表明复合材料的位移场、应变场信息以及AE信号特征参数能良好地描述复合材料在拉伸状态下的损伤累积和破坏过程。在加载前期,以40~60 dB低幅度信号为主;随着载荷增加,撞击累计数急剧升高,高幅度、高持续时间信号增多。通过DIC测得的位移场和应变场信息,发现对于相同的载荷增量,加载方向的位移和最大拉应变呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

泡沫夹层复合材料导弹发射箱盖损伤失效研究

针对泡沫夹层结构箱盖受燃气流冲击问题进行了实验和数值分析。首先根据试验得出箱盖的破坏形式,然后建立了箱盖三维渐进损伤模型,采用该模型揭示了箱盖的层合板、泡沫和胶层的损伤破坏形式,数值仿真结果与实验结果非常吻合,证明该方法的合理性。结果表明箱盖侧边最易发生损伤破坏,其起始损伤由泡沫所引起,胶结界面没有破坏。该模型可以很好预测箱盖损伤起始、损伤扩展和破坏模式。     

Damage analysis of 2.5D C/C-SiC composites subjected to fatigue loadings

Damage analyses of a ceramic matrix composite during fatigue and quasi-static loads were performed by acoustic emission (A.E.) monitoring. The material studied was a 2.5D C/C-SiC composite produced by chemical vapor infiltration followed by liquid silicon infiltration. The analysis done during the first 200 cycles of a fatigue test showed that the number of A.E. hits is a good parameter for the quantification of damage. Furthermore, the A.E. hit energy was associated with the type of damage. In this sense, the damage developed during the fatigue loading was related to matrix crack initiation, propagation and re-opening, as well as fiber-matrix friction. Quasi-static tests on post-fatigue samples showed that the previous fatigue loadings increased the material`s damage threshold and hindered the development of new damage. Particular attention was given to the sample after 2,000,000 cycles as this sample showed distinct A.E. signals that could be related to fiber debonding.     

Cavitation erosion resistance parameter of hard CAVD coatings

Nowadays the most machining tools are coated with hard coatings to prolong their lifetime and to improve their working efficiency. They are very often used for high wear applications, where they are subjected to cyclic impact loading. Main benefits of hard coatings are based on the combination of high hardness and toughness, properties that are especially important in the conditions of dynamic impact wear when high cyclic local loading is the main cause of coating degradation. A cavitation test can be a useful tool for studies of plastic deformation, crack initiation and propagation in thin hard coatings. Cavitation damage is caused by repeating action of imploding cavitation bubbles in the vicinity of solid surface.