形貌对通孔金属泡沫辐射性能的影响

本文借助PerkinElmer 光学测试系统实验研究了不同形貌通孔金属泡沫的漫反射率和漫透射率。实验结果表明,材质对金属泡沫的漫反射率有重要的影响。铜泡沫的漫反射率随着孔密度的增大而减小,而镍泡沫的漫反射率变化趋势则相反。无论是铜泡沫还是镍泡沫,吸收率皆随着孔密度的增大而增大,消光系数随着孔密度的增大而增大。对于烧结有铜板的铜泡沫,吸收率随着孔隙率的增大而增大。     

强润湿性液体池沸腾传热的实验研究和机理分析

对强润湿性液体的池沸腾传热实验而言,本文提出了行之有效的实验程序,并严格按照实验程序进行了R113池沸腾传热的实验研究,具体研究了表现老化和液体过冷度对池沸腾传热曲线及起沸点的影响,实验中观察到了三个反常现象,最后,从强润湿性液体的沸腾传热机理的角度对其给出了相应的解释。     

基于梯度孔隙率金属泡沫的复合相变单元储热性能数值模拟北大核心CSCD

向相变材料中添加金属泡沫可以解决相变材料低导热率引起的换热效果较差等问题,提高系统的整体蓄热效率。然而,复合相变材料的传热性能受金属泡沫孔隙率分布的影响较显著,为进一步提高相变储能单元的传热性能,本工作基于低孔隙率金属泡沫-相变材料(PCM)复合储能系统,建立了一种新的梯度孔隙率金属泡沫结构,通过数值模拟方法,对蓄热单元熔化过程中的熔化率、储能速率、储能总量进行分析,系统研究了孔隙率沿加热方向负梯度分布、正梯度分布对复合相变材料熔化速度和储热性能的影响。研究结果表明,负梯度孔隙率结构可以进一步提高储能系统的储热效率,其中,孔隙率梯度为0.12(案例S-6)时增强效果最显著。在熔化周期的不同阶段,负梯度孔隙率对复合材料的传热均有不同程度增强,对于S-6,在1000 s、2000 s、2600 s时,熔化率相较于均匀孔隙率结构分别增加了0.67%、2.31%、9.90%;随着孔隙率梯度的增加,相变材料的热性能提高越显著,与均匀孔隙结构相比,改进的负梯度孔隙率结构其完全熔化时间最高可缩短7.32%,储热速率可提高8.02%。对于正梯度孔隙率结构,其对熔化速度没有显著影响,但是储热总量可提高0.49%。     

均匀及梯度泡沫金属复合PCM熔化特性模拟研究

基于六面通圆孔的均匀泡沫金属结构,构建了泡沫金属复合相变材料(PCM)三维模型,采用高性能计算显卡(GPU)加速的多松弛时间格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟了均匀及梯度泡沫金属复合PCM的瞬态熔化过程。结果表明：随着均匀泡沫金属孔隙率的降低,复合PCM的传热速率提高,潜热储能的能力减弱;对于固定平均孔隙率的不均匀泡沫金属,孔隙率沿导热方向上递增的模型具有最佳的强化传热效果,其完全熔化时间比填充均匀骨架模型和孔隙率在导热方向上递减的骨架模型分别缩短了4.2%和25%,当孔隙率梯度变化方向与导热方向一致时,在高温壁面附近填充低孔隙率泡沫金属能显著强化传热;当两者方向垂直时,熔化速率取决于平均孔隙率,与梯度分布几乎无关。     

薄层多孔层内池沸腾时回液特性

多孔介质可以强化相变传热,被广泛应用到电子器件散热中。热管依靠毛细芯孔隙内沸腾和凝结形成热质快速迁移的驱动,实现高密度和高效传热。薄层多孔层内沸腾时液体回流特性研究对提高热管传热效率、热流密度及寿命意义重大。通过不同多孔介质在不同液位下的池沸腾实验,获得了薄层多孔表面在较高热流密度下沸腾时的气泡特性和沸腾曲线,并结合毛细理论分析多孔表面的回液特性。实验结果表明,高热流密度下毛细回流占主导作用,较小的有效毛细半径和较大的渗透率有利于液体回流。     

泡沫金属圆管内沸腾传热的数值模拟

为了解泡沫金属沸腾传热原理,建立了泡沫金属圆管三维物理模型,采用BrinkmanForchheimer扩展达西动量方程和C语言编写气液两相质量传递和能量传递的自定义函数,对泡沫金属圆管中沸腾传热现象进行数值模拟,分析了质量流率、干度对流型、压降和沸腾传热系数的影响。模拟结果表明,在一定质量流率下,单位长度压降随着干度的增大成非线性增长趋势;低质量流率时,随着干度的增大,管内流型由分层流过渡到波状流进而过渡到稳定的波状流,传热系数变小;高质量流率时,随着干度的增大,管内流型由弹状流过渡到环状流,传热系数变大。     

多孔金属和方柱复合结构池沸腾数值模拟研究

针对一种多孔金属和方柱复合结构,采用双粒子分布函数格子Boltzmann方法对其池沸腾传热进行数值模拟研究。分别调整了下部方柱的柱宽/槽宽(W/D)、柱高H和上部多孔层的厚度,分析了不同结构的沸腾换热曲线和传热机理。流场和温度场分别用密度分布函数和温度分布函数来描述,底部固体采用定压边界条件。研究发现,方柱-多孔层复合结构可以有效的强化沸腾换热。结果表明,低热流密度下,具有较小的W/D的结构换热表现更好,高热流密度下,较大的W/D换热表现更好;换热效果随结构柱高H的增大而增加;多孔层厚度的变化对整体结构的强化效果影响不大。     

表面强化管外池沸腾传热特性研究

为实现节能降耗,开发了多种强化沸腾传热的高效换热管。以水为工质,在0.1MPa下对垂直光管、烧结多孔管和T槽管进行了池沸腾传热实验研究,并分析了沿管子轴向的温度分布。实验结果表明,烧结多孔管与T槽管能显著降低起始沸腾过热度、强化沸腾传热:烧结多孔管和T槽管的起始沸腾过热度比光管的低1.5K左右;烧结多孔管和T槽管的核态沸腾传热系数分别为光管的2.4～3.2倍和1.6～2.0倍。此外,烧结多孔管和T槽管能降低相同热流密度下的壁面温度,且有利于降低管子轴向的温差。     

超声波对池沸腾换热的影响

本实验针对池沸腾传热,以去离子水为工质,在不同过冷度、超声功率和辐射距离条件下,研究了超声波对池沸腾换热的影响,揭示了池沸腾系统中声空化和声流效应的作用机理;在旺盛沸腾区,由于沸腾系统本身汽泡核化所产生的气液界面削弱了到达加热面的超声能量,使得声空化效应减弱;同时,核化汽泡的生长和脱离所引起的对流效应远大于超声波声流引起的宏观对流效应,使得超声波在旺盛沸腾区的强化传热作用并不显著。     

石蜡/泡沫铝复合相变材料对太阳池热性能的影响

传统盐梯度太阳池以显热储热,储热密度较低。针对该问题,提出了在储热层添加石蜡/泡沫铝复合多孔介质相变层的方法。构建了宽度为300mm,长度为400mm,深度为500mm的小型实验太阳池,分别进行了传统盐梯度太阳池和添加石蜡/泡沫铝复合多孔介质相变材料（PCM）的太阳池热性能对比实验。实验研究与理论分析表明：未添加石蜡/泡沫铝复合PCM的下对流层（LCZ）的储存?和?效率的最大值分别13.814MJ/m3与9.38%;添加4块石蜡/泡沫铝复合PCM的LCZ的储存?和?效率的最大值分别15.659MJ/m3与12.05%,同前者对比分别提高了1.845 MJ/m3与2.67%,从而证明石蜡/泡沫铝复合PCM能够有效提高LCZ的储存?与?效率。此外,后者在太阳池LCZ的温度上升期可使其温度提高3℃左右,因此,添加石蜡/泡沫铝复合PCM能够提升太阳池LCZ的蓄热能力。     

Pool boiling heat transfer on open-celled metallic foam sintered surface under saturation condition

The current study investigated the saturated pool boiling heat transfer of deionized water with added surfactant on a horizontal metallic foam surface with V-shape grooves under atmospheric pressure. The influences of the groove configurations, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, foam thickness, and thermal conductivity of foam material on heat transfer performance and bubble growth patterns were studied. SDS with concentrations of 100, 400, and 800 ppm was used as the surfactant. The foam porosity was fixed at 0.95. V-shape grooves with various widths and groove number were manufactured in the foam samples, with three pore densities of 20, 100, and 130 PPI. Results showed that the effects of the groove configuration, SDS concentration, and thickness on boiling heat transfer are heavily dependent on foam pore density. The counter-flow between the released bubbles and sucked liquid plays a significant role in heat transfer performance. The existence of sufficient grooves delays the critical heat flux (CHF), whereas SDS can achieve CHF earlier.     

Pool boiling heat transfer on copper foam covers with water as working fluid

Pool boiling heat transfer with porous media as the enhanced structure is attractive due to its simple geometry and easy operation. However, the available studies focus on low porous porosities. Metallic foams provide large porous porosities that have been less studied in the literature. In this paper a set of copper foam pieces were welded on the plain copper surface to form the copper foam covers for the pool boiling heat transfer enhancement. Water was used as the working fluid. Enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer compared with plain surface depends on the increased bubble nucleation sites, extended heat transfer area, and resistance for vapor release to the pool liquid. Effects of pores per inch (ppi) of foam covers, foam cover thickness, and pool liquid temperatures are examined. It is found that temperatures at the Onset of Nucleate Boiling (ONB) are significantly decreased on copper foam covers compared with on plain surfaces. Heat transfer coefficients of foam covers are two to three times of the plain surface. A large ppi value provides large bubble nucleation sites and heat transfer area to enhance heat transfer, but generates large vapor release resistance to deteriorate heat transfer. Therefore an optimal ppi value exists, which is 60 ppi in this paper. Generally small ppi value needs large foam cover thickness, and large ppi value needs small foam cover thickness, to maximally enhance heat transfer. Effect of pool liquid temperature on the heat transfer enhancement depends on the ppi value. For small ppi value such as 30 ppi, lower pool liquid temperature can dissipate higher heat flux at the same wall superheat. However, the heat transfer performance is insensitive to the pool liquid temperatures when large ppi values such as 90 ppi are used.     

Review on thermal transport in high porosity cellular metal foams with open cells

Thermal transport in metal foams has received growing attention in both academic research and industrial applications. In this paper the recent research progress of thermal transport in metal foams has been reviewed. This paper aims to provide the comprehensive state-of-the-art knowledge and research results of thermal transport in open celled cellular metal foams, which covers the effective thermal conductivity, forced convection, natural convection, thermal radiation, pool boiling and flow boiling heat transfer, solid/liquid phase change heat transfer and catalytic reactor. The forced convection and thermal conductivity have been extensively investigated, while less research were performed on two-phase (boiling and solid/liquid phase change heat transfer) and thermal radiation in metal foams. Also most research still treats the metal foam as one type of effective continuous porous media, very few researchers investigated the detailed thermal behaviours at the pore level either by numerical or experimental approaches.     

Effect of oscillatory frequency on heat transfer in metal foam heat sinks of various pore densities

In this paper, an experimental investigation was performed to study the heat transfer performance of metal foam heat sinks of different pore densities subjected to oscillating flow under various oscillatory frequencies. The variations of pressure drop and flow velocity along the kinetic Reynolds number of oscillating flow through aluminum foams were compared. The measured pressure drops, velocities and surface temperatures of oscillating flow through aluminum 10, 20 and 40 PPI foams were presented in detail. The calculated cycle-averaged local temperature and Nusselt number for different kinetic Reynolds numbers were analyzed and compared with finned heat sinks. The results of length-averaged Nusselt number for both oscillating and steady flows indicate that higher heat transfer rates can be obtained in metal foams subjected to oscillating flow. For the purpose of designing a novel heat sink using metal foam, the characteristics of the pumping power of the cooling system for aluminum foam with different pore densities were also analyzed.     

A numerical investigation of heat transfer in phase change materials (PCMs) embedded in porous metals

The effects of metal foams on heat transfer enhancement in Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are investigated. The numerical investigation is based on the two-equation non-equilibrium heat transfer model, in which the coupled heat conduction and natural convection are considered at phase transition and liquid zones. The numerical results are validated by experimental data. The main findings of the investigation are that heat conduction rate is increased significantly by using metal foams, due to their high thermal conductivities, and that natural convection is suppressed owing to the large flow resistance in metal foams. In spite of this suppression caused by metal foams, the overall heat transfer performance is improved when metal foams are embedded into PCM; this implies that the enhancement of heat conduction offsets or exceeds the natural convection loss. The results indicate that for different metal foam samples, heat transfer rate can be further increased by using metal foams with smaller porosities and bigger pore densities.     

Preparation and pool boiling characteristics of copper nanofluids over a flat plate heater

The copper nanoparticles of average size of 10 nm have been prepared by the sputtering method and characterized through atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% by weight concentrations of copper nanoparticles has been studied. Different copper based nanofluids were prepared in both, distilled water and distilled water with 9.0 wt% of sodium lauryl sulphate anionic surfactant (SDS). The pool boiling heat transfer data were acquired for the boiling of nanofluids over a 30 mm square and 0.44 mm thick stainless steel plate heater. The experimental results show that for the critical heat flux of pure water is 80% higher than that of water–surfactant fluid. Also, it was found that the critical heat flux for 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations of copper nanoparticles in copper–water nanofluids are 25%, 40% and 48% higher than that of pure water. But in the case of copper–water with surfactant nanofluids comparing with pure water, the CHF decreases to 75%, 68%, and 62% for respective concentrations of copper nanoparticles. The heat transfer coefficient decreases with increase of nanoparticles concentration in both water–copper and water–copper with surfactant nanofluids.     

Numerical study of conjugated heat transfer in metal foam filled double-pipe

The two equation numerical model has been applied for parallel flow double-pipe heat exchanger filled with open cell metal foams. The model fully considered solid–fluid conjugated heat transfer process coupling heat conduction and convection in open cell metal foam solid matrix, interface wall and fluid in both inner and annular space in heat exchanger. The non-Darcy effect and the wall thickness are also taken into account. The interface wall heat flux distribution along the axial direction is predicted. The numerical model is firstly verified and then the influences of solid heat conductivity, metal foam porosity, pore density, relative heat conductivity and inner tube radius of the heat exchanger on dimensionless temperature distribution and heat transfer performance of heat exchanger are numerically studied. It is revealed that the proposed numerical model can effectively display the real physical heat transfer process in the double pipe heat exchanger. It is expected to provide useful information for the design of metal foam filled heat exchanger.     

Numerical Simulations of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer through Aluminum and Copper Metal Foam Heat Exchanger – A Comparative Study

Abstract

This article discusses about a numerical simulation of a metal foam heat exchanger system carried out by a commercial software. A metal foam layer is attached to the bottom of the heat exchanger to absorb heat from the exhaust hot gas leaving the system. Two types of metal foams with two different pores per inch (PPI) values are considered for heat transfer enhancement. Similarly, two different materials Aluminum and copper, that poses high thermal conductivity, metal foams are considered for the present numerical simulations. The heat exchanger system is simulated over a range of 6–30?m/s fluid velocity. The proposed simulations are compared with theoretical and experimental data available in the literature. The goal is to improve the thermal performance of the heat exchanger by decreasing the pressure drop and maximizing the heat transfer rate. Finally, it has been noticed that the velocity of the fluid decreases as PPI increases at the expense of its pressure drop. The copper metal foam gives a maximum increase of 4–10% heat transfer rate compared to aluminum metal foams for a fluid velocity of 30?m/s.     

泡沫铝通道内瞬态流动的平均换热系数

针对泡沫铝金属填充矩形通道内的对流换热开展了瞬态实验研究,分析了泡沫铝孔径(孔隙率)、流体流量(流速)等关键参数的影响。为了有效地处理实验数据,重新定义并推导了平均换热系数的计算公式,得到了泡沫铝通道内流动的平均换热系数,并引入了基于渗透率的雷诺数和达西数,确定了相关换热、流动准则数关系。实验研究表明,流速的增大有利于对流换热的强化:而平均换热系数对泡沫金属孔径较敏感;对于低孔隙率泡沫金属,渗透率成为影响换热强度的主要因素,相同或接近的孔隙率下,孔径越大,渗透率和达西数越大,越有利于换热,且压损减小。     

Experiment Analysis of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Bead Packed Porous Layers

The heat transfer of pool boiling in bead packed porous layers was experimentally investigated to analyze the effects of the bead material, bead diameter and the layer number of the porous bed on the transport of flux and the heat transfer coefficients. The glass and copper bead, the bead sizes of 4 mm and 6 mm as well as the bead packed porous structures ranging from one to three layers were chosen in the experiments. The pool boiling heat transfer in the bead packed porous structures and that on the plain surface were compared to analyze the enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer while the bead packed porous layers were employed. The maximum relative error between the collected experimental data of the pure water on a plain surface and the theoretical prediction of pool boiling using the Rohsenow correlation was less than 12%. Besides, the boiling bubble generation, integration and departure have a great effect on the pool boiling and were recorded with a camera in the bead stacked porous structures of the different layers and materials at different heat flux. All these results should be taken into account for the promotion and application of bead packed porous structures in pool boiling to enhance the heat transfer.