全厂断电严重事故自然循环和蠕变失效分析

使用MELCOR 2.1程序建立ACP1000自然循环模型,选取全厂断电叠加辅助给水丧失严重事故(TMLB'),分析主冷却剂管道热段和蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管自然循环现象,采用蠕变失效模型评价主冷却剂系统(RCS)部件失效时间。结果表明,压力容器(RPV)出口接管比有裂纹的SG最热传热管先失效。     

全厂断电引发的严重事故下蒸汽发生器传热管蠕变失效风险研究

全厂断电引发的严重事故若处置不当,可能发展为长期、高压的严重事故进程,此时堆芯冷却系统中的自然循环在导出部分堆芯余热的同时,也增加了蒸汽发生器（SG）传热管、稳压器波动管以及热管段出现蠕变失效的风险。本文基于两环路设计的秦山二期核电厂设计特点,结合蠕变失效风险模型,对全厂断电引发的严重事故后未能执行“严重事故管理导则中向蒸汽发生器注水（SAG-1）”时SG传热管的蠕变失效风险进行了研究,从而为全厂断电引发的严重事故的负面影响提供量化结果,为技术支持中心（TSC）最终决策提供参考依据。分析结果表明,全厂断电引发的严重事故后16 361 s可能出现蠕变失效;自事故后16 610 s,SG传热管出现蠕变失效的可能性均远低于稳压器波动管与热管段,秦山二期核电厂全厂断电引发的严重事故下因SG传热管蠕变失效而导致安全壳旁通的风险很小。     

气溶胶模型对安全壳旁路释放类事故源项的影响

本文开发了针对蒸汽发生器(SG)二次侧复杂流道结构的气溶胶沉积模型,并移植在核电厂一体化严重事故分析程序中。并以600 MW压水堆核电厂为研究对象,基于原模型与新开发的SG二次侧气溶胶沉积模型,对蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故(SGTR)源项进行了计算,并对新模型对安全壳旁路释放类的影响进行了分析。结果表明,采用新的二次侧气溶胶沉积模型后将会有更多的气溶胶沉积在SG二次侧,新开发的SG二次侧气溶胶沉积模型导致安全壳旁路释放类中对环境释放份额减少26.6%~71.1%。     

SGTR事故SG满溢分析扩展研究

采用热工水力系统程序进行核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故蒸汽发生器（SG）满溢分析,验证在该事故下SG不会发生满溢;对SGTR事故进行扩展研究,考虑多种传热管破裂情况,包括单根传热管双端断裂、多根传热管双端断裂和传热管破口,并将3种情况的分析结果进行比较,给出SGTR事故最极限的工况。研究结果表明,单根传热管双端断裂工况下,SG不会发生满溢,且与其他2种工况相比满溢裕量最小,在所有分析工况中最极限。      

蒸汽发生器传热管诱发破裂风险评估

蒸汽发生器传热管的诱发破裂是核电厂二级概率安全分析(PSA)中要重点评价的严重事故现象之一。首先识别引起该事故的关键因素,对此建立事故进程事件树(APET),并通过风险导向的事故分析方法(ROAAM),结合热工-水力计算和参数抽样,确定APET中重要现象节点的发生概率,定量评估堆芯损坏严重事故阶段诱发蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故的发生频率和条件概率,并对降低SGTR风险的设计特征进行讨论。     

蒸汽发生器传热管动态特性研究

蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管束受二次侧横向流动流体的激励而产生的振动,是引起SG传热管失效的主要原因之一,传热管的固有频率和振型是进行流致振动响应分析评价的关键因素。采用理论分析与试验相结合的方式对ZH-65型SG的传热管开展动态特性研究,获得了传热管的固有频率和振型。试验值和计算值的相对偏差在8%以内。     

压力诱发SGTR的概率计算方法探讨

诱发蒸汽发生器传热管破裂现象对核电厂堆芯损伤和放射性早期大量释放风险有非常大的影响。准确地对诱发蒸汽发生器传热管断裂概率进行计算和定值对正确认知核电厂的核安全风险非常重要。文章调研了已有压力诱发蒸汽发生器传热管破裂概率的取值计算方法,通过对不同取值计算方法的对比分析,结合国内实际情况,提出了一套较为合理可行的压力诱发蒸汽发生器传热管破裂概率的计算方法。文章推荐的诱发蒸汽发生器传热管破裂数据采集和分析计算方法为后续国内核电厂概率安全分析应用和安全监管提供了参考。     

基于RELAP5的大功率非能动核电厂SGTR事故分析研究

本文应用RELAP5/mod3.3程序对大功率非能动核电厂进行建模,开展了蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故(SGTR)分析研究,研究就事故造成的最大质量释放和破损SG最大水体积两种工况分别进行了计算。通过对两种工况计算结果的分析,发现虽然在不同工况条件下,系统参数变化和事故发展序列存在一定差异,但总体来讲,在SGTR事故过程中即使操纵员不干预,大功率非能动核电厂保护系统和非能动设计措施将会触发自动的响应措施,可终止蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管的泄漏,并将反应堆冷却剂系统(RCS)稳定在安全状态,能够防止SG发生满溢和自动降压系统动作,最终使放射性后果在可接受剂量水平限值范围内。     

基于全范围模拟机对压水堆MSLB叠加SGTR事故分析

主蒸汽管道断裂事故叠加蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故属于核电厂超设计基准事故。为研究国内M310系列机组对该种事故的处理能力,采用了以宁德核电厂1号机为原型的全范围模拟机对此次事故进程进行模拟,选择了放射性释放较为恶劣的蒸汽管道破口(MSLB)叠加100根蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故,并应用了最新的SOP规程中的操纵员动作以缓解事故后果,分析了事故发生后一回路压力、蒸汽发生器压力、堆芯出口温度以及一次侧至二次侧破口流量的变化。分析结果表明了在核电厂自动动作和操纵员有效及时干预下,在一定情况下可以避免进入严重事故中,最终可以处于安全可控状态。     

浅论核电厂蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故与SG二次侧水质控制

蒸汽发生器(SG)是核电厂关键设备之一，是一、二回路共用设备。发生蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故时，一回路冷却剂通过SG流入二回路而造成一回路冷却剂丧失。SGTR可能导致堆芯损坏，并造成放射性向环境释放。控制SG二次侧水质是确保SG传热管完好性、防止SGTR事故发生的有效措施，也是涉及到SG使用寿命的问题。本文旨在通过探讨SGTR发生的主要原因，强调SG二次侧水质控制的重要性，以及核电厂应提高SG水质监测标准、加大水处理力度的必要性。     

Prediction of structural integrity of steam generator tubes under severe accident conditions

Available models for predicting failure of flawed and unflawed steam generator tubes under normal operating and design-basis accident conditions are reviewed. These rate-independent flow stress models are inadequate for predicting failure of steam generator tubes under severe accident conditions because the temperature of the tubes during such accidents can reach as high as 800°C where creep effects become important. Therefore, a creep rupture model for predicting failure was developed and validated by tests on unflawed and flawed specimens containing axial and circumferential flaws and loaded by constant as well as ramped temperature and pressure loadings. Finally, tests were conducted using pressure and temperature histories that are calculated to occur during postulated severe accidents. In all cases, the creep rupture model predicted the failure temperature and time more accurately than the flow stress models.     

小型压水堆严重事故下一回路承压管道蠕变预测分析模型开发

一回路承压管道蠕变是压水堆核电厂严重事故重要现象之一。针对小型压水堆,本文基于SCDAP/RELAP5程序开发了严重事故分析模型,利用实验拟合方法得到了一回路主管道(SA321)、自然循环式蒸汽发生器传热管(00Cr25Ni35Al Ti)两种材料蠕变预测分析模型,改进了SCDAP/RELAP5程序蠕变预测分析功能模块,并通过假想事故序列验证了SA321、00Cr25Ni35Al Ti蠕变预测分析模型的合理性。为后续开展小型压水堆严重事故下一回路承压管道蠕变规律研究提供基础参考。     

严重事故下蠕变诱发RCS破裂的概率评估

严重事故下一回路管道可能会发生蠕变失效,若出现蠕变诱发的蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）,则会导致安全壳旁路失效;若出现蠕变诱发热段或波动管的失效,则产生的破口将会使一回路迅速卸压。因此,评估严重事故下蠕变诱发反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）破裂的可能性是开展严重事故分析、特别是二级概率安全分析（PSA）的重要基础。本工作基于蠕变失效模型,考虑传热管的缺陷,建立了评价蠕变诱发RCS破裂的确定论模型。在此基础上,运用拉丁超立方体抽样方法,考虑重要参数的不确定性,开发了严重事故下蠕变诱发RCS破裂的概率评估程序。随后对典型的事故序列进行了蠕变诱发RCS破裂的概率评估。结果表明,对于高压事故序列,存在一定的蠕变诱发SGTR概率,也存在较高的蠕变诱发热段或波动管失效概率。     

直流蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故分析

通过对直流蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故的分析,可看出RELAP5瞬态分析程序能较好地模拟一体化反应堆在SGTR事故后的事件响应序列及主要热工水力现象,例如环路的不对称效应、主回路的自然循环等。一体化反应堆在发生SGTR事故后,可通过一系列安全与保护系统的动作得到有效缓解,并最终能应用非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）的自然循环导出堆芯余热,使反应堆处于安全状态。同时,受事故影响蒸汽发生器压力在PRHRS投入运行后会快速升高,最终与一回路压力相平衡,此后,破口处的泄漏也会终止。此外,本文还研究了破口处临界流量及其积分流量结果不确定性的影响因素,其中主要考虑了采用不同的临界流模型和破口建模方式等两个方面。     

Detailed Evaluation of RCS Boundary Rupture during High-Pressure Severe Accident Sequences

A depressurization possibility of the reactor coolant system (RCS) before a reactor vessel rupture during a high-pressure severe accident sequence has been evaluated for the consideration of direct containment heating (DCH) and containment bypass. A total loss of feed water (TLOFW) and a station blackout (SBO) of the advanced power reactor 1400 (APR1400) has been evaluated from an initiating event to a creep rupture of the RCS boundary by using the SCDAP/RELAP5 computer code. In addition, intentional depressurization of the RCS using power-operated safety relief valves (POSRVs) has been evaluated. The SCDAPRELAP5 results have shown that the pressurizer surge line broke before the reactor vessel rupture failure, but a containment bypass did not occur because steam generator U tubes did not break. The intentional depressurization of the RCS using POSRV was effective for the DCH prevention at a reactor vessel rupture.     

Estimation of temperature-induced reactor coolant system and steam generator tube creep rupture probability under high-pressure severe accident conditions

A severe accident has inherently significant uncertainties due to the complex phenomena and wide range of conditions. Because of its high temperature and pressure, performing experimental validation and practical application are extremely difficult. With these difficulties, there has been few experimental researches performed and there is no plant-specific experimental data. Instead, computer codes have been developed to simulate the accident and have been used conservative assumptions and margins. This study is an effort to reduce the uncertainty in the probabilistic safety assessment and produce a realistic and physical-based failure probability. The methodology was developed and applied to the OPR1000. The creep rupture failure probabilities of reactor coolant system (RCS) components were evaluated under a station blackout severe accident with all powers lost and no recovery of steam generator auxiliary feed-water. The MELCOR 1.8.6 code was used to obtain the plant-specific pressure and temperature history of each part of the RCS and the creep rupture failure times were calculated by the rate-dependent creep rupture model with the plant-specific data.     

Steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) scenarios

The steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) scenarios project was carried out in the EU 5th framework programme in the field of nuclear safety during years 2000–2002. The first objective of the project was to generate a comprehensive database on fission product retention in a steam generator. The second objective was to verify and develop predictive models to support accident management interventions in steam generator tube rupture sequences, which either directly lead to severe accident conditions or are induced by other sequences leading to severe accidents. The models developed for fission product retention were to be included in severe accident codes. In addition, it was shown that existing models for turbulent deposition, which is the dominating deposition mechanism in dry conditions and at high flow rates, contain large uncertainties. The results of the project are applicable to various pressurised water reactors, including vertical steam generators (western PWR) and horizontal steam generators (VVER).     

Development of accumulator computational aid for determining RCS injection volume

Reactor coolant system (RCS) injection using accumulator is an important strategy for both emergency operating procedure (EOP) and severe accident management guideline (SAMG) of pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant. Once accumulator injection starts, the operator is requested to close the accumulator isolation valve to avoid nitrogen gas flow into RCS as the water level is low. Current accumulator water level indication system is not designed for this purpose. In emergency operating procedure, it relies on the steam generator pressure to close the accumulator isolation valve.The purpose of this paper is to develop a computational aid for estimating RCS injection volume of accumulator. First of all, simple accumulator model is verified using the plant data during a station blackout incident of Maanshan nuclear power plant. An isentropic expansion model is found better than adiabatic expansion model. Then, a computational aid is developed based on this model. Using this computational aid, the accumulator water level can be judged directly from the accumulator pressure. This computational aid can be applied for typical PWR nuclear power plants in both emergency operating procedure and severe accident management guideline.     

模块式小堆超压风险及设计优化研究

模块式小堆采用带直流蒸汽发生器（OTSG）的一体化堆芯设计。OTSG具有传热面积大、设备体积小、蒸汽品质高的优点,然而因其二次侧水装量小、热惯性差,当反应堆发生二次侧排热减少时,反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）可能存在超压风险。紧凑的一体化布置使得堆芯应对冷却剂受热膨胀的能力减弱,进一步增大RCS超压风险。本文采用RELAP5程序对模块式小堆的超压风险进行了研究。研究结果表明,模块式小堆在二次侧排热减少事故中会出现RCS超压现象,其中汽轮机事故停机导致的超压后果最为严重。波动管的流通面积对于RCS压力有着显著影响,合理地设计波动管流通面积可缓解RCS超压。     

Structural analysis of electrosleeved tubes under severe accident transients

A flow stress model was developed for predicting failure of electrosleeved PWR steam generator tubing under severe accident transients. The electrosleeve, which is nanocrystalline pure nickel, loses its strength at temperatures greater than 400°C during severe accidents because of grain growth. A grain growth model and the Hall–Petch relationship were used to calculate the loss of flow stress as a function of time and temperature during the accident. Available tensile test data, as well as high-temperature failure tests, on notched electrosleeved tube specimens were used to derive the basic parameters of the failure model. The model was used to predict the failure temperatures of electrosleeved tubes with throughwall and part-throughwall axial cracks in the parent tube during a postulated severe accident transient.