改性累托石对苯酚和铬的吸附等温线及分形维数

用十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵[C12H25（CH3）2（C6H5-CH2）NCI,1227]、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵[C16H33（CH3）3NBr,1631]、十八烷基三甲基溴化铵[C18H37（CH3）3 NBr,1831]3种表面活性剂改性天然黏土累托石（rectorite,REC）,得到3种有机改性累托石：1227-REC,1631-REC和1831-REC。用3种有机改性累托石对水溶液中有机物苯酚和无机重金属离子Cr（VI）的吸附实验,对比了它们的吸附等温线及相应的分形模型。实验结果表明：改性REC对苯酚和Cr（VI）的吸附作用分别是由阴阳离子静电吸引和表面配位反应所引起的。吸附剂的“吸附活性位”的分形维数计算表明：1227-REC和1631-REC对苯酚的分形维数分别是2．85,2．91;1227REC,1631-REC和1831REC对Cr（VI）的分形维数分别是2．65,2．86和2．73。     

EVA/有机改性累托石复合泡沫材料的制备与性能研究

采用十二烷基三甲基溴化铵（DTAB）对累托石（REC）进行有机处理制备出有机改性累托石（OREC）,通过熔融插层法制备出了乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物/有机改性累托石（EVA/OREC）复合泡沫材料。利用傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、万能试验机等对复合材料的形貌和力学性能进行了表征,研究了累托石的层间距、含量对复合泡沫材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,经有机改性后累托石层间距增加了10.9 %;复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、撕裂强度也随之明显升高;且当OREC质量组分为10份时材料的各项力学性能达到最佳。     

改性累托石对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

用十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵[C12H25(CH3)2(C6H5CH2)NCl,1227]、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵[C16H33(CH3)3NBr,1631]、十八烷基三甲基溴化铵[C18H37(CH3)3NBr,1831]3种表面活性剂改性天然粘土累托石(rectorite,REC),得到3种有机改性累托石：1227-REC,1631-REC和1831-REC。用3种有机改性累托石对水溶液中无机重金属离子C(Ⅵ)进行吸附实验,考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度等因素对吸附效果的影响。同时,用3种吸附累托石1227-REC-Cr,1631-REC-Cr和1831-REC-Cr对Cr(Ⅵ)进行解吸试验,考察了pH值对解吸效果的影响。结果表明：3种吸附剂在室温下达到满意吸附效果的pH值为6,平衡时间分别为30,20,20min。在该条件下被吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的量与吸附前相比分别为80．2％,95．5％和97．6％,且3种吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)均是Langmiur单分子吸附。当pH值为10时,3种吸附累托石解吸出Cr(Ⅵ)的量对其原吸附量相比分别是89．2％,96．3％和97．7％。     

改性累托石对凝胶电解质组分相互作用的影响

用十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵改性天然黏土累托石,得到有机改性累托石(organic modified rectorite,OREC),再用OREC改性液体和凝胶电解质.通过研究电导率及粘度变化以及红外分析,考察制备凝胶聚合物电解质的有机溶剂碳酸丙烯酯(propylene carbonate,PC)、高氯酸锂和OREC间存在的相互作用.结果表明:PC与OREC表面Si OH存在强烈氢键作用,大幅度提高了凝胶聚合物电解质的粘度,添加一定量的OREC,可提高复合凝胶聚合物电解质的离子电导率.     

中成药废液中CODs去除的方法研究

中药工业废水通常属于较难处理的高浓度有机污水之一,通常具有组成复杂,有机污染物种类多、浓度高、CODs值高且波动性大。累托石(REC)是一种硅酸盐粘土矿物。有机累托石本身就可以通过交换吸附除去水溶液中的重金属离子,改性以后的吸附能力会大大加强。本项目主要是在Fenton法对中成药废液进行处理的基础上,使用十八烷基三甲基溴化铵改进的累托石对模拟中药废水进行预处理,考察了CODs、色度的变化情况。     

累托石的有机改性及其对凝胶聚合物电解质的影响

用十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵改性天然黏土累托石,得到有机改性累托石(organic modified rectorite,OREC),再用OREC改性凝胶聚合物电解质.对OREC进行红外、X射线衍射、偏光显微分析,并对OREC改性的凝胶聚合物电解质体系的X射线衍射结果、离子电导率及热性能进行了分析.结果表明:OREC能作为改性剂用在凝胶聚合物电解质中,在凝胶电解质中达到完全解离,能提高电解质的离子电导率,且改性电解质的玻璃化转变温度随OREC添加量的增加而增大,热稳定性提高.     

RDX表面能及其分量的测定

采用Washburn薄层毛细渗透技术测定了RDX粉体的接触角和表面能及其色散、极化、电子受供体分量.选用非极性的二碘甲烷和1-溴萘作为测定RDX表面能色散分量的探针液体,极性的乙二醇和甲酰胺作为测定RDX表面能极性分量和酸、碱分量的探针液体.通过测定不同探针液体的渗透曲线,发现基于不同探针液体分子的接触角获得的RDX粉体的表面能成分彼此一致,RDX的总表面能(40.20 mJ · m-2)与理论计算结果(40.60 mJ · m-2)基本一致.测得的色散分量为23.71 mJ · m-2,极性分量为16.49 mJ · m-2,电子受体分量为1.149 mJ · m-2,电子供体分量为51.87 mJ · m-2.结果表明,在RDX的表面能中,色散分量占主要部分,而且在极性分量中电子供体碱性分量明显大于电子受体酸性分量.     

有机累托石/环氧树脂复合材料的结构及性能

以热稳定性较高的离子液体1-十六烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐(1-hexadecy1-3-methylimidazolium bromide,C16mimBr)为改性剂,制备了有机累托石(organic-rectorite,OREC).以环氧树脂(epoxy resin,EP)为基体,分别用2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑(2-eth...     

四乙基溴化铵和十八烷基三甲基氯化铵协同作用下有机改性蒙脱石制备工艺条件研究

本文对四乙基溴化铵和十八烷基三甲基氯化铵协同作用下有机改性蒙脱石制备工艺条件进行了研究,在十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(1831)对钠基蒙脱石有机改性过程中加入四乙基溴化铵可以明显改善有机化效果.最佳的单因素条件为:有机改性前半小时加入四乙基溴化铵,加入量3g/25g土,改性温度80℃,改性时间2h,矿浆pH值不需要调节.四因素交互作用最佳有机改性工艺条件为:四乙基溴化铵用量2g/25g土,有机化温度80℃,有机化时间1h,矿浆pH值9.95.对应最优组合A2B3C1D2实验条件制备的有机蒙脱石的d001值高达63.9652A,实验产品烧失量最高为29.18%.     

累托石插层改性纳米材料的制备及应用

累托石是一种规则的间层物质,天然的累托石层间距比较小,寻找合适的试剂和工艺将累托石的间层撑开到足够大的程度,开发它在材料中的应用是研究的一个热点。在氟碳表面活性剂和复合季铵盐极性插层剂作用下用分散机高速搅拌,制得累托石插层改性的纳米材料,通过X射线衍射、TEM、SEM对材料进行了测试表征,并对累托石的结构、插层原理及插层改性累托石的应用进行了探讨。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.