真空计量标准的研制与应用

兰州物理研究所研制了一系列真空标准装置,可用于真空规、方向规、分压力质谱计、真空漏孔和正压漏孔的校准.其静态膨胀法真空标准装置、动态流量法真空标准装置及超高/极高真空校准装置是用于真空规校准的三套基础标准,覆盖的校准范围为(10-10～105)Pa;程控式真空规校准装置适用于工业部门,其校准范围为(10-4～105)Pa;为实现质谱计的校准,研制了一台具有三路相同独立进样系统的分压力质谱计校准装置,标准分压力通过磁悬浮转子规以两种不同的方法进行测量,该校准装置可实现(10-7～10-1)Pa范围内的分压力校准;为实现真空漏孔的校准,研制了恒压式气体微流量标准装置和固定流导法气体微流量标准装置.恒压式气体微流量标准装置的校准范围为(10-8>～10-2)Pa·m3/s,同定流导法气体微流量标准装置的校准范围为(10-10～10-5)Pa·m3/s,漏孔漏率的校准通过比较被校漏孔和标准气体微流量计在一台四极质谱计上引起示漏气体离子流的大小计算得到;为实现正压漏孔的校准,研制了一台正压漏孔校准装置,采用定容法和定量气体动态比较法对正压漏孔进行校准,校准范围为(5 × 10-5～10-1)Pa·m3/s;研制了一台定向流真空校准装置,实现对方向规的校准和非平衡态分子流的研究,装置的校准范围为(10-7～10-1)Pa.     

电推进系统工质气体微流量校准装置的设计

通过实验和理论分析,结合电推进系统工质气体微流量的实际使用情况,提出了绝压定容升压法及差压定容升压法两种电推进系统工质气体微流量的校准方法,设计了电推进系统工质气体微流量校准装置,装置采用双通道对称结构,包括抽气系统、校准系统、容积测量系统、稳压系统、多工质气路转换系统、恒温及烘烤系统、数据采集系统等,校准范围为5×10~(-5)～5×10~(-1)Pa·m~3/s,入口压力为0.2～0.5 MPa,出口压力为100 Pa～0.2 MPa,扩展不确定度小于2.0%(k=2),校准气体为Xe、Kr、Ar、He和N_2,可以满足电推进系统的计量需求。     

恒压式气体微流量计的性能测试

介绍了恒压式气体微流量计的组成及性能实验.实验结果表明,气体流量的测量范围为(2.96×10-9～4.76×10-4)Pa·m3/s,不确定度小于4%.标准漏孔的校准结果与德国PTB校准结果的一致性好于1.3%.     

动态流量法超高真空标准装置

研制成功的动态流量法超高真空标准装置是一台用来校准真空规的绝对真空计量标准。装置由校准系统、微流量计系统、抽气系统和计算机控制系统组成。校准系统采用四球结构 ,校准球室直径为50 0mm。极限真空度为 6 5× 10 - 9Pa ,校准范围为 10 - 2 ～ 10 - 7Pa ,不确定度为 3% (10 - 2 ～ 10 - 6 Pa)和10 % (10 - 7Pa)。     

用定容式气体流量计进行真空规校准方法的研究

提出了一种采用定容式气体流量计校准真空规的方法,并对校准装置进行了不确定度的分析。定容式气体流量计有2种工作模式:采用定容法模式可以提供(10-8～10-2)Pa.m3/s的流量,采用固定流导法模式可以提供(10-6～10-11)Pa.m3/s的流量,2种方法组合提供的标准流量范围变宽,延伸了流量下限。定容式气体流量计相对于恒压式气体流量计,有结构简单、操作方便等特点。采用定容式气体流量计校准真空规的范围为(10-6～10-2)Pa,合成标准不确定度为(0.67～1.74)%。并用恒压式气体流量计校准同一分离规进行了比较,2个校准结果一致性好于5.7%。     

气体微流量标准装置的研制

气体微流量标准是校准气体微流量的一种装置，可用于传递型和应用型参考漏孔及气体微流量计的校准。它由恒压式微流量计、流量校准系统、待校流量引入系统和测量与控制系统四部分组成。恒压式微流量计的变容室采用了活塞液压驱动波纹管结构，活塞的平动由恒力矩测速电机驱动导轨平动机构完成，活塞的位移用精密光栅尺测量。在流量测量过程中，测量与控制系统将变容室和参考室之间的压力差控制在工作压力值的0．01％之内。该标准装置可采用直接测量法和比较测量法对气体微流量进行校准，其量程为1．71～1．22×10－5PaL／S，不确定度＜2％。     

一种10~5～10~(-7) Pa现场真空计校准装置的设计

针对现场真空校准需求,设计出校准范围为10~5～10~(-7) Pa的现场真空计校准装置。装置集成了比较和标准流导两种校准方法,采用模块化设计减小了装置的体积和重量;通过触摸屏或计算机实现自动化数据采集及操作控制,装置能够自动出具并上传校准证书;校准室通过特殊工艺处理及双极串联抽气机组抽气,设计的极限真空度为10~(-8 )Pa量级;采用流导法和定容法设计出10~(-2)～10~(-10) Pa·m~3/s的复合型标准气体流量计,解决了宽量程标准流量的提供问题。本现场真空校准装置设计的校准范围为10~5～10~(-7) Pa,外形尺寸不超过500 mm×500 mm×600 mm,主体重量小于50 kg,具有校准范围宽、便携、自动化程度高等优点。     

动态流导法真空校准装置

动态流导法真空校准装置是真空计量的标准,可用于高真空和超高真空规的校准,真空度的校准范围为10-1～5×10-7 Pa,合成标准不确定度为0.69%～1.4%.     

复合型便携式真空计校准装置

在原有基础上研制出复合型便携式真空计校准装置。将静态比较法、静态膨胀法及动态流量法复合在一台装置上,仅采用一台满量程为1.33×105Pa的电容薄膜真空计作为参考标准,实现较宽的真空度校准范围。实验结果表明,装置的校准范围为105Pa～10-5Pa,合成标准不确定度为1.3%～2.5%。装置的外形尺寸为450 mm×400 mm×750 mm,总重量小于35 kg,在原有校准装置的基础上减小了重量和成本,更适用于许多应用领域中真空计的现场校准。     

定容式气体微流量标准装置的不确定度分析

定容式气体微流量标准装置采用定容法工作原理 ,用于校准热容式质量流量计 ,测量范围为1×10 -3～10Pa·m3·s -1 ,不确定度(1σ)小于1.20 %。主要分析了标准装置的不确定度     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from