基于时间反转理论的航空管板铸件声源定位算法研究

针对航空管板铸件的动态检测需求提出一种损伤声源定位方法,采用声发射检测技术对构件易损伤的部位进行时间反转定位方法研究。首先利用有限元软件建立复杂构件有限元模型;然后在模型上模拟一个声发射损伤信号,通过预置的声发射传感器接收声发射源信号;最后根据时间反转聚焦原理对接收信号进行聚焦增强处理,并进行区域成像,确定损伤声发射源的准确位置。仿真实验结果表明该方法定位结果较使用前结果更精确。     

基于时间反转的玻璃钢复合板材声发射源定位方法

玻璃钢复合材料在许多工业领域得到了广泛应用,但是对于该复合材料的声发射动态监测还存在很多问题有待解决。针对玻璃钢复合材料的强各向异性特征,提出一种基于时间反转原理的虚拟加载聚焦增强技术,可应用于声发射源定位。首先按照时间反转原理,推导出虚拟加载过程中的信号聚焦增强技术的理论模型;然后在复合材料上布置传感器阵列,并在监测区域内不同位置进行声速测量,获得材料平均声速为2 432.32 m/s;最后将实验采集的模拟声发射源信号按照理论模型进行处理,计算监测区域内每一个像素点的振动幅值,重建波动幅值图,并以最大幅值处确定为声源位置,同时将波动图经过阈值处理后,可从图中直接看出声发射源的位置。实验结果证明,该方法相对现有声发射仪器,定位精度在4%以内,能够满足工程应用要求。     

基于小波分析的声发射源定位技术

声发射全波形采集技术为基于波形分析的声源定位方法提供了可能。在板状构件中声波的传播模式较为复杂,且不同模式的波到达时间和波速均不相同,从而带来了声源定位误差。将时频幅度分析方法引入声发射源定位技术：从接收到的信号中提取出某一频率的柔性波随时间变化的规律,在理论分析的基础上证明,这个分离信号的最大幅值点所对应的时间就是该频率柔性波群速度的到达时间。根据这个到达时间,以及实际测量出的群速度就可以实现声发射源更精确的定位,试验结果也证明了这种方法的可靠性。     

一种基于宽带激励的虚拟时间反转方法

针对主动Lamb波监测中常见的低信噪比问题和传统时间反转方法降低监测信号空间分辨率的不足,提出一种采用宽带激励求取损伤散射路径传递函数的虚拟时间反转方法并应用于复杂结构的多损伤成像中.理论研究并经实验验证表明该方法不但能够有效实现Lamb波多损伤散射信号在相应损伤处聚焦增强,抑制了边界反射信号和噪声,提高了信噪比,而且与传统时间反转方法相比,提高了损伤聚焦波包的空间分辨率,增强了对于多个损伤的监测能力.最后的成像结果显示虚拟时间反转方法能够改善复杂板结构中两个近邻损伤的成像质量.     

Lamb波时间反转分解损伤识别方法研究

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测和损伤检测是目前研究的热点之一。时间反转分解方法利用发射-接收阵列可以选择性地分别聚焦定位各个散射体.由于Lamb波传播的频散和多模式特性,导致了Lamb波时间反转传递矩阵的不对称性。基于压电激励Lamb波传播过程,分析研究了Lamb波时间反转传递矩阵显著特征值数目与散射体数目的关系,进行了Lamb波传播与损伤检测的实验研究,利用Lamb波A0和S0模式传播解析解数值反向传播,定位板中各个散射体。实验结果表明了Lamb波时间反转分解损伤识别方法的有效性,能够有效识别并定位结构损伤。     

Lamb波时间反转分解损伤识别方法研究

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测和损伤检测是目前研究的热点之一。时间反转分解方法利用发射-接收阵列可以选择性地分别聚焦定位各个散射体.由于Lamb波传播的频散和多模式特性,导致了Lamb波时间反转传递矩阵的不对称性。基于压电激励Lamb波传播过程,分析研究了Lamb波时间反转传递矩阵显著特征值数目与散射体数目的关系,进行了Lamb波传播与损伤检测的实验研究,利用Lamb波A0和S0模式传播解析解数值反向传播,定位板中各个散射体。实验结果表明了Lamb波时间反转分解损伤识别方法的有效性,能够有效识别并定位结构损伤。     

无基准Lamb波时间反转损伤概率成像监测方法

根据损伤散射信息进行结构损伤特征参数提取与损伤监测,是Lamb波结构健康监测研究中的最为有效的方法之一,而目前常用的有基准差信号提取损伤散射信号技术在应用中存在实用性差的问题.采用Lamb波时间反转聚焦原理,结合损伤概率思想,提出了无基准损伤概率成像监测方法.利用信号时间反转处理对波源的自适应聚焦机理,消除Lamb波的频散效应;并根据单模式Lamb波响应信号的各波包在时反聚焦信号中的相对时刻,提取损伤散射信号的传播时间,以此计算出结构中各点出现的损伤概率,从而实现对损伤的成像、定位和监测.在金属铝板结构上的实验表明,该方法可在无需基准信号的情况下,较为清晰地分离出损伤散射信号和信息,得到结构各点的损伤概率图像,有助于结构健康监测的实用化.     

基于振动声调制的金属微裂纹定位方法研究

针对传统线性超声检测无法检测闭合微裂纹的问题,搭建了铝板的微裂纹振动声调制(VAM)检测系统,提取检测信号中的一阶旁瓣非线性信号和只滤除基波的全部非线性信号并对其时域反转,在ABAQUS有限元软件下,将其加载在铝板的无损模型上实现时间反转聚焦,获取铝板模型能量分布云图和各质点的位移信息,以此对微裂纹进行定位。结果表明,在时反信号的聚焦时刻原裂纹位置处有较强能量聚焦,只滤除基波的全部非线性信号聚焦效果优于一阶旁瓣非线性信号,振动声调制技术与时间反转方法结合能够实现对微裂纹的检测和定位。     

储罐底板多源腐蚀声发射全域监测试验研究

针对大型储罐底板腐蚀的多声源状态,以及中心区域声源信号难以获取的问题,进行储罐底板腐蚀声发射全域监测试验和弱声信号提取方法研究。根据声发射传感器的预埋式和浸入式两种方法,提出储罐底板腐蚀声发射全域监测方法,建立基于短基线平面网格拓扑阵列,对声源所属网格进行识别。结果表明,该方法可以有效识别声源的所属区域,提高监测的可靠性,为大型储罐底板腐蚀状态评估提供依据。     

基于能量衰减模型的转子碰摩声发射源次梯度投影定位方法

由于旋转机械结构的复杂性,转子碰摩声发射信号在复杂体结构的传播过程中,多模态波传播速度不同且信号畸变严重,传统的时差定位法难以得到准确的碰摩源。根据声发射信号传播时能量与声源距离按反比关系衰减的特点,建立信号能量衰减模型,将目标声源位置限定于圆心和半径都为传感器对的能量比函数的超球上,并将定位问题转化为估计问题,采用自适应次梯度投影系统估计算法逼近声源位置。该方法基于能量比而非能量,因此即使在声源能量显著变化时其定位精度也不会受到显著影响。当安装多对传感器时,可以决定更多的超球,因此该方法还适用于多只传感器组成的阵列定位。在转子试验台上模拟碰摩故障,采用该算法进行碰摩源定位。试验结果表明,该算法具有比时延估计算法更高的定位精度,且具有良好的收敛性能和较低的计算复杂度。     

Acoustic emission source localization in plate-like structures using least-squares support vector machines with delta t feature

To deal with the difficulties of current acoustic emission (AE) source location methods, such as classical approaches based on times of arrival and artificial neural networks based on AE signal features, the least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) approach was attempted in acoustic emission (AE) source location of plate-like structures. The AE events were produced by pencil lead breaks, and the response wave was received by piezoelectric sensors. The time of arrival, determined through the conventional threshold-crossing technique, was used to prepare delta t feature for the input to LS-SVM. Training and testing data sets were generated for the case of plates monitored by four transducers and were adopted to validate the source location methodology using LS-SVM with delta t feature. Experimental tests were carried out, with the source positioned at predetermined points evenly distributed within the plate area. A satisfactory correlation was found between the actual source locations and those predicted by the trained LS-SVM model. The results of the experiments show that the LS-SVM-based location method, with delta t feature, permits an alternative effective positioning in plate-like structures.     

基于模态分析和小波变换的声发射源定位新算法研究

针对传统声发射源定位中，声发射信号到达传感器的时间受设定门槛电压影响很大，导致声发射源定位效果较差，提出了一种声发射源定位新方法。根据模态声发射理论，携带声发射源信息的声发射信号在结构中传播过程中，具有频散现象和多模态特性。因此，声发射源定位应基于同一频率下、同一模态导波到达各个传感器的时间和传播速度。通过对声发射信号进行Gabor小波变换的方法，在时频空间内确定某一频率下某一模态导波到达传感器的时间；并通过数值计算得到该频率处模态导波的群速度，从而实现声发射源的准确定位。通过薄板中声发射线源定位试验，证明了该定位算法的有效性。     

Source location of acoustic emission in diesel engines

This paper is the third in a series developing methods of mapping acoustic emission (AE) signals and wave propagation in engines and focuses on source location techniques for the multi-source signals on relatively complex structures typical of machinery applications. Two source location techniques, a traditional wave velocity-based and an AE energy-based technique, using triangular sensor arrays, are used to locate source positions on the cylinder head of a 74 kW diesel engine using simulated sources (pencil lead break) and real sources (e.g. injectors (INJs) and exhaust valves during engine running).Source location using both techniques is demonstrated on the cylinder head of a 74 kW four-stroke diesel engine. The velocity-based technique uses AE wave speeds and time-of-flight (wave arrival time) to locate source position and is found to be most effective for single source signals with a sharp rising edge and good signal to noise ratios. The energy-based technique is based on a simple absorption attenuation model and was found to be useful for multiple source signals such as INJ signals, although structure-specific attenuation coefficients need to be measured for accurate source location.     

Incipient damage detection and its propagation monitoring of rolling contact fatigue by acoustic emission

The acoustic emission (AE) technique was applied to rolling contact fatigue tests using a test-rig running under constant load and speed for detecting the incipient damage and damage location. This incipiently-damaged roller was investigated in detail and monitored by further running to determine the damage severity and to understand the surface damage propagation process by applying the AE techniques. The conventional AE parameters and AE signal features were studied, and their relation with the AE source locator hit count rate were correlated. The results demonstrated the successful use of the AE measurement unit, which is principally, consists of the AE data analyzer and the AE source locator as a new system for detecting incipient damage produced by fatigue. Moreover, the system is able to forecast the position of the damage in the roller, capable of providing an indication of the severity of damage i.e. damage size, and thus it could allow the user to monitor the rate of further degradation of the rolling elements.     

A new acoustic emission source location technique based on wavelet transform and mode analysis

For wave propagation in dispersive media, the arrival time of the acoustic emission signal to the sensor is dependent on the setting of the threshold voltage, which results in the inaccuracy of the acoustic emission location. Based on the wavelet transform and the theory of modal acoustic emission, a new method is proposed to improve the accuracy of acoustic emission source location. It is believed that the acoustic emission signal propagation in the structure has the characteristics of multi-mode and dispersion, and the acoustic emission source location should use the arrival time to sensors obtained from the output signals not only at the same mode but also at the same frequency. The wavelet transform is used to resolve the problem. By utilizing the time-frequency data of the wavelet, the frequency-dependent arrival time traveling is easily obtained; by numerical computation of the wave’s propagation in structure, the group velocity of the guided mode is also obtained, therefore the accuracy source location is realized. The acoustic emission source location experiments were conducted in a thin steel plate and results show that the technique is an effective tool for acoustic emission source location. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2005, 26(3) (in Chinese)     

环形腔全光纤F-P干涉仪的声发射检测实验研究

提出了一种新型结构的用于声发射检测的全光纤F-P干涉仪。选用2×2光纤耦合器,将耦合器的一个入射端与一个出射端焊接相连,以耦合器代替传统的反射腔面,构成光纤环形传输腔,腔体贴附或埋入待测固体中检测声发射信号。通过理论推导和计算机仿真,确定了此结构光纤传感器的检测特性。实验以大理石板作为待测介质,对利用信号发生器驱动PZT（压电陶瓷）作为已知超声源在大理石板中产生的连续型声发射信号,及冲击波作用下大理石板中产生的突发型声发射信号进行了检测,并利用Fourier变换,得到了声发射信号的特征频率。实验结果表明,此种结构传感器能够检测材料结构中促使光纤轴向伸缩长度的量级为10-8m的声发射信号并识别其特征频率,该结构光纤传感器无需光程的匹配,适用于大尺度构件的监测,为材料结构健康检测与监控提供了一种新的方法。     

Model development for tool wear effect on AE signal generation in micromilling

A model for the relation between the acoustic emission signal generation and tool wear was established for cutting processes in micromilling by considering the acoustic emission (AE) generation and propagation mechanisms. In addition, the effect of tool wear on the AE signal generation in frequency and amplitude was studied. In the model development, the finite element analysis was first used to calculate the shear strain rate distribution on the shear plane based on the orthogonal cutting assumption. Conversely, the contact stress distribution of workpiece on the flank wear face was established based on the Waldorf model. Following the finite element method, the dislocation density in materials was calculated based on Orowan’s law with the calculated stress rate. Finally, the AE signal detected by the sensor was calculated by considering the Gaussian probability density function for the distribution of AE source on the shear plane and the one-dimension wave equation for AE signal propagation. Based on the developed model, the effect of tool wear on the AE signal generation was investigated and compared to the experimental results. The results obtained from these investigations indicate that the proposed model can be used to predict the effect of tool wear on the AE signal generation.     

Spindle with built-in acoustic emission sensor to realize contact detection

Recently, the demand for realizing micromachining through small-diameter tools has increased. When performing microfabrication using a numerically controlled machine tool, a machining error may be introduced if the relative position of the tool tip and workpiece surface deviates during tool change. Therefore, it is critical to determine this relative position in an actual machining condition at a specific spindle speed. We are currently developing an air bearing turbine spindle with a built-in acoustic emission sensor that can detect the contact of the tool tip with the workpiece surface in real time. The acoustic emission (AE) signal generated at the tool tip can be accurately detected by placing the AE sensor in direct contact with the tool end surface inside the main shaft floated by air. In this study, we investigated the possibility of contact detection between the tool tip and the workpiece surface at the submicrometer level through the proposed spindle. The results of the performed evaluation experiments indicated that by using the spindle with a built-in acoustic emission sensor, the contact of the small-diameter tool tip with the workpiece surface could be detected with damage to the workpiece at the submicrometer level on average.     

基于多输出支持向量回归的声发射源平面定位

为了解决直升机动部件疲劳损伤定位问题,提出了基于多输出支持向量回归算法的声发射源平面定位方法.以声发射信号的多个时域参数作为输入,破损点的平面坐标(x,y)作为输出,用支持向量回归机逼近输入输出之间的非线性映射关系,然后利用支持向量回归机的泛化推广能力,实现声发射源的平面定位.通过碳纤维材料试件断铅定位试验结果表明:该方法有效的实现了声发射源的平面定位,并且在收敛速度和定位精度上优于RBF神经网络.