用于三坐标测量机的低成本转角误差测量方法

为以较低成本同时测量2个轴上的2个转角误差,提出一种适用于三坐标测量机或机床的转角误差测量方法。对固定在CMM滑架上的附加载质量对转角误差的影响进行分析及验证。采用干涉型高分辨率角位移传感器实现同时测量CMM滑架的2个转角误差,并且仅需在滑架上固定1个质量较小的平面镜,即可减小CMM滑架上的负载。为验证该方法的正确性,分别测量了2台示例性CMM的2个转角误差,并将所得结果与用标准激光干涉仪测量得到的值进行比较。实验结果表明:所提方法和使用标准干涉仪得到的测量结果之间的最大差值不超过4μrad,能够以较低成本满足CMM转角误差测量要求。     

三坐标测量机误差补偿方法的研究

通过对三坐标测量机更换测量系统,改进、设计与此相配的机械部分,从而建立误差补偿模型,并进行误差测试,同时利用软件进行误差补偿.结果证明:本误差补偿方法能使测量机的空间精度提高2～3倍,且这种补偿方法简单可靠,为通过误差补偿提高三坐标测量机的精度提供了简单而有效的手段.     

基于BAS-BP模型的在机测量系统误差白化建模北大核心

为了提高数控机床在机测量系统的测量精度,建立精确的、多因素影响下的单项误差白化模型,分析了在机测量系统单项误差的变化特点,提出一种BAS-BP建模方法,优化神经网络的权值和阈值,以空间位置和速度两种影响因素作为输入进行建模。以X轴5项几何误差为例,进行多元回归、BP和BAS-BP神经网络预测建模效果比较。实验结果表明,应用BAS-BP神经网络的预测建模精度最高,均方误差最大仅为0.7153μm。且能实现多因素影响下的几何误差白化建模,更适用于在机测量系统误差精确建模和后续的误差补偿。     

精密加工中心直线轴复合误差建模研究北大核心

为提高精密机床加工精度,针对直线轴几何误差与热误差两类重要误差项进行分析,并提出一种复合定位误差建模方法。首先对两端固定式丝杠进给系统的热误差机制进行分析,建立正弦函数误差表达式,利用有限元法提取丝杠表面温度并作为输入量代入到热误差模型中。利用切比雪夫多项式建立静态几何误差预测模型。将两模型叠加,得到复合定位误差模型。对精密加工中心直线轴进行检测实验,实验值与预测模型对比后发现预测精度达到85%以上,验证了复合误差模型具有较高的预测精度,为直线轴定位误差补偿提供了参考。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的精密数控机床热误差建模与补偿研究

为了减小热误差对数控机床加工精度的影响,以自主研制的五轴精密数控机床为研究对象,得出定位误差与温度之间的变化规律。运用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)建立Y轴的热误差模型,并对LS-SVM模型进行参数寻优。根据LS-SVM模型计算出移动轴热平衡状态下定位误差的预测值与测量值对比曲线,通过分析发现LS-SVM热误差模型性能较好,其拟合偏差带宽较窄,均方差较小。依据LS-SVM模型进行定位误差补偿实验,误差降低了87. 3%。实验结果证明最小二乘支持向量机建模方法具有较高的预测精度、补偿精度。     

结晶器坐标测量机不确定度分析及精度保证

文章对影响结晶器专用坐标测量机测量精度的各项误差进行了详细分析，用齐次坐标理论建立了误差修正模型，对影响测量精度比较大的21项几何误差进行修正，并给出各项几何误差的传递系数。通过对误差修正后的测量机各轴不确定度进行评定，找出影响测量精度的瓶颈因素，分析了存在的问题并给出改进措施，最后通过实验验证了该方法的正确性和实用性，为保证测量机的精度提供了理论指导。     

数控车床热误差实时补偿研究

热误差是数控加工中的主要误差源之一,对零件加工精度有非常大的影响。对数控车床热误差进行补偿可以有效地提高机床的加工精度。在数控车床的加工过程中,采用铂电阻温度传感器对数控加工中关键点的温度进行实时测量,再配合线性回归理论建立数控车床的热误差模型。最后根据热误差模型对数控车床的加工误差进行实时补偿,经验证该技术是可靠有效的。     

多轴机床综合误差补偿策略研究

建立精确的误差模型,并对机床进行误差补偿是提高机床加工精度的有效方法。文章以自主研发的五轴机床为研究对象,测量在不同温度状态下导轨的定位误差,通过分析实测数据,得到机床误差分布规律和影响定位误差的关键因素。根据几何误差与热误差的不同特性进行误差分离,分别建立几何和热误差数学模型,最后叠加得到综合误差数学模型。根据综合误差模型,提出机床误差补偿策略,为多轴数控机床实施误差补偿提供基础。     

直齿轮有限元接触分析与偏差对传动精度影响

以一对直齿圆柱齿轮为研究对象,建立其误差齿轮三维有限元接触精度模型,采用ANSYS分析齿廓偏差及偏心误差对直齿轮副传动精度影响。利用APDL语言建立齿轮三维有限元精确接触模型;以节点移动及齿轮整体移动的方式编程实现误差齿轮模型。通过求解不同精度等级齿轮副实际啮合时的传动精度,得出精度等级对传动精度的影响呈非线性关系,研究将对精密齿轮的传动设计提供依据。     

精密加工中心主轴热误差测量技术的研究

热误差是影响精密加工中心加工精度的主要因素之一,因此减小热误差对提高加工中心的精度至关重要.通过对热误差进行检测、建模,可以从一定程度上消除热误差对精密加工中心的影响,提高加工精度.文章以精密立式加工中心VDM55为研究对象,在分析热误差来源及形式的基础上,利用研制的温度和热误差检测系统,测量了加工中心主轴温度场和热误差.该测量系统具有成本低、测量精度高、结构简单的特点.通过合理设计的热误差测量实验,获得了真实有效的主轴热误差数据.测量数据的分析结果表明,该方法对研究机床热误差规律和建模具有很大的应用价值.     

激光干涉仪检测光路的快速校准方法

在使用激光干涉仪时,光路校准过程比较困难,需反复调整,耗时极长,严重依赖操作者的技术水平及经验,导致检测效率大大降低。通过对雷尼绍XL-80激光干涉仪检测的机床直线轴Y轴的光路进行分析,建立被测轴的齐次坐标变换误差模型,利用机床Y轴移动距离,再借助随着光点从光靶中心移动到光靶边缘的固定距离,求解与被测轴Y轴位置无关的激光发射器偏摆和俯仰角,以及间接得到激光器和反射镜位置偏移误差和光点在坐标系间变换的距离。通过建立的误差模型求解无法直接测量的分光镜与反射镜绕各自本身垂直底座轴线的偏摆误差,调整各部件,快速准确地完成光路校准。     

Evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of a positional error calibrator based on a laser interferometer

A positional error calibrator for evaluating the positioning accuracy of machine tools and coordinate measuring machines (CMM) under dynamic conditions has been developed. It is based on the Hewlett Packard 5529A laser interferometer, which is capable of performing dynamic calibration. This laser interferometer measures the position of the slide as it moves continuously along the machine axis under test. The data are collected on a position basis by triggering the laser interferometer from a position-based reference signal. A software package has been developed for data acquisition and presentation of the positional errors in accordance with ISO 230-2 standard. This paper deals with the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of this positional error calibrator. In order to assess the total measurement uncertainty of this calibrator, an analysis of the individual errors that make up the accuracy and repeatability error budgets has been carried out. These error budgets consist of the following components: (1) uncertainties intrinsic to the laser system; (2) uncertainties due to environmental effects; (3) measuring uncertainties due to the installation. This uncertainty analysis was carried out when this calibrator was used to assess the positional errors of a moving bridge type CMM at UMIST.     

Derivation of machine tool error models and error compensation procedure for three axes vertical machining center using rigid body kinematics

Volumetric positional accuracy constitutes a large portion of the total machine tool error during machining. In order to improve machine tool accuracy cost-effectively, machine tool geometric errors as well as thermally induced errors have to be characterized and predicted for error compensation. This paper presents the development of kinematic error models accounting for geometric and thermal errors in the Vertical Machining Center (VMC). The machine tool investigated is a Cincinnati Milacron Sabre 750 3 axes CNC Vertical Machining Center with open architecture controller. Using Rigid Body Kinematics and small angle approximation of the errors, each slide of the three axes vertical machining center is modeled using homogeneous coordinate transformation. By synthesizing the machine's parametric errors such as linear positioning errors, roll, pitch and yaw etc., an expression for the volumetric errors in the multi-axis machine tool is developed. The developed mathematical model is used to calculate and predict the resultant error vector at the tool–workpiece interface for error compensation.     

Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes on five-axis machine by on-machine measurement

The geometric errors of rotary axes are the fundamental errors of a five-axis machine tool. They directly affect the machining accuracy, and require periodical measurement, identification and compensation. In this paper, a precise calibration and compensation method for the geometric errors of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool is proposed. The automated measurement is realized by using an on-the-machine touch-trigger technology and an artifact. A calibration algorithm is proposed to calibrate geometric errors of rotary axes based on the relative displacement of the measured reference point. The geometric errors are individually separated and the coupling effect of the geometric errors of two rotary axes can be avoided. The geometry error of the artifact as well as its setup error has little influence on geometric error calibration results. Then a geometric error compensation algorithm is developed by modifying the numeric control (NC) source file. All the geometric errors of the rotary errors are compensated to improve the machining accuracy. The algorithm can be conveniently integrated into the post process. At last, an experiment on a five-axis machine tool with table A-axis and head B-axis structure validates the feasibility of the proposed method.     

激光干涉测量中的误差分析与补偿

介绍了双频激光干涉仪的测量原理,从安装和测量等方面深入分析了激光干涉测量所固有的系统误差、阿贝误差及余弦误差、环境误差及延时误差,讨论了各种误差对测量结果的影响,并给出了相应的误差补偿方法。     

Accuracy test of five-axis CNC machine tool with 3D probe-ball. Part II: errors estimation

To improve the accuracy of CNC machine tools, error sources and its effects on the overall position and orientation errors must be known. Most motional errors in the error model of five-axis machine tool can be measured with modern laser interferometer devices, but there are still some not measurable geometric errors. These not measurable errors include constant, inaccurate link errors of components such as rotary axes block, main spindle block and tool holder. After setting all measured errors in the error model, a reduced error model is defined, which describes the influence of each unknown and not measurable link error on the overall position errors of the five-axis machine tool. On the other hand, the newly developed probe-ball device can measure the overall position errors of five-axis machine tools directly. Based on the reduced model and the overall position errors, the link errors can be estimated very accurately with the least square estimation method. The error model is then fully known and can be used for advanced purposes such as error prediction and compensation.     

数控机床在线检测系统的定位误差补偿实验研究

为了提高数控机床在线检测精度,研究机床各个轴的定位误差对数控机床在线检测精度的影响。针对数控机床误差补偿进行实验研究,采用激光干涉仪在数控机床上测量出各个轴的定位误差,将各个轴的定位误差依次进行补偿;并以Visual C++6. 0为工具,编写了三次样条曲线的算法程序,将测量的数据点拟合成一条曲线,达到可以预测机床任意点误差的效果;进行标准块检测实验。结果表明:在数控机床在线检测系统中实施误差补偿,效果较为明显,利用补偿软件可以实现对数控机床任意点进行补偿。     

Construction of an error map of rotary axes on a five-axis machining center by static R-test

This paper proposes an efficient and automated scheme to calibrate error motions of rotary axes on a five-axis machining center by using the R-test. During a five-axis measurement cycle, the R-test probing system measures the three-dimensional displacement of a sphere attached to the spindle in relative to the machine table. Location errors, defined in ISO 230-7, of rotary axes are the most fundamental error factors in the five-axis kinematics. A larger class of error motions can be modeled as geometric errors that vary depending on the angular position of a rotary axis. The objective of this paper is to present an algorithm to identify not only location errors, but also such position-dependent geometric errors, or “error map,” of rotary axes. Its experimental demonstration is presented.     

非球面数控磨床的误差建模与补偿研究

以实验室自主研发的非球面数控磨床为研究对象,系统分析了该磨床几何误差元素,基于齐次变换原理和多体系统理论,建立了该磨床包含所有几何误差源的综合误差模型。基于双频激光干涉测量仪,应用9线误差辨识法和回转误差辨识法建立了以磨床单项误差为变量的组合方程,并求取了磨床的各误差分量。针对非球面数控磨床定位误差的特性,提出了增量式误差补偿原理。研究表明:该误差建模及补偿原理可以有效地提升非球面数控磨床的定位精度。     

A novel simple and low cost 4 degree of freedom angular indexing calibrating technique for a precision rotary table

For calibrating an angular rotary table, either a high precision standard table or a laser interferometer and related optics are normally employed at high cost. This paper establishes a novel, simple and low cost technique to calibrate the 4-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) errors of a rotary table (three angular position errors and one linear position error) for a 360° full circle by employing one reference rotary table, one 1 dimensional (1D) grating and two 2 dimensional (2D) position-sensing-detectors (PSD). With this technique, no highly accurate reference rotary table, but with good repeatability is needed. After two full circle tests, the 4-DOF errors of both the target rotary table and the reference rotary table could be obtained. The system calibration, stability test, system verification and full circle test were completed. The angular stability of this system was less then 2 arc sec, while the displacement stability was less than 1.2 μm.