研究堆用自然循环阀样机实验验证

自然循环阀是研究堆停堆后利用自然循环方式实现堆芯余热排除的重要设备之一。研究堆用自然循环阀采用了特殊本体结构和10．5m长的远传操纵杆,以满足堆用自然循环阀的性能要求。为获得自然循环阀真实的阻力特性,并验证其动作可靠性,在模拟实验回路上对自然循环阀样机的密封性能、水力特性和操作机构可靠性进行了实验验证。结果表明：研究堆用自然循环阀样机性能及其可靠性满足了工程设计要求。     

DHR-200池式低温供热堆SBO-ATWS事故及自然循环能力分析

DHR-200池式低温供热堆(简称DHR-200池式堆)设计有自然循环瓣阀,为检验其安全性,选取典型的全厂断电叠加紧急停堆系统失效(SBO-ATWS)事故,使用RELAP5程序对其热工水力参数瞬态特性及其自然循环能力进行分析。结果表明,DHR-200池式堆具有很好的负温度反应性反馈效应,即SBO-ATWS事故后,由于燃料和冷却剂温度升高,引入负反应性,可使反应堆实现热停堆;事故后,通过非能动方式开启自然循环瓣阀,可建立稳定的自然循环,将堆芯衰变热导出至堆水池内,验证了DHR-200池式堆的固有安全性。     

熔融物堆内滞留条件下压力容器外部自然循环特征分析

基于一维稳态两相分离流模型,并引入低流速过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点方法,建立熔融物堆内滞留(IVR)条件下的两相流动数值计算模型,以获取两相流真实含气率。通过对比ULPU-V试验中自然循环流量,验证数值计算模型预测结果的准确性。针对AP1000堆型,分析几何结构参数和热工参数对其IVR策略中自然循环流量的影响。分析结果显示,冷却水过冷度、流道间隙、堆腔淹没水位、流道入口面积和出口阻力系数对自然循环过程有着不同程度的影响,自然循环稳态流量呈现出不同的变化趋势。     

中国先进研究堆稳态自然循环能力分析

针对中国先进研究堆(CARR)的结构和运行特点,开发了CARR自然循环能力计算程序,计算得到了不同池水温度条件下CARR自然循环能力,并分析了池水温度对CARR自然循环特性的影响:自然循环冷却剂流量随池水温度的升高而增大,但自然循环能力(带走的堆芯功率)随池水温度升高而降低.基于理论推导和程序计算结果,提出了一个适用于预测不同池水温度下CARR自然循环流量和堆芯功率的简单关系式,该关系式预测值与程序计算结果误差小于±10%.     

低干度自然循环流量漂移的特征曲线图谱分析

在5MW低温核供热堆全模拟试验回路(HRTL-5)上,实验观察到了低干度自然循环条件下的流量漂移现象.通过一个考虑了加热段欠热沸腾、上升段冷凝、闪蒸等物理过程的两相流动数学模型,编制了相应的计算程序,获得了自然循环特征曲线图谱及其运行曲线,确定了自然循环分岔图和静态不稳定边界图,进而提出了通过自然循环特征曲线图谱研究流量漂移的分析方法.分析表明:特征曲线图谱方法是研究自然循环静态不稳定的有效手段.增大系统压力、减小热流密度、增加入口单相阻力、减小出口两相阻力有利于避免自然循环流量漂移的发生.     

低压低干度自然循环流量漂移分析

在 5MW核供热堆全尺寸全参数模拟试验回路HRTL 5上进行的实验中 ,观察到在一定条件下系统发生静态流量漂移的同时 ,伴随动态流量振荡。本文总结了HRTL 5模拟试验回路上的实验研究结果 ,分析了低压低干度自然循环系统的特点、欠热沸腾和闪蒸的作用机理 ,较完整地描述了自然循环流量漂移的整个过程。分析结果表明 :1 )在自然循环系统中 ,欠热沸腾和闪蒸对流动稳定性具有重要作用 ;2 )自然循环流量漂移是一个长热工过程 ,动态振荡也可以发生在静态流量漂移过程中 ;3 )在静态流量漂移的发生、发展并向动态振荡转变的过程中 ,先是欠热沸腾占主导地位 ,然后逐渐转变为闪蒸占主导地位 ,最后主要表现为密度波振荡的形式。自然循环流量漂移对 5MW堆的设计、安全分析以及升级开发具有重要价值。     

先进PWR堆腔淹没情况下的自然循环研究

在先进压水堆核电厂中,堆腔注水是重要的严重事故管理措施之一。采用RELAP5程序对堆腔淹没情况下反应堆压力容器(RPV)外壁与保温层间隙内的自然循环进行研究。通过对韩国APR1400堆腔注水系统实验的模拟,证明RELAP5程序模拟此类自然循环的适用性。对美国AP1000堆腔自然循环的分析表明,保温层间隙内建立的自然循环有足够的热量排出能力,可以有效防止RPV下封头的热失效。敏感性分析结果表明,冷却水入口面积越大,自然循环的流量越大;为了使产生的蒸汽顺利排出以建立稳定的自然循环,汽-水出口面积应足够大,且汽-水出口应布置在不会被堆腔水淹没的位置;在堆腔注水措施的实施中,应保证堆腔被淹没到足够高的位置以提供足够的循环静压驱动力。     

ORNL 10MW熔盐实验堆(MSRE)排盐罐冷却系统热工水力特性分析

熔盐堆以液态熔盐为燃料,停堆后熔盐排入排盐罐中,余热排出系统利用排盐罐中冷却套管内的循环冷却水将余热导出。本文针对美国10 MW熔盐实验堆(MSRE)排盐罐套管式换热元件的结构特点,分析了套管气隙层宽度以及冷却水上升环腔宽度对系统功率、自然循环过程等的影响。计算结果表明,当气隙层宽度在3.1–5.1 mm时,系统冷却功率及循环流量相差均在5%内,对系统影响不大;当冷却水上升环腔宽度从3.6mm增至5.1 mm时,系统循环流量从1.9 kg/s增至4.79 kg/s,换热功率变化不明显。     

小型自然循环铅基快堆固有安全性分析研究

自然循环反应堆一回路运行不需要设置驱动泵,具有结构简单、经济性好、固有安全性高等特点,是开发高安全性反应堆的重要发展方向。铅基冷却剂(铅或铅铋合金)的密度是水10倍以上,在相同温差下,铅基冷却剂的密度差比水更大,具有更好的自然循环能力,是设计自然循环反应堆的理想冷却剂。目前,国内外学者关于小型自然循环铅基快堆的研究主要集中于概念设计研究,关于该堆型的固有安全性研究较少,相关事故演化机理尚未明晰。本文在系统介绍小型自然循环铅基快堆的技术特点和研究现状的基础上,开展100 MW_(th)级小型自然循环铅基快堆无保护事故分析,深入探讨在极端假设事故工况下小型自然循环铅基快堆的固有安全性,为相关设计研究提供参考。     

中国先进研究堆自然循环两相流动不稳定性分析

应用均相流模型对中国先进研究堆自然循环两相流动不稳定性进行数值分析计算，获得了自然循环不稳定性边界，分析了流量、压降、壁温、流体温度以及沸腾边界等参数在不稳定工况下的变化。研究结果为中国先进研究堆的安全运行和事故分析提供了重要参考。     

Analysis of SBO-ATWS Accident and Natural Circulation Capacity of DHR-200 Pool Type Low Temperature Heating Reactor

DHR-200 Pool Type Low Temperature Heating Reactor (DHR-200) was designed with natural circulation flap valve. In order to examine the safety of the DHR-200, the RELAP5 code was used to analyze the transient thermal-hydraulic characteristics and the natural circulation capacity under the station blackout anticipated transient without scram (SBO-ATWS). The results show that DHR-200 has enough negative temperature reactivity feedback effect. With the rising of the temperatures of the fuel and the coolant, finally the reactor can be shut down by the effect of the negative temperature reactivity feedback effect. After the accident, the natural circulation flap valve will be opened by passive means to establish a stable natural circulation, and then the residual heat of the core can be removed to pool of the reactor. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the DHR-200 has good inherent safety features.     

Analysis of hot leg natural circulation under station blackout severe accident

Under severe accidents, natural circulation flows are important to influence the accident progression and result in a pressurized water reactor （PWR）. In a station blackout accident with no recovery of steam generator （SG） auxiliary feedwater （TMLB＇ severe accident scenario）, the hot leg countercurrent natural circulation flow is analyzed by using a severe-accident code, to better understand its potential impacts on the creep-rupture timing among the surge line, the hot leg, and SG tubes. The results show that the natural circulation may delay the failure time of the hot leg. The recirculation ratio and the hot mixing factor are also calculated and discussed.     

立式倒U型管蒸汽发生器倒流现象及初步分析

文章涉及中国核动力研究设计院自然循环实验装置单相稳态自然循环实验过程中立式倒U型管蒸汽发生器(UTSG)模拟体一次侧流体的流动特性。实验观察到：1)UTSG模拟体进口腔室压力低于出口腔室压力；2)UTSG模拟体入口腔室温度较热段温度有一陡降。通过对该实验现象的分析可以判定，在单相自然循环工况下，UTSG模拟体中某些传热管内出现了倒流。实验结果表明，倒流的出现使UTSG模拟体自然循环工况下的流动阻力系数较强迫循环工况下的明显增大。      

Flow characteristics of natural circulation in a lead–bismuth eutectic loop

Lead and lead-alloys are proposed in future advanced nuclear system as coolant and spallation target.To test the natural circulation and gas-lift and obtain thermal-hydraulics data for computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and system code validation, a lead–bismuth eutectic rectangular loop, the KYLIN-Ⅱ Thermal Hydraulic natural circulation test loop, has been designed and constructed by the FDS team. In this paper, theoretical analysis on natural circulation thermal-hydraulic performance is described and the steady-state natural circulation experiment is performed. The results indicated that the natural circulation capability depends on the loop resistance and the temperature and center height differences between the hot and cold legs. The theoretical analysis results agree well with,while the CFD deviate from, the experimental results.     

Flow characteristics of natural circulation in a lead-bismuth eutectic loop

Lead and lead-alloys are proposed in future advanced nuclear system as coolant and spallation target.To test the natural circulation and gas-lift and obtain thermal-hydraulics data for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and system code validation,a lead-bismuth eutectic rectangular loop,the KYLIN-Ⅱ Thermal Hydraulic natural circulation test loop,has been designed and constructed by the FDS team.In this paper,theoretical analysis on natural circulation thermal-hydraulic performance is described and the steady-state natural circulation experiment is performed.The results indicated that the natural circulation capability depends on the loop resistance and the temperature and center height differences between the hot and cold legs.The theoretical analysis results agree well with,while the CFD deviate from,the experimental results.     

Method of Estimating Liquid Velocity in Hot Leg during Reflux Cooling of Natural Circulation in Pressurized Water Reactor

Natural circulation in a PWR has considerable attention since the TMI-2 accident as an alternative cooling method or recovery technique from certain kinds of accidents or transients involving a loss of pumped circulation. Among the three modes of natural circulation (i.e. single-phase, two-phase and reflux cooling), reflux cooling has not been well investigated in a PWR configuration. The present study was thus focused on reflux cooling of natural circulation and analytical method was developed to estimate the liquid velocity of the condensed liquid in a hot leg of a PWR.

The results of the present study showed that the liquid velocity and the liquid thickness are estimated as 2.7 m/s and 3.0 cm, respectively, at the hot leg inlet from the upper plenum for the typical PWR reflux condition (2% core power at 6.9 MPa). Therefore it was concluded that a flow-blockage of the steam flow from the core by the condensed liquid flow is unlikely to occur in a hot leg. The results are also useful for designing a special instrumentation for measuring the condensed liquid flow rate and the liquid thickness in an experimental test facility for reflux cooling test.     

Passive cooldown performance of a 65 MW integral reactor

Advanced integral-type pressurized water reactor with a maximum thermal power of 65 MW is under development at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). This 65 MW integral reactor incorporates a number of innovative design features. In the case of a transient, the passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) is designed to cool the reactor coolant system (RCS) from a normal operation condition to a hot shutdown condition by a natural circulation, and the shutdown cooling system (SCS) is designed to cool the primary system from a hot shutdown condition to a refueling condition by a forced circulation. A realistic calculation has been carried out by using the TASS/SMR code and a sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate a passive cooldown capability for various system conditions such as natural and forced circulation conditions for the reactor coolant system or the passive residual heat removal system, and number of active PRHRS trains. The reactor coolant system and the passive residual heat removal system adequately remove the core decay heat by a natural circulation and the 65 MW integral reactor can cool the coolant to the SCS entry condition in the primary system for all the possible operational conditions.     

Effect of inlet geometry on hot-leg U-bend two-phase natural circulation in a loop with a large diameter pipe

In relation to nuclear reactor accident and safety studies, experiments on hot-leg U-bend two-phase natural circulation in a loop with a relatively large diameter pipe (10.2 cm ID) was performed for understanding the two-phase natural circulation and flow termination during a small break loss of coolant accident in LWR. The loop design was based on the scaling criteria developed under this program and a horizontal section was inserted between the gas injector and the hot leg in order to investigate the effect of the vapor phase inlet section on the flow regimes and flow interruption. The loop was operated either in a natural circulation mode or in a forced circulation mode using nitrogen gas and water. Various tests were carried out to establish the basic mechanism of the flow termination as well as to obtain essential information on scale effects of various parameters such as the loop frictional resistance, thermal center, and pipe diameter. The void distribution in a hot leg, flow regime and natural circulation rate were measured in detail for various conditions. The termination of the natural circulation occurred when there was insufficient hydrostatic head in the downcomer side. The superficial gas velocity at the flow termination could be predicted well by the simple model derived from a force balance between the frictional pressure drop along the loop and the hydrostatic head difference. The bubbly-to-slug flow transition was found to be dependent on axial locations. It turned out that the inlet geometry affected the flow regime at the inlet of the hot leg, namely the void distribution in the hot leg.