原位法制备Ni纳米线/SiO2复合气凝胶催化剂

以正硅酸乙酯和硝酸镍为原料、乙二醇为还原剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法和超临界干燥工艺制备负载金属Ni纳米线的SiO2复合气凝胶.通过BET、XRD、TEM、TPR和H2-TPD等技术,对其物相组成和活性比表面进行表征.结果表明:负载Ni主要以金属Ni单质纳米线的形态均匀分布在SiO2气凝胶三维网络骨架结构上,该纳米线直径为1～5 nm、长度为10～80nm,载体骨架结构上存在尚未还原完全的Ni;随Ni负载量的增加,Ni与载体SiO2之间的相互作用逐渐减弱,催化剂的Ni活性中心点增多;负载Ni纳米线显示出较强的热稳定性.     

Preparation and characterization of La0.8Cu0.2MnO(3±δ) perovskite-type catalyst for methane combustion

La0.8 Cu0.2 MnO(3±δ) perovskite-type catalyst for methane combustion prepared through sol-gel process was characterized by X-ray Diffractometry(XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). XPS analyses reveal that the surface characteristics of the catalyst are changed. The lattice defects and oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface are enhanced due to a part of La3+ being substituted by Cu2+.Temperature-programmed-desorption(TPD) and temperature-programmed-reduction(TPR) analyses were carried out to study the catalytic behavior. It is found that there are two O2-desorption peaks at 350 ℃ and 650 ℃ in the TPD pattern, and two CH4-consumption peaks at 420 ℃ and 750 ℃ in the TPR patterns respectively, which indicates that the two kinds of oxygen species, so-called α and β oxygen, can react with the methane during catalytic combustion process. The catalytic activity tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor, and the results show that the T1/2 at which the conversion of methane attains 50 % of La0.8 Cu0.2 MnO(3±δ) is lower by 55 ℃ than that of LaMnO3.This indicates that the catalytic activity of La0.8 Cu0. 2 MnO(3±δ) is increased with partial substitution of Cu2+ for La3+.     

Pd-Rh/AlCeZrOx 催化剂的制备及性能评价研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了新型Pd-Rh/AlCeZrO_x催化剂。利用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)、差热-热重分析(H2-TG)和氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)技术研究了不同焙烧温度条件下Pd-Rh/AlCeZrO_x催化剂的比表面积、物相结构、储氧量及氧化还原性能。结果表明,该催化剂热稳定性好,储氧量高。800℃焙烧4 h后,其比表面积和储氧量分别为176.88 m2/g和743.67μmol/g;1000℃焙烧4 h后,贵金属颗粒小于10 nm。分别在模拟天然气(CNG)车尾气和汽油车尾气氛围下的整体式小样性能评价表明,该催化剂可用于CNG车尾气的净化,其最佳空燃比(α)范围为0.978~1.025;也可用于汽油车尾气的净化,最佳空燃比α≈1。     

炭气凝胶作为燃料电池催化剂载体的研究进展

设计制备低成本、高催化活性、高稳定性的ORR电催化剂对燃料电池的实际应用至关重要,良好的催化剂载体对提高催化剂的电化学催化性能具有重要意义。炭气凝胶具有孔结构可控、高比表面积、高导电性、大孔体积等优势,是一种非常具有潜力的燃料电池ORR电催化剂载体。本文对最近炭气凝胶作为燃料电池催化剂载体的研究进展进行了综述,简单介绍了炭气凝胶的种类及其负载催化剂的方法,着重讨论了炭气凝胶负载Pt等贵金属催化剂、炭气凝胶负载非贵金属催化剂以及非金属掺杂炭气凝胶催化剂的研究进展,最后总结了其面临的挑战和未来的主要发展方向。     

玻璃包覆纯铜微丝的制备与表征

采用熔融纺丝法制备了玻璃包覆纯铜微丝,对微丝进行了组织观察以及尺寸和缺陷表征,提出了不同冷却条件下的纯铜芯丝凝固过程模型,讨论了制备过程中存在的问题并提出了相应的解决方案.结果表明:在空气中自然冷却凝固的纯铜芯丝内部组织为细等轴晶,加冷却水快速冷却凝固制备的纯铜芯丝内部的晶粒沿着微丝长度方向呈竹节状整齐排列;当微丝外径为45μm、芯丝直径为25 μm时,外径尺寸波动在6%以内,芯丝直径误差小于4%;当原料质量存在问题或制备过程中拉丝速度、冷却速度等工艺参数匹配不合理时,易导致芯丝表面存在凹坑和凹槽等缺陷.     

SiO2气凝胶复合型隔热涂层的制备及性能研究

目的探究SiO_2气凝胶在复合隔热涂料中的应用,从隔热机理出发,通过降低复合隔热涂层的导热系数,提高反射率、辐射率等方式,使涂层达到隔热降温的目的。方法首先通过单掺实验确定各填料的含量,并采用紫外/可见光/近红外分光光度计、红外辐射率测量仪和自制的测试隔热装置等,分析涂层的发射率、辐射率和隔热性能,最后通过正交实验方法得到最优涂层配方。结果 SiO_2气凝胶能显著降低涂层的导热系数,在此基础上,添加钛白粉、空心玻璃微珠、红外陶瓷粉等颜填料,能有效提高涂层的反射率和辐射率,从而进一步增强了涂层的隔热效果。分别添加质量分数为5%的SiO_2气凝胶、5%的钛白粉、5%的空心玻璃微珠和10%的红外陶瓷粉时,复合隔热涂层具有最优的隔热性能。SiO_2气凝胶复合型隔热涂层的干膜厚度为60μm时,与未涂覆的空白样板对比,温度最高可降低14.8℃。结论 SiO_2气凝胶复合型隔热涂层具有优异的隔热性能,并且具有薄层、轻质、环保等优点,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

Preparation and characterization of A-type zeolite/SiO2 molecular sieving membranes

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Preparation and characterization of uniform circinate aggregates of sheet ZnO nanoparticles

Uniform circinate aggregates of sheet ZnO nanoparticles with a specific surface area of 24 m2·g-1 were prepared by the direct precipitation method.The circinate aggregates were hexagonal ZnO,with the wall thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1 μm and the diameter ranging from 5 to 10 μm.The backs of the circinate aggregates were regularly arranged by numerous sheet ZnO nanoparticles with a thickness of 30-80 nm and a diameter of 300-400 nm.The precursors were aggregates of sheet Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 nanoparticles,which were decomposed into ZnO by calcining in air in the range of 200-285℃,and the ZnO retained the similar special structure.The C2H5OH content had a significant effect on the formation of sheet ZnO.The centripetal force,the Van der Waals force,and the hydrogen bond were deduced as the driving forces of the formation of circinate.     

ZrO2（3Y）-CaO-SiO2-TiO2多元纳米复合粉体的制备及表征

在合成纳米ZrO2（3Y）粉体的基础上，采用醇-水溶液加热法结合共沉淀过程制备了纳米ZrO2（3Y）-CaO-SiO2-TiO2多元复合粉体。利用TEM、SEM、XRD和BET等测试手段监测整个制备工艺过程并对粉体进行表征，研究了煅烧温度对粉体成分、物相组成、晶粒尺寸以及粉体烧结活性的影响。结果表明：利用ZrOCl2·8H2O、Ca（NO3）2·4H2O、C8H20O4SI、纳米TiO2为原料，采用醇-水溶液加热法在合适的工艺条件下可以制得比表面积高，无硬团聚，平均粒子尺寸为10-20nm，各组分分布均匀的纳米ZrO2（3Y）-CaO-SiO2-TiO2复合粉体，该粉体表现出良好的烧结性能，在1300℃真空热压烧结后其相对密度可达97．8％。     

铂族金属单原子催化剂的制备、表征技术研究进展

单原子催化不仅将多相催化领域研究从纳米尺度深入到了原子尺度,有助于从原子层次研究和认识非均相催化反应过程,也使得进一步提高活性铂族金属原子利用率、降低催化剂成本成为可能。基于国内外多年来在单原子催化领域取得的研究成果,介绍了铂族金属单原子催化剂的制备方法与表征技术,总结归纳了不同制备方法的参数控制关键、适用范围,以及不同表征数据分析、存在的问题与挑战。在不同表征技术融合创新的基础上,对于铂族金属单原子催化剂的可控制备技术尽早实现工业化应用提出了展望。     

反应机械合金化/退火制备Al2O3/Fe3Si纳米复合粉体

以Fe2O3粉、Si粉和Al粉为原料,采用反应机械合金化/退火法制备出了Al2O3/Fe3Si纳米复合粉体。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对复合粉体球磨以及退火过程中的固态反应过程、表面形貌进行表征。研究表明,Fe2O3-Si-Al混合粉体球磨5 h后发生反应生成Al2 O3、Fe5 Si3、Fe3 Si、FeSi,球磨20 h后生成Al2 O3/Fe3 Si,球磨20 h的粉体在900℃条件下退火1 h的组成物相未发生变化,复合粉体颗粒呈球形,其尺寸为5μm左右,分布均匀,组成相Al2O3和Fe3Si的晶粒尺寸分别为26.6 nm和28.3 nm。     

载体溶解法回收失效Pt/TiO2催化剂中的铂

研究了酸溶法溶解失效Pt/TiO2脱硝催化剂的TiO2载体,进一步富集和回收铂的工艺.结果表明,20％HF+30％HCl对TiO2载体溶解率可达95％,且金属铂基本无分散;系统研究了混酸中HF浓度、反应温度、时间、液固比对载体溶解率的影响;在20％HF+30％HCl为溶剂、反应温度为95℃、反应时间为3 h、体系液固比...     

水热晶化法制备RhCeZrLaNdOx催化剂及其性能研究

采用水热晶化法一步制备了RhCeZrLaNdOx系列催化剂,测定其比表面积、储氧量和还原温度等性能参数,并进行结构和形貌表征,研究了制备过程中水热晶化温度和时间、表面活性剂等条件对催化剂性能、结构和形貌的影响。结果表明,以月桂酸作为表面活性剂,在160℃水热晶化4 h制备的催化剂具有较大的比表面积、较高的储氧量和较低的还原温度,微观结构为四方相的固溶体纳米颗粒。与传统浸渍法制备的Rh/CeZrLaNdOx催化剂比较,水热晶化法制备的催化剂对CO还原NO具有更好的低温催化活性。     

Synthesis of PMA/Eu2O3 porous-layered nanocomposite by in situ polymerization and its morphology

The PMA/Eu2O3 porous and layered nanocomposite was prepared by in situ polymerization and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and inflared ray （IR）. Microscopic investigation of the nanocomposite was carded out by atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The results showed that the shape of the composite was layered and porous. Eu2O3 was grafted when methyl acrylate （MA） polymerized; thus Eu2O3 particles appeared on both sides of the chains of polymeric methyl acrylate （PMA）.     

Fabrication of polypyrrole/TiO2 nanocomposite via electrochemical process and its photoconductivity

Size-controllable and vertically-oriented TiO₂ nanotube (TNT) arrays were fabricated using anodic oxidation method from pure titanium sheets in electrolyte solutions. Then with the TNT arrays as the working electrode, a thin film of polypyrrole (Ppy) was synthesized into the TNT arrays via the electrochemical polymerization. During the process, the appearance of redox peaks in cyclic voltammetry curves of the resulting films indicates the occurrence of polymerization. The morphology, the molecular structure, crystallization and optical properties of the TNT arrays and the resulting polymer were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-vis spectrum analysis, respectively. A dual-layered photoreceptor containing the nanocomposite film as the charge generation layer (CGL) was designed and fabricated. It is found that the photoreceptor based on Ppy/TiO₂ nanotubes as CGL exhibits remarkable photoconductive performance.     

Preparation and characterization of PAn/NiO nanocomposite using various surfactants

Conducting nanocomposite of NiO–PAn has been prepared in the aqueous medium using polyvinyl alcohol and hydroxypropylcellulose as a surfactant. The conductivity of the composites was measured as a function of the NiO concentration in reaction solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and electrical resistivity proved that NiO affect the properties of composite.     

微球结构MoS2/FeS复合薄膜的制备及表征

采用离子注入结合低温离子渗硫法制备了MoS₂/FeS复合薄膜,并借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪和纳米压痕仪对复合薄膜进行了表征。结果表明,复合薄膜呈微球结构,颗粒尺寸均匀,约为500 nm。复合薄膜主要由MoS₂、FeS及少量的氧化物组成。基体与复合薄膜的硬度分别为6.57和7.89 GPa,弹性模量分别为223.8和246.2 GPa。相对基体复合薄膜的硬度及弹性模量分别提高约20%和10%,弹性特征值H/E亦相应提高了约10%,表明其较基体具有更高的磨损抗力。     

Preparation and characterization of Pt-WO<Subscript>3</Subscript>/C catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells

Three co-impregnation/chemical reduction methods in acidic solutions of pH < 1, including ethylene glycol (EG), NaBH4, and HCOOH, were compared for Pt-WO3/C catalysts. Pt-WO3/C catalysts containing 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% platinum per carbon were prepared by the three methods; their morphology and electrocatalytic activities were characterized. The 20 wt.% Pt-WO3/C catalyst prepared by the co-impregnation/EG method presented the optimal dispersion with an average particle size of 4.6 nm and subsequently the best electrocatalytic activity, and so, it was further characterized. Its anodic peak current density for ethanol oxidation from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) is 7.9 mA·cm-2 , which is 1.4 and 5.2 times as high as those of the catalysts prepared by co-impregnation/NaBH4 and co-impregnation/HCOOH reduction methods, 2.1 times as high as that of the 10 wt.% Pt-WO3/C catalyst prepared by co-impregnation/EG method, respectively.     

纳米晶镁铝水滑石／聚乙烯复合阻燃料的制备

采用共混法制备聚乙烯／镁铝水滑石纳米复合材料。XRD、SEM、TEM和性能测试表明：镁铝水滑石纳米晶体分散在聚乙烯基体中，且有少部分发生插层；阴离子表面活性剂对水滑石的处理效果要优于偶联剂；pH值对处理效果有一定影响；镁铝水滑石阻燃剂填充聚乙烯体系阻燃效果，要优于填充A1（OH）3阻燃剂。