Bola型表面活性剂的研究进展

Bola型表面活性剂是以一根疏水链连接2个亲水基团构成的两亲化合物.介绍了Bola型表面活性剂分子的结构与性能,概述了Bola型双亲表面活性剂与传统表面活性剂相比的优点及其在液相中形成的囊泡的特征.重点介绍了各种类型的Bola型双亲表面活性剂的主要合成方法及用途.最后对其研究前景作了展望.     

Bola型表面活性剂自组装囊泡的研究进展

介绍了Bola型表面活性剂的结构特点,并详细概括了Bola型表面活性剂自组装形成单分子囊泡的原理、囊泡与胶束的相互转变及区别。综述了Bola型表面活性剂自组装囊泡的合成研究进展,并对其在纳米材料、催化作用、药物缓释、模拟生物离子通道等方面的应用作了介绍。最后对Bola型表面活性剂的研究前景进行了展望。     

Bola型表面活性剂

阐述了Bola型表面活性剂的基本性质,并介绍了国内外关于Bola型化合物的结构及其聚集行为等性能的研究进展。介绍的Bola型表面活性剂有糖配体非离子型、富勒烯结构、穴状配体、呈液晶相和能形成离子通道的Bola型化合物。     

聚合物构筑的囊泡及应用

综述了形成囊泡的两亲聚合物的结构,如双链两亲聚合物、单链两亲聚合物、正／负离子复合聚合物、聚合物与小分子化合物及可聚合化两亲聚合物;介绍了这些聚合物形成囊泡的特点和形成条件;概括了囊泡在反应微环境、药物释放、基因载体和生物矿化等方面的潜在应用;并提出了聚合物构筑囊泡的发展前景。     

Bola型表面活性剂1.表面性质与胶团

Ｂｏｌａ型两亲化合物是一个疏水部分连接两个亲水部分构成的两亲化合物。Ｂｏｌａ化合物物表面张力－浓度曲线上通常有两个转折点,在浓度较低的第一个转折点处形成聚集数很小的预胶团,在第二个转折点形成结构松散的,强烈水化的胶团。Ｂｏｌａ化合物一般以Ｕ型构象吸附于溶液表面。疏水链较长的ｂｏｌａ化合物在球形胶团中采取折叠构象。     

表面活性剂在农药加工中的作用

表面活性剂是指那些具有很强表面活性、能使液体的表面张力显著下降的物质。此外表面活性剂还应具有增溶、乳化、润湿、消泡和起泡等应用性质。表面活性剂的分子结构特点是具有不对称性。整个分子可分为两个部分,一部分是亲油的非极性基团,叫作疏水基或亲油基;另一部分是极性基团或亲水基。两部分分处两端,形成不对称结构。     

施工工艺

201212080亲水剂、基材的亲水化方法及亲水性产品：JP2012-97171[日本专利公开]/日本：Lixil Corp.等（Kakehi,Koji等）.-2012.05.24.-12页.-2010/245110（2010.11.01）;IPCC09K3/00题述亲水剂能使亲水产品（如防雾镜、玻璃及眼镜镜片）具有高耐久性,该试剂含有能与基材表面的无机层形成共价键的反应性基团和能与反应性基团键合的亲水性磺基或磺酸盐。亲水化方法包含：     

浅谈表面活性剂与金属水基脱脂清洗

１　前言金属的水基清洗主要是借助于表面活性剂的乳化、润湿、增溶、渗透、分散、防腐、络合等特性来实现的。表面活性剂能改变（通常是降低）两相界面张力,它是一种由亲水基与亲油基组成的双亲化合物,亲油（憎水）基由碳氢链组成,亲水基多由含氧基团,如羟基、羧基、醚基等所组成。因此,表面活性剂性质不仅取决于憎水基大小、形状,还与亲水基种类密切相关。按照表面活性剂能否电离以及电离后活性离子所带电荷的性质,表面活性剂可分为非离子型、阴离子型、阳离子型、两性型四类。金属脱脂清洗剂中应用最多的是非离子型和阴离子型。２…     

含氟表面活性剂囊泡及其应用

介绍了含氟表面活性剂中的单链两亲分子、双链两亲分子和阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系囊泡的不同形成机理,并从分子结构角度阐述了其囊泡与碳氢表面活性剂囊泡相比具有更稳定、渗透率更低的特点,囊泡的特殊结构和性质决定其在生物膜模拟、药物释放、催化、提供反应的微环境等领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

多羟基Bola有机硅季铵盐的合成、表征及其应用性能

以1,3-二（3-缩水甘油醚丙基）-1,1,3,3-四甲基二硅氧烷（EDH）和八甲基环四硅氧烷（D4）为原料合成了端环氧硅油（ETSO）,以ETSO为原料与葡甲胺胺化得到中间体有机硅嵌段硅油（PTSO）,然后用γ-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷（CPTSO）季铵化改性制备了Bola有机硅季铵盐（BPTSO）。BPTSO的季铵化过程最优合成工艺条件为：反应温度为80℃,物料摩尔比为n（PTSO）∶n（CPTSO）=1∶1.2,反应时间为3 h,PTSO转化率达98.60%。通过FT-IR、¹H NMR、TGA、TEM对BPTSO的结构及BPTSO乳液整理后织物的微观形貌进行了表征。测试结果表明：BPTSO乳液的表面张力γ 为29.4 mN/m,临界胶束浓度CMC为0.036 mmol/L,具有囊泡结构和优越的稳定性,经BPTSO乳液整理后的棉织物具有优异的柔软度、白度及亲水性,当BPTSO乳液的用量为60 g/L时,对棉织物的增深率可达到46.5%。     

Giant Vesicles: Preparations and Applications

There is considerable interest in preparing cell‐sized giant unilamellar vesicles from natural or nonnatural amphiphiles because a giant vesicle membrane resembles the self‐closed lipid matrix of the plasma membrane of all biological cells. Currently, giant vesicles are applied to investigate certain aspects of biomembranes. Examples include lateral lipid heterogeneities, membrane budding and fission, activities of reconstituted membrane proteins, or membrane permeabilization caused by added chemical compounds. One of the challenging applications of giant vesicles include gene expressions inside the vesicles with the ultimate goal of constructing a dynamic artificial cell‐like system that is endowed with all those essential features of living cells that distinguish them from the nonliving form of matter. Although this goal still seems to be far away and currently difficult to reach, it is expected that progress in this and other fields of giant vesicle research strongly depend on whether reliable methods for the reproducible preparation of giant vesicles are available. The key concepts of currently known methods for preparing giant unilamellar vesicles are summarized, and advantages and disadvantages of the main methods are compared and critically discussed.     

Lipid exchanges between dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide monolayer and vesicles in the subphase

Studies on the interaction of lipid monolayer with bilayer structures, such as vesicles, are relatively scarce in the literature. In order to ascertain whether these structures interact for cationic dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) monolayers at the aqueous surfaces of 0, 0.05, and 0.5 mmol L⁻¹ DODAB vesicle dispersions, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and surface film balance experiments were carried out. DSC results confirmed the presence of unilamellar vesicles in the subphase, while changes in the monolayer surface pressure–area per molecule (π–A) isotherm profile yielded by the presence of DODAB vesicle in the subphase revealed monolayer-vesicle interactions as a result of monomer exchanges between the monolayer and the vesicles with stronger effects at the higher vesicle concentration investigated.     

Investigation of Shape Transformations of Vesicles,Induced by Their Adhesion to Flat Substrates Characterized by Different Adhesion Strength

The adhesion of lipid vesicles to a rigid flat surface is investigated. We examine the influence of the membrane spontaneous curvature, adhesion strength, and the reduced volume on the stability and shape transformations of adhered vesicles. The minimal strength of the adhesion necessary to stabilize the shapes of adhered vesicles belonging to different shape classes is determined. It is shown that the budding of an adhered vesicle may be induced by the change of the adhesion strength. The importance of the free vesicle shape for its susceptibility to adhesion is discussed.     

Mechanics of lipid bilayer junctions affecting the size of a connecting lipid nanotube

In this study we report a physical analysis of the membrane mechanics affecting the size of the highly curved region of a lipid nanotube (LNT) that is either connected between a lipid bilayer vesicle and the tip of a glass microinjection pipette (tube-only) or between a lipid bilayer vesicle and a vesicle that is attached to the tip of a glass microinjection pipette (two-vesicle). For the tube-only configuration (TOC), a micropipette is used to pull a LNT into the interior of a surface-immobilized vesicle, where the length of the tube L is determined by the distance of the micropipette to the vesicle wall. For the two-vesicle configuration (TVC), a small vesicle is inflated at the tip of the micropipette tip and the length of the tube L is in this case determined by the distance between the two interconnected vesicles. An electrochemical method monitoring diffusion of electroactive molecules through the nanotube has been used to determine the radius of the nanotube R as a function of nanotube length L for the two configurations. The data show that the LNT connected in the TVC constricts to a smaller radius in comparison to the tube-only mode and that tube radius shrinks at shorter tube lengths. To explain these electrochemical data, we developed a theoretical model taking into account the free energy of the membrane regions of the vesicles, the LNT and the high curvature junctions. In particular, this model allows us to estimate the surface tension coefficients from R(L) measurements.     

Binding and Fusion of Extracellular Vesicles to the Plasma Membrane of Their Cell Targets

Exosomes and ectosomes, extracellular vesicles of two types generated by all cells at multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane, respectively, play critical roles in physiology and pathology. A key mechanism of their function, analogous for both types of vesicles, is the fusion of their membrane to the plasma membrane of specific target cells, followed by discharge to the cytoplasm of their luminal cargo containing proteins, RNAs, and DNA. Here we summarize the present knowledge about the interactions, binding and fusions of vesicles with the cell plasma membrane. The sequence initiates with dynamic interactions, during which vesicles roll over the plasma membrane, followed by the binding of specific membrane proteins to their cell receptors. Membrane binding is then converted rapidly into fusion by mechanisms analogous to those of retroviruses. Specifically, proteins of the extracellular vesicle membranes are structurally rearranged, and their hydrophobic sequences insert into the target cell plasma membrane which undergoes lipid reorganization, protein restructuring and membrane dimpling. Single fusions are not the only process of vesicle/cell interactions. Upon intracellular reassembly of their luminal cargoes, vesicles can be regenerated, released and fused horizontally to other target cells. Fusions of extracellular vesicles are relevant also for specific therapy processes, now intensely investigated.     

Exosomes and Microvesicles: Identification and Targeting By Particle Size and Lipid Chemical Probes

Exosomes and microvesicles are two classes of submicroscopic vesicle released by cells into the extracellular space. Collectively referred to as extracellular vesicles, these membrane containers facilitate important cell–cell communication by carrying a diverse array of signaling molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Recently, the role of extracellular vesicle signaling in cancer progression has become a topic of significant interest. Methods to detect and target exosomes and microvesicles are needed to realize applications of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and, perhaps, therapeutic targets. Detection of exosomes and microvesicles is a complex problem as they are both submicroscopic and of heterogeneous cellular origins. In this Minireview, we highlight the basic biology of extracellular vesicles, and address available biochemical and biophysical detection methods. Detectible characteristics described here include lipid and protein composition, and physical properties such as the vesicle membrane shape and diffusion coefficient. In particular, we propose that detection of exosome and microvesicle membrane curvature with lipid chemical probes that sense membrane shape is a distinctly promising method for identifying and targeting these vesicles.     

阴离子表面活性剂与阳离子表面活性剂的相互作用(Ⅲ)——高浓度区溶液性质

综述了阴/阳离子表面活性剂混合溶液在浓度比较高时出现的双水相和囊泡现象,并对这种双水相形成条件和囊泡的稳定性进行了比较详细的讨论。阴/阳离子表面活性剂混合溶液中的双水相现象只能在两个非常狭窄的区域形成,可能由不同浓度的胶束溶液、胶束溶液与液晶相或囊泡等组成。在一定的条件下,比较稳定的囊泡可以自发或经过超声处理形成。     

Observations of Membrane Domain Reorganization in Mechanically Compressed Artificial Cells

Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are considered to be the gold standard for assembling artificial cells from the bottom up. In this study, we investigated the behavior of such biomimetic vesicles as they were subjected to mechanical compression. A microfluidic device is presented that comprises a trap to capture GUVs and a microstamp that is deflected downwards to mechanically compress the trapped vesicle. After characterization of the device, we show that single-phase GUVs can be controllably compressed to a high degree of deformation (D=0.40) depending on the pressure applied to the microstamp. A permeation assay was implemented to show that vesicle bursting is prevented by water efflux. Next, we mechanically compressed GUVs with co-existing liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered membrane phases. Upon compression, we observed that the normally stable lipid domains reorganized themselves across the surface and fused into larger domains. This phenomenon, observed here in a model membrane system, not only gives us insights into how the multicomponent membranes of artificial cells behave, but might also have interesting consequences for the role of lipid rafts in biological cells that are subjected to compressive forces in a natural environment.     

Soft vesicles in the synthesis of hard materials

Vesicles of surfactants in aqueous solution have received considerable attention because of their use as simple model systems for biological membranes and their applications in various fields including colloids, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Because of their architecture, vesicles could prove useful as "soft" templates for the synthesis of "hard materials". The vesicle phase, however, has been challenging and difficult to work with in the construction of hard materials. In the solution-phase synthesis of various inorganic or macromolecular materials, templating methods provide a powerful strategy to control the size, morphology, and composition of the resulting micro- and nanostructures. In comparison with hard templates, soft templates are generally constructed using amphiphilic molecules, especially surfactants and amphiphilic polymers. These types of compounds offer advantages including the wide variety of available templates, simple fabrication processes under mild conditions, and easy removal of the templates with less damage to the final structures. Researchers have used many ordered molecular aggregates such as vesicles, micelles, liquid crystals, emulsion droplets, and lipid nanotubes as templates or structure-directing agents to control the synthesis or assembly hard micro- and nanomaterials composed from inorganic compounds or polymers. In addition to their range of sizes and morphologies, vesicles present unique structures that can simultaneously supply different microenvironments for the growth and assembly of hard materials: the inner chamber of vesicles, the outer surface of the vesicles, and the space between bilayers. Two main approaches for applying vesicles in the field of hard materials have been explored: (i) in situ synthesis of micro- or nanomaterials within a specific microenvironment by vesicle templating and (ii) the assembly or incorporation of guest materials during the formation of vesicles. This Account provides an in-depth look at the research concerning the association of soft vesicles with hard materials by our laboratory and others. We summarize three main principles of soft vesicle usage in the synthesis of hard materials and detailed procedures for vesicle templating and the characterization of the synthetic mechanisms. By use of these guiding principles, a variety of inorganic materials have been prepared, such as quantum dots, noble metal nanoparticles, mesoporous structures, and hollow capsules. Polymerization within the vesicle bilayers enhances vesicle stability, and this strategy has been developed to synthesize hollow polymer materials. Since 2004, our group has pursued a completely different strategy in the synthesis of micro- and nanomaterials using vesicles as reactive templates. In this method, the vesicles act not only as templates but also as reactive precursors. Because of the location of metal ions on the bilayer membranes, such reactions are restricted to the interface of the vesicle membrane and solution. Finally, using the perspective of soft matter chemistry, we stress some basic criteria for vesicle templating.