Colour stability of six beef muscles stored in a modified atmosphere mother pack system with oxygen scavengers

Summary The effect of O₂ scavengers on the colour stability of beef in retail overwrap trays within a modified atmosphere mother pack (CO₂/N₂) was assessed. Steaks from six muscles, namely Longissimus dorsi, Psoas major, Semimembranosus, Gluteus medius, Semitendinosus and Biceps femoris were examined. After storage for 2, 4 or 6 weeks mother packs were opened and steak colour was monitored during 96 h of retail display. Redness of all muscles stored with O₂ scavengers was superior to that of steaks stored without O₂ scavengers at all storage times. Hue angle results indicated some metmyoglobin formation in all muscles during storage. Comparisons were made between steaks stored with O₂ scavengers and fresh steaks. Shelf-life values were calculated using the reflectance difference method (R₆₃₀–R₅₈₀). O₂ scavengers did not affect weight loss from the stored steaks.     

真空包装冷鲜猪肉工业化生产工艺

冷鲜肉的长途运输和保质保鲜要求逐步提高,真空包装是比较好的一种解决方法.介绍冷鲜肉真空包装生产过程工艺参数的确认,促进工业化生产的推广.     

冷鲜牛肉的优势腐败菌及其消长规律

冷鲜牛肉的腐败与微生物的种类和数量密切相关。对冷鲜牛肉的初始菌相和不同贮藏温度条件下菌相及pH的变化规律进行研究,结果表明:假单胞菌和乳酸菌是冷鲜牛肉初始菌相中的主要微生物;假单胞菌和热死环丝菌是冷鲜牛肉的优势腐败菌;不同贮藏温度下细菌总数达到107 cfu/g的时间为2～8 d,pH的变化范围为5.6～6.8。     

真空包装牛肉冷藏过程理化和微生物变化

将牛肉真空包装贮藏在4℃条件下,每3 d测定其p H、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、菌落总数,并利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电脉（PCR-DGGE）技术来研究其贮藏过程的菌相变化。结果表明:4℃条件下,真空包装冷却牛肉菌落总数在12 d超过6.0 lg cfu/g,p H在贮藏21 d时超过6.0,TVB-N在贮藏18 d时超过25 mg/100 g,根据理化指标结果显示可知真空包装冷却牛肉贮藏期为12 d;贮藏初期主要存在苍白杆菌、巨球菌、Bosea vestrisii;贮藏末期主要含有成团泛菌、乳酸杆菌、热死环丝菌、慢生根瘤菌属、广布肉杆菌、美洲爱文氏菌、拉恩氏菌、肠杆菌。      

感官评价优化冷却牛肉可食性涂层的研究

研究以大豆分离蛋白、豌豆淀粉和三乙酸甘油酯为主要原料的可食性涂层对冷却牛肉感官品质的影响。以冷却牛肉的感官评价值为响应值,采用响应面分析方法优化可食性涂层的最佳配方。实验结果显示,当可食性涂层中大豆分离蛋白含量为3.00g/100mL、豌豆淀粉含量为4.90g/100mL和三乙酸甘油酯为1.49g/100mL时,冷却牛肉的感官品质最佳,并且显著优于未包装的冷却牛肉,验证实验表明预测值与真实值相对偏差仅为2.4%,为可食性涂层在冷却肉保鲜中的应用提供了理论支持。     

Gas‐producing and spoilage potential of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria isolated from chilled vacuum‐packaged beef

This study aimed to enumerate and identify lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae from spoiled and nonspoiled chilled vacuum‐packaged beef and determine their potential to cause blown pack spoilage. These microbial groups were also enumerated in nonspoiled samples and detected in abattoir samples. The potential of isolates to cause ‘blown pack’ spoilage of vacuum‐packaged beef stored at chilled temperature (4 °C) and abuse temperature (15 °C) was investigated. Populations of lactic acid bacteria in exudate of spoiled and nonspoiled samples were not significantly different (P > 0.05), whereas the number of lactic acid bacteria on the surface was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in spoiled samples as compared to nonspoiled samples. The population of Enterobacteriaceae species in exudate and on the surface of samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in spoiled packs in comparison with nonspoiled packs. Results of the deterioration potential showed that ‘blown pack’ spoilage was noticeable after 7 days at 15 °C and after 6 weeks at 4 °C for samples inoculated with Hafnia alvei.     

初始菌落数与真空热缩包装冷鲜牛肉保质期的关系

通过研究真空热缩包装的冷鲜牛肉在包装前的菌落总数与包装后保质期的关系,证明了控制微生物是延长冷鲜牛肉保质期的重要因素,同时为真空热缩的冷鲜牛肉产品的预期保质期提供了参考数据,也为冷鲜牛肉相关生产标准的制定提供了数据支持.     

托盘和真空包装对冷却猪肉中MetMb还原活性的影响

在冷却肉的贮藏过程中,其肌红蛋白(Mb)被氧化为高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb),导致了冷却肉的褐变。研究了托盘包装和真空包装条件下,冷却肉自身的还原系统活性变化规律及其对肉色稳定性的影响。在2周的贮藏期内,真空与托盘包装冷却肉糜肌浆蛋白粗提液的还原活性持续下降;但真空包装组MetMb还原酶粗提液还原活力第1天到第14天活性差异不显著,托盘包装组前后差异显著。真空包装组在贮藏期间MetMb含量持续下降,但托盘包装组MetMb含量则持续上升,说明无氧条件有利于MetMb的还原。托盘包装组TBA在贮藏期间持续上生,但真空包装组TBA变化不明显。结果表明,托盘包装不利于冷却肉自身MetMb还原能力的维持,而真空包装的无氧环境,有利于MetMb的还原和肉色的保持。     

宰后不同部位牛肉保水性变化和蛋白质特性研究

为探究宰后不同部位牛肉保水性存在差异的原因,该研究以成熟1、2、3、5和7 d的冷却牛背最长肌、半膜肌和腰大肌作为研究对象,通过对失水率、蛋白质化学作用力以及蛋白质稳定性的变化和差异进行分析,阐述3种部位冷却牛肉成熟过程中保水性及蛋白质特性变化。结果表明,在成熟前5 d离子键作用力变化不显著（P> 0.05）,成熟第7天显著升高（P<0.05）;3种部位中,氢键和疏水性相互作用力在成熟过程中的变化不同,且不同部位之间的差异也不相同。但在较长的成熟时间内,3种部位牛肉的离子键、氢键和疏水性相互作用力差异不大。差示扫描量热法结果显示,成熟期间腰大肌的T_maxpeakI由55.03℃显著降低至54.14℃（P<0.05）,T_maxpeakII的均值为63.56℃,腰大肌的焓变值DH_peakI和DH_peakII具有相同趋势,均显著低于背最长肌和半膜肌（P<0.05）,表明腰大肌蛋白质更易发生变性,且肌球蛋白和肌浆蛋白的蛋白质变性程度更高。蛋白质变性程度不同可能是导致不同部位牛肉保水性...     

HACCP在冷却牛肉生产中控制微生物的应用

根据危害分析与关键控制点系统原理,对冷却牛肉加工过程中主要环节可能存在的微生物危害进行分析,确立关键控制点、关键限值、监控方法及纠偏措施,构建规范的HACCP质量管理体系,从而有效消除、预防或最大限度地降低冷却牛肉生产过程中的微生物危害,确保产品质量。     

Addition of tea catechins and vitamin C on sensory evaluation, colour and lipid stability during chilled storage in cooked or raw beef and chicken patties

The effects of addition of tea catechins (TC) and vitamin C (VC) on sensory evaluation, colour and lipid stability in cooked or raw beef and chicken meat patties during refrigerated storage were studied. Fresh beef striploin and chicken breast muscles were minced, following removal of external fat and connective tissue. Following mincing, beef and chicken were assigned to one of the following five treatments: control (meat treated with no antioxidant); TC200, meat plus 200 mg TC/kg muscle; TC400, meat plus 400 mg TC/kg muscle; VC200, meat plus 200 mg VC/kg muscle, VC400, meat plus 400 mg VC/kg muscle. Sodium chloride (1%) was added to all samples. Patties (125 g portions), formed from the above-treated minced meat, were oven cooked, cooled, and packaged in 30% CO₂:70% N₂. Fresh raw beef and chicken patties were packaged in 80% O₂:20% CO₂. All samples were stored for up to 7 days under fluorescent lighting at 4 °C. Sensory parameters (colour, flavour, taste, tenderness and overall acceptability) were evaluated on cooked beef and chicken patties after 1, 3 and 6 days of storage. Surface colour (Hunter L, a and b values), and lipid oxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were measured on days 1, 3 and 6 of storage for cooked meats and on days 2 and 7 for raw beef and chicken. Tea catechins addition (200 or 400 mg/kg) to minced meat caused (P < 0.05) discolouration in cooked beef and chicken meat patties and significantly reduced (P < 0.001) lipid oxidation in cooked or raw beef patties compared to the control. Beef, either raw or cooked, was more susceptible (P < 0.01) to oxidation compared to chicken. Raw meat stored in high oxygen conditions was more susceptible to lipid oxidation than cooked meat stored in anaerobic conditions. Tea catechins treatments (TC200 and TC400) inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in raw beef to a greater extent than vitamin C treatments (VC200 and VC400). These results indicate that tea catechins are potent natural antioxidants and exhibit greater antioxidant efficacy compared to vitamin C.     

Colour stability of beef from different Spanish native cattle breeds stored under vacuum and modified atmosphere

Beef steaks from five Spanish cattle breeds were submitted to three packaging conditions: (a) 15 days under vacuum, (b) 15 days under modified atmosphere (MAP) (60% O₂, 30% CO₂ and 10% N₂), and (c) 10 days under vacuum plus 5 days more under MAP. CIE L^*a^*b^* coordinates, chroma (C^*) and hue (H^*), relative concentration of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin at the meat surface and sensory evaluation of colour were determined 0, 5, 10 and 15 days after packaging. Beef under MAP showed higher lightness (L^*) and hue (H^*) and lower redness (a^*) and chroma (C^*) than beef under vacuum. Colour of beef under MAP was not acceptable after 15 days of storage, due to the high metmyoglobin concentration. Yellowness (b^*) was the indicator of differences due to ageing and differences in colour between breeds were related to L^*, a^* and H^* values. Packaging conditions had a greater effect on beef colour than breed, but breed differences might change with packaging atmosphere. Both packaging and breed are major factors in packaged beef quality.     

Factors associated with surface iridescence in fresh beef

The objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with surface iridescence in fresh beef. Eight muscles were evaluated for occurrence of surface iridescence: Biceps femoris (BF), Gluteus medius (GM), Longissimus lumborum (LD), Psoas major (PM), Rectus femoris (RF), Semimembranosus (SM), Semitendinosus (ST), and Tensor fasciae latae (TF). Incidence of surface iridescence was 91% for ST, 34% for SM, 27% for LD, 20% for GM, 12% for RF, 9% for BF, 8% for TF, and 6% for PM (P<0.05). Factors associated with surface iridescence in the ST were further examined because iridescence was observed to a much higher degree in the ST as compared with other muscles evaluated. Greater ST surface iridescence was associated with larger ribeye areas, more youthful lean maturity scores, higher L^*, a^* and b^* colorimeter values, lower ultimate pH values, and faster cooking (P<0.05).     

冷却猪肉中优势腐败菌致腐能力研究

为明确冷却猪肉中优势腐败菌对其腐败的作用程度,本研究监测冷却猪肉冷藏过程中菌落总数和优势腐败菌的变化情况,并接种假单胞菌、气单胞菌、肠杆菌和热杀索丝菌于冷却猪肉中,分组检测尸胺含量在冷却猪肉冷藏过程中的变化。实验表明,优势腐败菌在冷却猪肉冷藏第5d后显著上升(p<0.05),与尸胺含量变化趋势相似,同时接种多种腐败菌与尸胺含量极显著相关(p<0.01),表明优势腐败菌的协同效应对冷却猪肉腐败具有重要作用。     

A spectrophotometric method for the detection of carboxymyoglobin in beef drip

A spectrophotometric method, based on the electronic absorption and second‐derivative spectra of beef drip, has been developed to detect the amount of carbon monoxide bound to myoglobin in treated beef samples. The method has been validated following the criteria reported in the Eurachem guides. The limit of detection, equal to 0.14 μm , has been evaluated analysing ten blank samples, taking into account the mean concentration and the resulting standard deviations. The accuracy of the method has been studied in terms of trueness and precision; the first is expressed as per cent recovery (always exceeding 90%) and the second as relative standard deviation. The method is easy, rapid and allows one to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the CO concentration in the meat drip, by simply measuring in the UV–Vis spectrum of an unknown sample the absorbance values at three specific wavelengths: 423, 429 and 434 nm.     

冰鲜鸡肉贮藏过程中微生物菌相变化分析

应用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术对冰鲜鸡肉微生物多样性进行研究。分别取鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉贮藏0、3、5、7、9d的样品,提取样品总DNA,通过PCR扩增、变性梯度凝胶电泳,将16S rDNA(V6～V8区)的PCR扩增片段割胶测序确定样品中的微生物群落,与传统培养方法进行比较。传统培养方法表明：鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉在低温低氧分压条件下贮藏,导致腐败的优势菌相差不明显,且变化趋势相一致;DGGE图谱表明,初始污染数量较多的微生物不一定是腐败优势菌,能适应低温低氧分压的微生物最终成为腐败优势菌,且鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉的腐败优势菌有一定差异性。传统培养和DGGE割胶测序所得腐败优势菌的菌相不完全相同,综合两种研究方法,确定冰鲜鸡肉腐败优势菌为乳酸菌、大肠菌群、热杀索丝菌、腐败希瓦氏菌链菌和肉杆菌。     

冷却猪肉特定腐败微生物与群体感应现象研究进展

冷却肉的腐败是由特定腐败菌共同作用的结果,由微生物分泌的蛋白酶、脂肪酶和脱羧酶在肉的腐败过程中起着重要作用。最终菌相决定了冷却肉的腐败类型,而最终菌相除了受到初始污染的微生物结构和数量的影响外,还受到贮藏环境和保鲜剂的影响。特定腐败菌之间主要通过拮抗、后继共生和信息交流三种方式进行相互作用,从而影响肉的腐败。大量研究表明食品腐败与特定腐败菌的群体感应有关。对群体感应系统进行干扰,阻止腐败相关基因的表达,已经成为食品保鲜的新靶点。     

Colour stability of steaks from large beef cuts aged under vacuum or high oxygen modified atmosphere

The aim was to investigate the effects of ageing large beef cuts, 10-cm-long longissimus dorsi (LD) and 4-cm-long semimembranosus (SM), on colour stability during subsequent storage of steaks in air for 5 days. Ageing solely in high oxygen modified atmosphere (MA, 80% O₂ + 20% CO₂) for 5 or 10 days or ageing in vacuum for 5 or 15 days followed by high oxygen MA for 5 or 10 days were compared with ageing in vacuum for 5, 15 and 25 days at 4 °C. Ageing system and ageing time influenced colour stability. For short ageing times, 5 to 10 days, large beef cuts could be aged in high oxygen MA without negative effect on colour stability compared with vacuum ageing. Longer ageing times, 15 to 25 days, decreased colour stability. Then vacuum ageing was preferable to ageing in vacuum for 5 or 15 days followed by high oxygen MA.     

Development of spoilage microbiota in beef stored in nisin activated packaging

The aim of this study was to assess the microbial populations causing the spoilage of chilled beef during storage and to evaluate the effect of the use of an antimicrobial packaging for the meat storage. A nisin activated antimicrobial packaging was developed by using a nisin, HCL and EDTA solution and used for the storage of beef cuts at 1 °C. The common spoilage related microbial groups were monitored during the storage of beef in activated and non activated plastic bags by using selective media. The use of the antimicrobial packaging caused an overall significant reduction of viable counts of Gram positive bacteria such as carnobacteria, lactic acid bacteria and Brochotrix thermosphacta whose development was inhibited for at least 11 days of storage compared to the control. Moreover, a 1–3 log cycles reduction of enterobacteria was also registered between 22 and 32 days of storage. The microbiota was assessed at species level by using Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA gene of DNA extracted directly from meat and from bulk cells from selective media plates and showed that the species occurring within the targeted microbial groups did not change according to storage conditions. In conclusion, the use of the nisin activated packaging reduced the number of spoilage populations but did not affect the species diversity. Improved antimicrobial packaging is needed, possibly coupled with vacuum storage, to possibly achieve a simultaneous inhibition of more spoilage microbial groups and to preserve the microbiological quality of beef during chilled storage.