软烤贻贝中蜡样芽孢杆菌生长/非生长界面模型的构建

基于不同贮藏温度、pH值和水分活度,使用R软件建立软烤贻贝中蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长/非生长界面logistic回归模型。分析结果得到,R2-Nagelkerke=0.979,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验中χ~2=0.0189,P=1,表明logistic回归模型拟合度高。此外,贮藏温度、水分活度、pH值及其交互作用对蜡样芽孢杆菌的生长/非生长情况影响显著(P0.05),并且贮藏温度、水分活度或pH值越低,蜡样芽孢杆菌受到的抑制越强。随着温度、水分活度或pH值的升高,它们对蜡样芽孢杆菌生长概率的主要影响因素地位被其余两个因素的交互作用所取代,而且交互作用中两因素的影响中一个增强,另一个减弱。建立的生长/非生长界面模型对实际生产有重要的指导意义,可以量化栅栏因子,并结合其交互效应,保证微生物的安全,及产品本身的营养和感官品质。     

蜡样芽胞杆菌生长/非生长界面模型的建立和评价

蜡样芽胞杆菌是软烤虾仁产品的主要变质菌,它是一种条件致病菌,通过产生腹泻毒素和呕吐毒素导致食物中毒。该研究旨在建立一种概率模型来预测出蜡样芽胞杆菌的生长/非生长情况或者生长概率。用lo-gistic回归模型建立不同温度、水分活度和pH环境因子作用下蜡样芽胞杆菌的生长/非生长界面模型。实验结果表明蜡样芽胞杆菌在脑心浸液肉汤培养基中生长的最低温度为9.99℃,最低水分活度为0.931,最小pH值为4.5。在此基础上建立的蜡样芽胞杆菌生长/非生长界面模型的χ2=49.73,P<0.000 1。用logistic回归模型建立的生长/非生长模型拟合效果达到极显著水平。模型的预测值同时很好地量化了环境因子对蜡样芽胞杆菌的协同作用,为软烤虾仁产品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的生长/非生长界面模型的建立提供了参考。     

软烤贻贝加工过程中微生物的控制

模拟软烤贻贝加工过程,对工艺参数(温度和时间、水分含量和水分活度以及p H)和微生物变化(细菌数量与组成)进行相关性分析,探讨了加工过程中微生物的控制。结果表明,软烤贻贝加工中菌落总数呈现显著下降趋势,而耐热菌数只是略有降低,说明3次热冷交替主要杀灭的是非耐热菌,并且成品残存菌数在300CFU/g内,经鉴定主要是蜡样芽孢杆菌。温度和时间以及水分活度(或水分含量)的控制显著影响着菌落总数的变化,但p H无显著影响主要是协同效应。焙干和烘烤阶段、调味浸渍过程分别是水分含量和水分活度、p H控制的关键工序,可以确定为微生物危害控制的关键控制点,此外安全生产全过程温度和时间要严格控制,尤其3次热冷交替。     

环境因子交互作用下蜡样芽孢杆菌生长/非生长界面模型的建立与评价

本文旨在建立一种生长/非生长界面模型来预测蜡样芽胞杆菌在环境因子交互作用下的生长概率。选取五株蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株的混合菌株作为研究对象,研究温度、pH、Aw对混合菌株生长概率的交互影响。获得的生长/非生长实验数据用logistic回归方程拟合,建立了环境因子交互作用下蜡样芽孢杆菌生长/非生长界面模型。实验采取部分析因设计方案,选定80%的实验数据用做模型的拟合,20%的数据用做模型的验证。并从已发表的文献中选取30个数据作为测试集,通过比较预测值和观察值来检测已建模型的适用度。实验结果表明,训练集的一致性指数为0.991,验证集的一致率为0.988,说明模型对同类数据预测准确度高;同时模型的R2-Nagelkerke值也较高,为0.949;Hosmer-Lemeshow检验中的χ2=0.012,P=1,logistic回归模型拟合度较高。模型对测试集的预测准确率达83.3%,该模型对所选数据具有较高的预测能力,说明模型具有较广的适用范围。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌在草莓中的生长及预测模型的建立

在对草莓的病源微生物污染调查中发现蜡样芽孢杆菌具有高的检出率。为比较不同温度和不同包装方式的草莓表面蜡样芽孢杆菌数量的变化情况,测定了7℃、15℃、25℃、30℃的温度条件下,采用保鲜盒包装和保鲜膜包装方式的草莓表面蜡样芽孢杆菌生长数据;选用Baranyi Roberts模型为初级模型,拟合不同温度和不同包装方式的草莓中蜡样芽孢杆菌生长曲线,并对模型进行验证。结果显示,7℃冷藏的蜡样芽孢杆菌均增长缓慢而与包装方式无关;15℃低温贮藏过程中,膜装与盒装延滞期基本相同,但膜装比盒装降低了0.7 lg cfu/g的生长势,说明保鲜膜在此温度下有一定的抑菌作用;在25℃、30℃储藏下两种包装方式的比生长速率和延滞期基本相同,蜡样芽孢杆菌在42 h后分别增长了2.9 lg cfu/g、3.2 lg cfu/g,表明贮藏温度是影响蜡样芽孢杆菌的主要因素。因此在高温条件下蜡样芽孢杆菌会带来潜在的食用安全风险。本研究结果为微生物定量风险评估提供重要信息。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌在营养肉汤和维也纳香肠中的生长模型及控制

主要研究了在不同氯化钠浓度、pH、温度条件下营养肉汤中蜡样芽孢杆菌生长状况,建立了25、37℃下蜡样芽孢杆菌在营养肉汤中和维也纳香肠中的生长模型。根据研究结果提出了在维也纳香肠生产过程中蜡样芽孢杆菌的控制措施。     

量化栅栏技术和创建生长/非生长界面模型对食品保藏的意义

通过温度与水分活度(aw)和温度与pH对微生物生长速率联合作用的预测模型分析栅栏效应,由于食品中联合栅栏作用下,存在着微生物生长/非生长界面,探讨通过微生物生长动力模型来限定微生物生长/非生长界面的可能性。由于联合栅栏效应在不同的条件下,作用是不同的,有时是叠加的,有时是协同的。分析食品中栅栏作用就需要量化栅栏技术,量化栅栏技术可能为开发一种最低限度影响产品质量的新一代食品保藏技术提供一些新的思路。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌在营养肉汤中的生长模型

蜡样芽孢杆菌是一种易引起人类食物中毒的致病菌,在自然界中广泛存在.主要研究在不同温度下蜡样芽孢杆菌在营养肉汤中的生长状况,建立15℃-44℃下蜡样芽孢杆菌在营养肉汤中的生长模型.     

水分含量对烤虾品质和贮藏性的影响

以化学和微生物变化为指标,结合感官分析,探讨了水分含量对烤虾的品质及贮藏性的影响.结果表明,水分含量升高会提高烤虾的感官品质,但其贮藏性降低,通过对货架期终点腐败菌的分析得知,引起高水分含量烤虾变质的菌群为芽孢杆菌和球菌,主要为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus lute...     

高水分烤虾贮藏过程中的品质变化和菌相分析

研究高水分烤虾(水分含量(46±1)%在25,37℃贮藏过程中的感官品质、pH、菌落总数和菌相变化。结果表明,高水分烤虾在25℃贮藏过程中,真空包装的外观变化要先于内容物的色泽和风味变化到达感官可接受终点;而在37℃贮藏过程中,真空包装的外观、内容物的色泽、风味的变化差异性不大,几乎可同时到达感官接受终点。高水分烤虾的初始pH值为6.8,在25,37℃贮藏过程中都呈上升趋势,最后稳定在pH值7.0左右,初始pH偏高,不能在制品贮藏过程中起到抑制作用。高水分烤虾贮藏初始点的菌落总数<10CFU/g;在25℃贮藏过程中,菌落总数曲线呈近似S型曲线;而在37℃贮藏过程中,菌落总数上升较快,几乎没有"延滞期"。贮藏过程中的菌相分析显示,造成高水分烤虾腐败的主要是蜡样芽孢杆菌,而在37℃贮藏过程中出现了少量的链球菌。     

三因子金黄色葡萄球菌生长/非生长模型构建

运用统计分析R软件,建立金黄色葡萄球菌在温度、pH、盐浓度3种环境因子影响下的生长/非生长模型,构建的回归模型参数值a_1、a_2、a_3、a_4、a_5、a_6值均低于0.01,具有高度显著的拟合效果。分析各因子不同取值得到的方程式曲线图得出:在温度为10~25℃,pH值为4.5~5.5,盐浓度为0.5%~14.5%时,单因子对金黄色葡萄球菌生长/非生长影响显著;其他选值范围,3种因子协同影响。     

生长因子对螺旋藻混合营养生长及藻胆蛋白含量影响的研究

本文考察了维生素B12(VB12)、精氨酸(Arg)和萘乙酸(NAA)三个生长因子对螺旋藻混合营养培养的影响,并对藻体干重(DW)及藻胆蛋白(PCP)的含量进行检测。实验结果表明:VB12对螺旋藻生长以及藻胆蛋白的积累均有较大影响,NAA对螺旋藻生长影响较大,而Arg对螺旋藻中藻胆蛋白含量影响较大;在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面法(RSM)确定三个生长因子的最佳水平:VB12、Arg和NAA水平配比为0.08、45、0.3mg/L,此时藻体干重与藻胆蛋白含量分别增加了20.2%和31.9%;以VB12、Arg和NAA为自变量,建立了藻体干重和藻胆蛋白为响应值的二次多项式数学模型。     

Genetic parameters of growth in dairy cattle and associations between growth and health traits

Body weight (BW) observations on dairy cattle taken on average 35 times between birth and 1,000 d of life were used to estimate daily heritabilities and predict daily breeding values for both pregnancy-adjusted BW (PABW) and growth rate. Daily heritabilities for PABW were moderate to high, ranging from 0.41 (±0.027) to 0.82 (±0.041). Daily heritabilities for growth rate were high (>0.68 ± 0.034). The genetic association between various health events, including mastitis and lameness, and weight and growth was investigated by regressing the incidence of health events on breeding values for weight at birth, weaning, calving, and growth rate at 56 d after calving, growth rate at 110 d after calving, and maximum growth rate. Growth at weaning was the only BW measure to significantly affect mastitis (r_g = 0.24), indicating that cows growing faster at weaning are more prone to mastitis. Increased weight (r_g = 0.65) and growth rate at weaning (r_g = 0.38) and increased maximum growth rate (r_g = 0.71) all contributed to increased feet disorders. The only significant negative genetic association was obtained between reproduction and weight at calving (r_g = −0.61).     

Estimating the maximum growth rate from microbial growth curves: definition is everything

The maximum growth rate (μ_max) is an important parameter in modelling microbial growth under batch conditions. However, there are two definitions of this growth parameter in current use and some of the comparisons of data made in the literature fail to acknowledge this important fact.We compared values of μ_max obtained by applying the Gompertz, logistic and Baranyi–Roberts models to experimental data on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua using both absorbance and viable counts measurements of cell concentration. All three models fitted the experimental data well, however, the values of μ_max obtained using the Gompertz and logistic models were similar to each other but substantially different from those predicted by the Baranyi–Roberts model. The latter growth model was used to derive a second estimate of μ_max based on the slope at the inflection point of the growth curve function; this value was in closer agreement with those obtained using the Gompertz or logistic models. Conditions were identified when values of μ_max based on different definitions would converge towards one another.     

Factors affecting growth factor activity in goat milk

Growth factors that are present in goat milk may be responsible for its beneficial effects on the digestive system as described in ancient Chinese medical texts. To develop a nutraceutical product rich in growth factors for promoting gastrointestinal health, it is essential to collect milk with consistently high growth factor activity. Therefore, we investigated the factors affecting growth factor activity in goat milk. Among the 5 breeds of dairy goats tested, milk from Nubian goats had the highest growth factor activity. Tight-junction leakage induced by a 24-h milking interval did not increase growth factor activity in the milk. Milk collected from pregnant does had a significantly higher growth factor activity than milk collected postpartum. Growth factor activity decreased during the first 8 wk of lactation, fluctuated thereafter, and then increased dramatically after natural mating. During wk 1 to 8, growth factor activity was inversely correlated with milk yield and week of lactation. No correlation was observed during wk 9 to 29. After natural mating of the goats, the growth factor activity in the milk correlated significantly with somatic cell count and conductivity (a measure of membrane permeability), and correlated inversely with milk yield. Based on the above data, goat milk with higher growth factor activity could be selectively collected from Nubian pregnant does.     

A simplified approach for modelling the bacterial growth/no growth boundary

A simplified growth/no growth (G/NG) model, conceptually derived from the Gamma model and making direct and explicit use of growth limits of bacteria through a normalization constant (η), was proposed. The η value, which quantifies the product of the cardinal optimal distances for growth probability, is a species-independent constant. This is of importance when experimental data is missing or insufficient. The simplified G/NG model was developed including the effect of temperature, pH and water activity, and was expanded incorporating the preservative effects. As a practical application, the model was investigated for its ability to describe published data. The successful validation of the simplified G/NG model is discussed in regard to its potential applicability as a first estimate method for the development of safe food products.     

人造金刚石晶体的生长速率

文章讨论了影响人造金刚石生长速率的因素,指出生长速率低是生产大颗粒人造金刚石单晶的瓶颈。作者预测：在保证金刚石晶体质量的同时,提高其生长速率的可能性是存在的。     

金刚石生长的驱动力

籽晶方法生长金刚石采用温度梯度技术,金刚石晶体生长驱动力来源于腔体内构造的温度梯度。工业上采用自发成核生长金刚石技术,金刚石生长的驱动力来源于金刚石晶体与石墨温度差。     

双歧杆菌生长特性的研究

应用TPY液体培养基，比较了2株商品双歧杆菌菌株(B．Adolescentis，BA；B．1nfantis，BI)、2株由产品分离双歧杆菌菌株(B．Longum，BL；B.Breve，BBR)以及2株分离自婴儿粪便的双歧杆菌菌株(B．Bifidum，BB；B.Longum-1，BL-1)的生长与产酸能力。结果表明，BI生长速度比BA快，产酸能力却弱，前者无明显的生长迟滞期，后者却相反。BL和BBR均无明显的生长迟滞期，培养48h，茵液吸光值分别为2．348和2．162。培养BB和BL-1达48h，其吸光值分别为1．400和1．447。商业生产株生长及产酸性状优于来自婴儿粪便的新分离株。