轴向往复运动抽油杆柱在弯曲井眼内横向振动的仿真模型

抽油杆柱横向振动的研究是分析油井杆管偏磨现象的基础。该文将定向井抽油杆柱在弯曲井眼内的横向振动问题简化为具有初弯曲的纵横弯曲梁在油管约束下的横向振动问题。除考虑交变轴向载荷对抽油杆柱横向振动的激励外,首次提出弯曲井眼也是轴向往复运动抽油杆柱横向振动的主要激励。综合考虑弯曲井眼对轴向往复运动抽油杆柱横向振动的激励,以及交变轴向载荷对抽油杆柱横向振动的激励,应用弹性碰撞理论描述油管对抽油杆柱横向振动的约束,基于弹性体振动理论建立了具有初弯曲的抽油杆柱在弯曲井眼内的横向振动仿真模型。采用有限差分法与Newmark法实现了对定向井抽油杆柱横向振动的仿真计算。仿真结果表明:仿真结果与现场实际偏磨情况相符,说明在分析抽油杆柱横向振动时,轴向运动导致的弯曲井眼激励是一项不可忽略的因素;算例油井中,杆管偏磨的危险点主要出现在油井的造斜段与抽油杆柱的受压段。该文所建立定向井抽油杆柱横向振动仿真模型可用于指导抽油杆扶正器的优化配置。     

直斜裂纹转轴的时变刚度特性研究*

本文采用有限元方法建立了裂纹转子系统的动力学方程,利用应变能释放率方法得到了裂纹单元的刚度矩阵,采用应力强度因子为零法模拟裂纹的呼吸效应,详细研究了不同深度的直裂纹和45°斜裂纹转子,在一个稳态旋转周期内,裂纹开闭规律以及转轴刚度时变特性。研究表明裂纹深度的增大使裂纹转轴的刚度变化增大,直裂纹与斜裂纹转轴的刚度变化特性具有明显差异,斜裂纹引起更多与更强的耦合振动,使转子的动力学性能更复杂。     

复合材料变截面旋转薄壁悬臂梁自由振动分析

基于拉格朗日方程推导出复合材料封闭变截面旋转薄壁梁的自由振动方程。与基于哈密顿原理的动力学建模方法相比,该文所采用的方法更为简洁。此外,在薄壁梁的结构模型中还考虑除横向剪切外的扭转、拉伸和弯曲引起的翘曲,具有考虑翘曲因素多的特点。给出了两种刚度配置下的变矩形截面旋转悬臂直梁的自由振动方程简化形式及其相应的迦辽金法求解的固有频率。基于大型通用有限元软件ANSYS,计算了薄壁变截面旋转悬臂梁的固有频率,并且与迦辽金法的求解结果进行了对比。分析了复合材料的弹性耦合、铺层角度、截面变化和旋转速度对薄壁梁的自由振动的影响。     

Parametric instability of functionally graded beams with an open edge crack under axial pulsating excitation

This paper studies the parametric instability of functionally graded beams with an open edge crack subjected to an axial pulsating excitation which is a combination of a static compressive force and a harmonic excitation force. It is assumed that the materials properties follow an exponential variation through the thickness direction. Theoretical formulations are based on Timoshenko beam theory and linear rotational spring model. The governing equations of motion are derived by using Hamilton’s principle and transformed into a set of Mathieu equations through Galerkin’s procedure. The natural frequencies with different end supports are obtained. The boundary points on the unstable regions are determined by using Bolotin’s method. Numerical results are presented to highlight the influences of crack location, crack depth, material property gradient, beam slenderness ratio, compressive load, and boundary conditions on both the free vibration and parametric instability behaviors of the cracked functionally graded beams.     

Analysis of large amplitude free vibrations of unsymmetrically laminated composite beams on a nonlinear elastic foundation

The large amplitude free vibration of an unsymmetrically laminated composite beam (LCB) on a nonlinear elastic foundation subjected to axial load has been studied. The equation of motion for the axial and transverse deformations of a geometrically nonlinear LCB is derived. Using the Ritz method, the governing equation is reduced to a time-dependent Duffing equation with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to obtain exact expressions for the dynamic response of the LCB. This study shows that the third-order approximation of the HAM leads to highly accurate solutions that are valid for a wide range of vibration amplitudes. The effects of different parameters on the ratio of nonlinear to linear natural frequency of beams and the post-buckling load-deflection relationship are studied.     

旋转复合材料薄壁轴的不平衡非线性弯曲振动

研究几何非线性复合材料薄壁轴在偏心激励作用下的非线性振动特性。在轴的应变位移关系中引入Von Kármán几何非线性,基于Hamilton原理和变分渐进法(VAM)导出复合材料传动轴的拉-弯-扭耦合非线性振动偏微分方程组。为了着重研究轴的横向弯曲非线性振动特性,在上述模型中忽略轴向变形和扭转变形,得到轴的横向弯曲非线性振动偏微分方程,其中考虑了黏滞外阻和内阻的影响。采用Galerkin法,将偏微分方程转离散化为常微分方程,在此基础上利用四阶Runge-Kutta法对常微分方程组进行数值模拟,获得位移时间响应图、相平面图和功率谱图,研究了外阻、内组、偏心距和转速对非线性振动响应的影响,发现旋转复合材料薄壁轴存在混沌运动。     

呼吸性裂纹转子的瞬态振动特性分析

旋转机械转子轴萌生裂纹后,瞬态加速过程中转涡差角时变使裂纹周期性开合,系统发生不同于稳态情况的振动。本文基于中性轴法确定裂纹开合,数值计算了呼吸裂纹引起刚度时变的转子过临界转速的瞬态振动,分析了裂纹大小、方向角和重力对线性加速转子瞬态振动的影响,以及定功率加速瞬态过程中系统振动响应及稳定性。结果发现,瞬态条件下带呼吸裂纹转子系统亚谐波共振并不明显;裂纹越大,过临界转速时瞬态振幅越大;在临界转速附近裂纹瞬时张开会激起很大的振动;定功率加速过程下,若功率不足够提供转子顺利穿过临界转速,则会出现外界扭矩与瞬态振动的能量耦合,大裂纹还可能造成瞬态振动发展成混沌。     

多轴系耦合作用下齿轮系统转子裂纹故障的振动特性研究

为了探究多轴系耦合齿轮系统中的转子裂纹故障与单轴系转子裂纹故障振动响应特性的异同点,基于Jones轴承建模理论,建立滚动轴承的拟静力学模型;利用Timoshenko梁单元建立传动轴的有限元模型;考虑时变啮合刚度、齿轮传递误差、陀螺效应等因素,利用集中参数法建立齿轮副的动力学模型。将轴承、传动轴与齿轮副模型进行集成,建立齿轮系统非线性动力学模型;利用能量释放率理论与应力强度因子为零法分析裂纹转子单元的呼吸效应,利用Newmark-?数值积分法对转子裂纹故障进行动力学仿真,研究转子裂纹故障的振动响应特征。结果表明：与单轴系转子裂纹故障不同,当齿轮系统发生转子裂纹故障时,由于齿轮啮合的引起的耦合效应及转子裂纹引起的呼吸效应,时域响应表现出明显的幅值调制现象,频域中转频及其2倍频幅值增加明显,在啮合频率处伴有明显的边频带。研究结果为齿轮系统转子裂纹故障的监测与诊断提供了理论基础。     

Determination of the Stress Intensity Factor of an elliptical breathing crack in a rotating shaft

The failures due to the propagation of fatigue cracks are one of the most frequent problems in rotating machines. Those failures sometimes are catastrophic and are sufficient to provoke the loss of the complete machine with high risks for people and other equipments. When a cracked shaft rotates, the breathing mechanism appears. The crack passes from an open state to a close state with a transition in which a partial opening or closing of the crack is produced. In this work, a new general expression that gives the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) along the crack front of an elliptical crack in a rotating shaft in terms of the crack depth ratio, the crack aspect ratio, the relative position on the front and the angle of rotation has been developed for linear elastic materials. By the moment, no expressions of the SIF in term of these variables have been found in the literature. To this end, a quasi-static 3D numerical model of a cracked shaft with straight and elliptical cracks subjected to rotary bending using the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been made. To simulate the rotation of the shaft, different angular positions have been considered. The SIF in mode I along the crack front has been calculated for each angular position of the cracked shaft and for different crack geometries. The expression results have been compared with solutions obtained from the literature. It has been found that they are in good agreement. The model has been applied to other crack geometries with good results. The obtained SIF expression allows studying the dynamic behavior of cracked shafts and can be used to analyze the crack propagation.     

基础简谐激励下匀速旋转运动电流变夹层梁的振动稳定性

摘 要：建立了基础激励和定轴转动联合作用时电流变夹层梁的运动微分方程,着重研究了基础简谐激励和匀速旋转运动作用时电流变夹层梁的振动稳定性。采用多尺度法获得了梁的一次近似解析解和参激振动失稳的条件。通过对电流变夹层梁在不同激励参数、控制电场和旋转角速度时的振动响应时间历程曲线和对应相图的数值分析,探讨了电场作用下电流变夹层梁的参激振动稳定性。仿真结果表明,在一定的条件下,可以通过控制作用于电流变夹层梁的电场强度来改变系统出现运动不稳定的临界激励幅值,提高结构的动力稳定性。     

Experimental crack propagation and failure analysis of the first stage compressor blade subjected to vibration

This paper presents results of experimental vibration tests of the helicopter turbo-engine compressor blades. The blades used in investigation were retired from maintenance under technical inspection of engine. Investigations were conducted for selected undamaged blades, without existence of preliminary cracks or corrosion pits. The blades during experiment were entered into transverse vibration. The crack propagation process was conducted in resonance condition. During the fatigue test, the growth of crack was monitored. In the second part of work, a nonlinear finite element method was utilized to determine the stress state of the blade during vibration. In this analysis a first mode of transverse vibration were considered. High maximum principal stress zone was found at the region of blade where the crack occurred.     

The stability behavior of rotating composite shafts under axial compressive loads

This paper studies the stability behavior of a rotating composite shaft subjected to axial compressive loads using finite element method. The laminated composite shaft is modeled as a Timoshenko shaft by applying the equivalent modulus beam theory. Numerical results correlate well with the reported beam models. The critical speed of the thin-walled composite shaft is dependent on the stacking sequency, the length-radius ratio (L/R) and the boundary conditions. In addition, the effects of the rotational speeds and the disk location on the rotating shafts' stability are examined as well. The critical load of the rotating thin-walled composite shaft can be nearly assessed from the conventional buckling formulation.     

Fatigue Crack Growth Measurement Based on Changes in Transverse Natural Frequency

A method to estimate fatigue crack extension in three point bend (TPB) testing based on changes in transverse natural frequency is presented. The theoretical formulation for the transverse free vibration of the specimen is given to relate natural frequency to the specimen dimensions and crack size employing the Timoshenko beam theory and representing crack as a rotational spring. Experimental studies are presented considering three steels, viz. SA333, 20Mn and En47, to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method and compare it with the conventional compliance method. The results clearly indicate that the vibration method can be an alternative to the compliance method. The Paris law constants for the materials are presented.     

基于小波分析的Timoshenko梁裂缝识别研究

采用等效转动弹簧代替梁内的不扩展横向裂缝,研究Timoshenko裂缝梁的横向振动特性,建立了一种与有限元分析相结合的、基于模态参数的小波分析识别Timoshenko梁内裂缝的方法。以一简支梁为例,通过建立含横向不扩展裂缝的Timoshenko梁的有限元模型,用Lanczos法对结构的模态进行了计算分析,求出了基本振型和转角模态。分别应用mexh小波和db小波为母小波对二者做小波变换,进行多尺度分析,通过小波系数模极大值位置识别出梁内的裂缝。并对识别结果进行对比,发现识别Timoshenko梁裂缝时,基于转角模态小波变换的方法对小波基、尺度的要求较低,变换后的小波系数线更为平滑,奇异性特征更为明显,故运用转角模态小波变换来识别Timoshenko梁裂缝,较之运用基本振型小波变换的方法更为方便、有效。该方法对Timoshenko梁裂缝识别的工程应用具有参考价值。     

An analytical method for free vibration analysis of Timoshenko beam theory applied to cracked nanobeams using a nonlocal elasticity model

This paper is concerned with the free transverse vibration of cracked nanobeams modeled after Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory and Timoshenko beam theory. The cracked beam is modeled as two segments connected by a rotational spring located at the cracked section. This model promotes discontinuities in rotational displacement due to bending which is proportional to bending moment transmitted by the cracked section. The governing equations of cracked nanobeams with two symmetric and asymmetric boundary conditions are derived; then these equations are solved analytically based on concerning basic standard trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Besides, the frequency parameters and the vibration modes of cracked nanobeams for variant crack positions, crack ratio, and small scale effect parameters are calculated. The vibration solutions obtained provide a better representation of the vibration behavior of short, stubby, micro/nanobeams where the effects of small scale, transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are significant.     

Efficiency of the method of spectral vibrodiagnostics for fatigue damage of structural elements. Part 3. Analytical and numerical determination of natural frequencies of longitudinal and bending vibrations of beams with transverse cracks. Solution

Based on the concepts of linear fracture mechanics, we derive analytical expressions for the determinational of natural frequencies of longitudinal and bending vibrations of beams which are rectangular in cross section, are fixed in different ways, have variable ratios of the section height to the beam length, and have transverse cracks of various types. The results of the analytical solution are compared with those obtained by the finite-element method as well as with experimental data obtained by the authors and other scientists. The analytical solution under consideration is shown to be quite simple and provide a fairly good accuracy of the results obtained. Using a cantilever beam with one or two symmetrical edge cracks or a central through crack as an example, we consider the possible dependence of the relative change in natural frequencies of vibration on the relative crack length, crack location, and the vibration mode of a beam. We discuss the possible methods of evaluating the crack size and location from the results of experimental determination of the change in natural vibration frequencies of a cracked beam. Institute of Problems of Strength, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 19–31, July–August, 1999.     

基于相控阵激光超声的裂纹衍射增强试验研究

针对超声衍射时差法(TOFD)存在检测精度较差、区域检测可靠性不够和信号信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio, SNR)低等问题,提出了一种基于光纤皮秒激光器和高速旋转镜的相控阵激光超声裂纹检测方法。利用有限元方法模拟热弹机制,建立二维瞬态激光超声力-固耦合模型产生横波与纵波在缺陷处发生的衍射现象,分析了裂纹尖端不同奇异点、声波不同中心频率和相控阵激励源不同位置对声波衍射的影响,通过衍射信号的信噪比和位移幅值两个计算指标来分析变化规律,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:数值模拟与试验结果有较好的一致性,相控阵激光源较传统单束激光源对衍射信号幅值和信噪比有明显的增强作用,纵波衍射信号信噪比较理想;衍射信号幅值随裂纹尖端奇异点增加和声波中心频率减小而增大;信噪比随尖端奇异点增加而增大,随声波中心频率一定范围增加无明显变化,随激光源距离的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;缺陷定量分析时计算出的裂纹长度与实际裂纹的误差均不超过6.8%。     

激励对柔性结构上设备振动传递率的影响

对机载仪器设备进行振动控制是提高其精度和寿命的重要手段。发动机、其它设备或者外部环境振动通过机体结构传递到机载设备。从这一实际出发,将机体结构建模为弹性梁,认为外部激励直接作用于梁结构,并通过隔振器传递到机载设备。运用子结构导纳法建立基础-隔振器-刚体系统动力学模型,推导出由基础结构通过隔振器传递到机器设备的速度传递率表达式,分析速度传递率随激励频率和激励施加位置变化规律,并通过试验进行验证。结果表明,基础梁的横向共振是导致传递率增大的主要原因;相对于基础梁非对称激励能激发更多基础结构弯曲共振模态;高频激励会引起隔振器纵向与弯曲共振产生驻波效应;推导出公式在100 Hz~1 000 Hz之间能够比较准确地反映传递率的变化。     

Multiaxial fretting fatigue testing and prediction for splined couplings

This paper presents a combined experimental and computational methodology for fretting fatigue life prediction of aeroengine splined couplings under combined loading cycles involving cyclic torque and axial load, as well as rotating bending and fluctuating torque. The experimental method is based on the concept of a simplified representative test, which mimics the multiaxial fretting conditions between spline teeth via biaxial loading of specially-designed bridge pads and a fatigue specimen. The numerical method is based on a three-dimensional finite element model of the test rig assembly, including frictional contact effects, along with a multiaxial, critical-plane fatigue parameter for crack nucleation followed by crack growth prediction in the Paris regime using El Haddad small crack correction. The prediction methodology is shown to successfully capture the effect of the key fretting fatigue stress, which mimics the spline rotating bending moment, on total fatigue life.     

受压旋转钻柱非线性动力学与分叉研究

在水平井钻井过程中,钻柱由于受压很容易发生横向振动,引发钻柱失效、井眼扩径等严重事故。该文将受压柔性旋转钻柱简化为柔性旋转梁,将钻柱受到的复杂载荷简化到柔性旋转梁系统中,基于vonKarman理论建立了柔性钻柱的动力学方程,再利用Galerkin法离散偏微分方程,得到了钻柱的非线性控制方程,并且利用多尺度法得到了平均方程。运用非线性动力学的方法分析柔性旋转梁在共振情况下的复杂动力学响应,得出系统中钻柱旋转角速度对非线性动力学响应的变化规律。研究结果可为水平井钻井过程中减少钻柱失效、提高钻速和降低钻井成本提供参考。