矩形窄缝通道内滑移汽泡生长及界面形态可视化研究

采用高速摄像仪从宽面和窄面观察窄缝通道中孤立汽泡区域内滑移汽泡生长以及滑移过程中汽泡界面形态的变化规律。研究结果表明,在拍摄窗口内滑移汽泡生长速率较小,小汽泡的生长速率略高于大汽泡的生长速率。从宽面观察,滑移汽泡呈近似球状;从窄面观察,平行于加热面方向的轴长略小于垂直于加热面方向上的轴长。总体来说,在本实验工况下,汽泡在滑动的过程中其前后接触角变化不大。     

竖直矩形窄缝通道内近壁汽泡生长和脱离研究

可视化研究窄缝通道内汽泡生长和脱离对于揭示窄缝通道内的沸腾传热机理具有重要意义。本文采用高速摄影仪从宽面和窄面可视化观察了常压条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡核化生长和脱离规律。研究结果表明，汽泡在核化点生长时，汽泡底部与加热面存在一小的接触面，总体而言，汽泡在生长过程中基本呈球状。在相同热工参数下，不同核化点处汽泡生长规律基本相同，但汽泡脱离直径相差较大。窄缝通道内汽泡生长速率小，脱离时间较长，可采用修正的Zuber公式预测窄缝通道内汽泡生长直径。在同一拍摄窗口内，统计分析了热工参数对汽泡平均脱离直径的影响规律。随热流密度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随入口欠热度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随主流速度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小。     

竖直矩形窄缝通道滑移汽泡聚合作用可视化实验研究

采用高速摄像仪从宽面和窄面立体可视化观察了滑移汽泡间的聚合特性。研究结果表明，在低热流密度孤立汽泡区域，近壁滑移汽泡间的聚合作用过程较快，聚合重新形成的汽泡仍沿加热面平行滑移；在滑移汽泡间开始相互作用的影响距离约是其平均直径的2倍，滑移汽泡间的聚合作用是一种积极的作用，共同使得滑移汽泡的运动速度增加，有利于该区域附近换热的提高。最后探讨了核化生长汽泡间的作用及其对汽泡浮升的影响。     

窄通道内的汽泡核化以及滑移汽泡的影响

针对不同压力下窄通道内的过冷流动沸腾汽泡核化进行了实验研究,通过高速摄影技术观察了汽泡的核化和滑移过程。实验结果表明,与常规通道有所不同,窄通道内的汽泡一般不会离开加热壁面而产生浮升现象,汽泡主要沿加热壁面进行滑移运动。不同压力条件下的汽泡核化有较大的差别,较低压力条件下汽泡核化点沿加热壁面分布比较均匀,而压力升高后的汽泡核化点主要集中在沸腾起始点附近,下游核化点数目则相对较少。核化点分布形式的不同主要是由不同压力下汽泡滑移特性的不同所导致的。     

基于CFD方法的矩形窄缝通道内过冷流动沸腾模型研究

板状燃料元件中的矩形窄缝通道具有宽高比大的几何特征,高度方向速度梯度大、分布陡峭,发生过冷沸腾时,近壁面汽泡运动行为将受其影响而改变,其中汽泡滑移现象对沸腾换热影响较大。本文针对矩形窄缝通道中的汽泡滑移行为,构建了包含滑移热流的壁面热流分配模型,并建立机理性的汽泡受力模型和滑移模型计算汽泡脱离直径、浮升直径和滑移距离等辅助参数,开发了一套适用于矩形窄缝通道内向上流动沸腾的壁面沸腾模型。选用Nuthel窄缝通道沸腾实验进行数值模拟验证,结果表明：本文模型可以较好地预测1～4 MPa中低压工况窄缝通道向上流动沸腾的壁面过热度,最大误差相比RPI模型由80%降低至17%;蒸发热流份额和近壁面空泡份额相比RPI模型更低。     

基于CFD方法的矩形窄缝通道内过冷流动沸腾模型研究

板状燃料元件中的矩形窄缝通道具有宽高比大的几何特征,高度方向速度梯度大、分布陡峭,发生过冷沸腾时,近壁面汽泡运动行为将受其影响而改变,其中汽泡滑移现象对沸腾换热影响较大。本文针对矩形窄缝通道中的汽泡滑移行为,构建了包含滑移热流的壁面热流分配模型,并建立机理性的汽泡受力模型和滑移模型计算汽泡脱离直径、浮升直径和滑移距离等辅助参数,开发了一套适用于矩形窄缝通道内向上流动沸腾的壁面沸腾模型。选用Nuthel窄缝通道沸腾实验进行数值模拟验证,结果表明：本文模型可以较好地预测1～4 MPa中低压工况窄缝通道向上流动沸腾的壁面过热度,最大误差相比RPI模型由80%降低至17%;蒸发热流份额和近壁面空泡份额相比RPI模型更低。     

矩形窄缝通道近壁汽泡滑移和浮升可视化实验研究

采用高速摄像仪从宽面和窄面拍摄、观察矩形窄缝通道内近壁汽泡滑移、浮升运动,发现在加热面倾斜朝上和竖直向下流动沸腾时汽泡易于浮升。汽泡浮升后,其运动速度迅速增加。由于浮升汽泡处于过冷流体中,其界面上发生冷凝,导致汽泡界面形状变化较大。基于可视化实验结果,从受力角度分析不同流动方式和加热面放置方式对近壁汽泡滑移和浮升的影响。     

窄缝通道内汽泡界面参数对脱离直径预测的影响

通过汽泡受力分析,构建窄缝通道内汽泡脱离直径预测模型。基于可视化实验获得的汽泡轴心倾斜角、前后接触角以及底部接触直径等数据,评价分析汽泡界面参数对脱离直径预测的影响,进而确定适用于本实验工况下窄缝通道内汽泡受力模型求解的界面输入参数,获得了窄缝通道汽泡脱离直径的预测值。利用竖直和倾斜条件下可视化实验获得的58个数据对汽泡脱离直径预测模型进行了验证,预测值和实验值符合较好。基于验证的汽泡脱离直径模型评估了各个力的地位和作用,应用分析了热工参数对汽泡脱离直径的影响。     

矩形窄缝过冷沸腾汽泡滑移起始点可视化初步研究

采用高速摄像仪对矩形窄缝汽泡滑移起始点进行了可视化实验初步研究.实验发现.在1.3mm的矩形窄缝中,汽泡滑移起始点在壁面上的分布呈抛物线形状,质量流密度、热流密度和系统压力对汽泡滑移起始点位置影响较大;表面粗糙度和流体波动对汽泡滑移起始点位置和滑移起始点汽泡尺寸大小有较为明显影响.     

起伏运动对矩形窄缝通道内汽泡直径分布的影响

为进一步探明起伏条件下过冷沸腾两相流相分布特性,采用高速摄像技术和数字成像分析技术,对静止和起伏条件下窄缝通道内汽泡进行可视化实验研究.实验结果表明:随着起伏频率增加,各相位间流道内汽泡直径变化增大.在相同的起伏条件下,增加质量流速将减小各相位间汽泡直径波动幅度.文中给出汽泡平均直径随起伏运动波动幅值的预测关系式,预测结果平均相对偏差为±19.1％.     

Modeling of low-pressure subcooled boiling flow of water via the homogeneous MUSIG approach

Applying a three-dimensional two-fluid model coupled with homogeneous multiple size group (MUSIG) approach, numerical simulations of upward subcooled boiling flow of water at low pressure were performed on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code CFX-10 with user defined FORTRAN program. A modified bubble departure diameter correlation based on the Unal's semi-mechanistic model and the empirical correlation of Tolubinski and Kostanchuk was developed. The water boiling flow experiments at low pressure in a vertical concentric annulus from reference were used to validate the models. Moreover, the influences of the non-drag force on the radial void fraction distribution were investigated, including lift force, turbulent dispersion force and wall lubrication force. Good quantitative agreement with the experimental data is obtained, including the local distribution of bubble diameter, void fraction, and axial liquid velocity. The results indicate that the local bubble diameter first increases and then decreases due to the effect of bubble breakup and coalescence, and has the maximum bubble diameter along the radial direction. Especially, the peak void fraction phenomenon in the vicinity of the heated wall is predicted at low pressure, which is developed from the wall repulsive force between vapor bubbles and heated wall. Nevertheless, there is a high discrepancy for the prediction of the local axial vapor velocity.     

The growth of sub-critical bubbles on grain boundaries

A coalescence model is developed for the production of creep cavity nuclei. Small pre-existing bubbles situated in the grain boundary are swept by the dislocations responsible for grain-boundary sliding. The bubble motion induced by the dislocations results in bubbles continuously impinging and coalescing. The distribution of bubble sizes is calculated and the nucleus spacing is found for that part of the distribution with sizes above the critical radius. The spacing of nuclei is related to the high-temperature creep ductility of irradiated metals.     

钛中氦泡融合的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学方法模拟了金属钛中氦泡的融合,分析了氦泡融合对金属微结构的影响,对比了氦泡在金属块体内部与接近金属表面处融合的异同。研究表明:在金属块体内部,两氦泡的融合会在其周围诱发很多缺陷且范围逐渐扩大;直径均为1.77nm的两氦泡的融合会在二者周围形成位错环,位错环内金属原子的排列与基底的一致;两氦泡发生融合后由哑铃状向椭球形演化。在接近金属表面处,由氦泡融合诱发的缺陷易于向金属表面移动,氦泡周围的金属易于向晶体结构恢复;两氦泡发生融合后由哑铃状向半球形演化。     

On the modelling of bubbly flow in vertical pipes

To qualify CFD codes for two-phase flows, they have to be equipped with constitutive models standing for the interaction between the gaseous and the liquid phases. In case of bubbly flow this particularly concerns the forces acting on the bubbles and bubble coalescence and break-up. Applying a two fluid approach, besides the drag forces describing the momentum exchange in flow direction, the non-drag forces acting perpendicular to the flow direction play an important role for the development of the flow structure. Gas–liquid flow in vertical pipes is a very good object for studying the corresponding phenomena. Here, the bubbles move under clear boundary conditions, resulting in a shear field of nearly constant structure where the bubbles rise for a comparatively long time. The evolution of the flow within the pipe depends on a very complex interaction between bubble forces and bubble coalescence and break-up, e.g. the lift-force, which strongly influences the radial distribution of the bubbles, changes its sign depending on the bubble diameter. The consequence is the radial separation of small and large bubbles. Neglecting this phenomenon, models are not able to describe the correct flow structure. Extensive experiments measuring the radial gas volume fraction distribution, the bubble size distribution and the radial residence of bubbles dependent on their size were determined for different distances from the gas injection. Basing on these experiments the applicability and the limits for the simulation of bubble flow with current CFD-codes are demonstrated, using the simulation of vertical pipe flow with CFX-4 as an example. Using a simplified model focusing particularly on the radial phenomena described above, parametric studies were conducted. They give an indication for necessary improvements of the codes. Finally a possible way for the improvement of the CFD-codes is shown.     

Numerical study of a bubble plume generated by bubble entrainment from an impinging jet

The current paper presents the prediction results of a bubbly flow under plunging jet conditions using multiphase mono- and poly-dispersed approaches. The models consider interfacial momentum transfer terms arising from drag, lift, and turbulent dispersion force for the different bubble sizes. The turbulence is modeled by an extended k–? model which accounts for bubble induced turbulence. Furthermore in case of a poly-dispersed air–water flow the bubble size distribution, bubble break-up and coalescence processes as well as different gas velocities in dependency on the bubble diameter are taken into account using the Inhomogeneous MUSIG model. This model is a generalized inhomogeneous multiple size group model based on the Eulerian modeling framework which was developed in the framework of a cooperative work between ANSYS-CFX and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD). The latter is now implemented into the CFD code CFX.According to the correlation on the lateral lift force obtained by Tomiyama (1998); this force changes its sign in dependence on the bubble size. Consequently the entrained small bubbles are trapped below the jet. They can escape from the bubble plume only by turbulent fluctuations or by coalescence. If the size of the bubbles generated by coalescence exceeds the size at which the lift force changes its sign these large bubbles go out from the plume and rise to the surface.A turbulent model based on an additional source term for turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence eddy dissipation equation is compared to the common concept for modeling the turbulence quantities proposed by Sato et al. (1981). It has been found that the large bubble distribution is slightly affected by the turbulence modeling which affects particularly the bubble coalescence and break-up process.     

棒束定位格架两相CFD模拟方法研究

考虑气泡合并分裂,采用MUSIG模型,对3×3格架内空气-水两相分布进行计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟研究发现,计算对入口两相分布预计不敏感,但对气泡直径大小敏感;在定位格架下游不远处,空泡份额分布由较小直径气泡起主导作用,格架下游较远处,空泡份额分布由较大直径气泡起主导作用。考虑空气-水两相流量、几何条件和压力对气泡直径的影响,本文提出针对棒束定位格架的数值模拟气泡最大直径设置关系式,并对模型选取和模拟方法给出建议。计算表明空泡份额分布曲线形状与峰值均和实验符合较好,该模拟方法能合理预测复杂通道两相数值分布。     

近壁滑移汽泡沸腾换热机理研究进展

在沸腾换热机理研究中,近壁滑移汽泡的研究日益受到广泛的重视.但是,近壁滑移汽泡的研究还远未成熟.本文探讨了近些年来滑移汽泡换热机理方面的最新研究进展.论述了滑移汽泡的动力特性和换热机制;总结了近壁滑移汽泡的换热机理模型及其计算方法.指出了近壁滑移汽泡动力特性所需要继续深入研究的内容,初步构建了近壁滑移汽泡换热机理模型.最后对近壁滑移汽泡的研究方向提出了建议.     

Isotopic separation of Lithium using Inorganic Ion Exchangers

The authors have been investigating geysering, which may appear during start-up of a natural circulation boiling reactor. From the results, it became clear that a large slug bubble covering the entire channel and its condensation in the upper plenum were indispensable for geysering to occur. In this work, an image processing unit has been developed in order to measure the coalescence process of multiple slug bubbles. The proposed system was used to measure the coalescence process of multiple slug bubbles flow in vertical circular channel on air-water system. It was shown that a following slug bubble was influenced by the preceding slug bubble as the distance between the slug bubbles became 5 times inner channel diameter. The rise velocity of the following slug bubble increased due to the pressure drop induced by the wake behind the preceding slug bubble. The bubbles coalesced together in a fraction of a second.