基于时空域变换和动态预测的光栅信号细分方法

为了提高光栅信号的细分倍数和细分精度,提出一种基于时空域变换和动态预测的光栅信号细分方法。根据光栅栅距与电信号周期的对应关系,利用该电信号过零点触发时间采样,完成空间基准向时间序列的转化。通过时间序列分析建立动态预测模型,预测下一个采样时间,并在预测时间内发送光栅信号细分脉冲。实验表明,细分倍数为400和800时的角位移细分误差均为±1. 2″,且光栅运动加速度及其变化率越小,细分误差越小。     

空间精密位移信号软细分方法研究

为了解决高精度数控装备对位移传感器高分辨力反馈的需求,本文提出通过对空域信号特征的分析,从时空变换理论模型的角度去研究位移测量问题;利用光栅周期性栅线作为等空间位置触发位置采样建立空间序列模型;通过对光栅莫尔条纹信号自适应预测细分模型阶数与系数估计算法完成光栅莫尔条纹信号细分。实验结果证明此方法可以实现光栅莫尔条纹400倍细分,细分精度优于信号周期的±1%。此细分方法利用光栅刻划精度,信号细分精度与光栅信号波形质量无关,在不增加硬件的条件下实现光栅莫尔条纹精密细分,具有重要实际应用价值。     

基于时空转换原理的光栅莫尔信号数字细分

光栅测量的分辨率受限于光栅盘的刻划间距,需通过电子细分等方法提高其测量精度。文中借助时空转换原理,通过载波调制将表征光栅位移的莫尔信号相位加载到时间信号中。证明了通过对时间信号的周期测量实现光栅莫尔信号的40倍细分的方法可行性,并基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)平台设计了光栅莫尔信号的40倍细分集成化的功能电路;分别使用仿真与实际电路测试验证了细分方法的有效性。基于时空转换的数字细分系统具有可靠性高、易于集成以及低成本可定制化等优点。     

基于智能数字锁相技术的光栅细分方法

在高精度数字集成化光栅测控系统的研制过程中,光栅传感器输出信号的细分方法至关重要。为了在保证跟踪速度的前提下提高光栅传感器的细分精度,提出了基于智能数字锁相技术的光栅细分方法。研究了该方法中光栅跟踪速度与细分数的关系,所设计的智能K模计数器可根据不同的捕获过程来选择合适的K值,从而在保证输出信号稳定的情况下,缩短锁相时间,提高跟踪速度。利用FPGA设计并实现了该方法,通过仿真验证了其正确性,为数字集成化光栅测控系统的研制奠定了基础。     

光栅信号补偿及软件细分算法研究

光栅线性位移传感器作为精密测量的研究对象,其对栅距细分提高分辨率的研究具有重要地位。根据光栅信号的数学模型,提出了基于离散傅里叶变换预处理和最小二乘法椭圆拟合并根据输出信号各误差依次补偿的组合方法。对补偿后的信号提出了一种线性化处理的软件细分方法,该细分方法可以实现16倍的栅距细分。利用MATLAB软件对光栅信号的补偿算法和细分算法进行了仿真,验证了所提出算法的可行性。     

基于支持向量机时栅数控转台时序预测研究

时栅代替光栅等传统位移传感器运用到全闭环数控转台做角位移检测部件,需采用时空变换算法将时栅的时域信息转换到空域信息。运用时间序列分析出时栅数控转台的测试数据依存特性,采用支持向量机建立起未来测试数据和历史样本的映射关系,从而得到测试数据中隐含的规律。依据过去相关测量值采用支持向量机回归预测下一采样时刻角位移,将原本等时采样的绝对式角位移转换为全闭合数控系统需要的等空间增量式连续脉冲。并且在误差控制方面,采用当前预测值对上一次预测误差进行实时修正,消除累计误差保证测量精度。实验证明支持向量回归的时间序列预测算法能有效保证动态数控角位移测量误差控制在±2.5″以内,实现精密全闭环角位移测量。     

基于幅空变换和动态预测的转轴扭矩测量方法

文中提出了一种基于正弦曲线幅空变换和动态预测的转轴扭矩测量方法。采用两路磁电式或光电反射式模拟输出传感器和对应的固定在被测转轴上的栅条,形成两路近似正弦输出信号,通过同步采样、小波预处理、动态预测和幅空变换细分得到两路正弦信号的瞬时相位差,并依此实现对转轴扭矩载荷的测试。重点对该系统实现的正弦曲线动态预测和幅空转换细分这一关键技术进行了研究,通过实验测试验证了方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于光敏阵列直接调制的单栅式时栅位移传感器

针对传统叠栅形式光栅存在制造难度大、安装要求高等缺点,提出了一种用时间细分空间的单栅式时栅位移传感器。从光的粒子性出发,分析了用正交变化的光场信号合成光场电行波的方法;用点阵发光二极管(LED)模块作为交变光源,用空间正交的光敏阵列直接耦合光强信号获取了反应空间位移的电行波信号;最后,通过检测电行波信号与激励信号过零点之间的时间差,实现了对空间直线位移的测量。研制了原理样机,采用普通机械加工方法对其进行了实验验证。结果表明,在440mm测量范围内,样机的测量精度可达±2μm。该单栅式时栅位移传感器减少了叠栅式传感器对安装工艺的要求,提高了抗干扰能力;采用的测量技术避免了传统粗光栅技术存在的精度难以提高、动态特性差等缺点,为光学位移测量提供了一种不通过精密机械细分来提高测量精度的方法。     

基于LABVIEW的高精度光栅细分方法

光栅测量技术的基本内容主要是光栅信号的计数和细分问题。高精度的光栅测量其分辨率要求达到纳米级甚至微纳米级。通过提高光栅刻线密度来提高其测量精度和分辨率是无法达到的。为了使光栅测量具有更高的精度,我们只能对光栅信号进行细分处理。在本文中我们利用LABVIEW软件提出一种软件细分方法,利用光栅信号的两路信号的正负以及绝对值差的正负将信号周期分为八个区间,计算出每个区间的细分值,并且用LABVIEW软件进行编程,从而达到细分的效果。     

基于“阶次-小波”分析的齿轮箱升降速过程故障诊断研究

针对齿轮箱升降速过程振动信号的特点以及阶比分析的缺陷,提出了基于“阶次一小波“分析的齿轮箱故障检测方法。即首先将等时间信号重采样成为等角度信号,然后对等角度信号进行小波分析,最终识别故障。信号经过这种变换之后可以具有同时反映信号的阶比域和角度域的特征。经过仿真表明,该方法具有很好的诊断效果。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.