Irradiation Effects on Pepper Starch Viscosity

Viscosity of irradiated black and white peppers decreased depending upon dosage, and viscosity was not lowered by other decontamination treatments such as super-heated steam or fumigation with ethylene oxide gas. Viscosity values of unirradiated pepper varied with the lot and harvesting locality. A normalized parameter, viscosity/starch amount, of a 10% suspension of unirradiated pepper was always higher than 190 mPa.s/g of starch and that of irradiated pepper (5 kGy) was always lower than 180 mPa.s/g of starch, irrespective of lot and harvesting locality.     

白胡椒抑菌活性物质提取工艺优化

研究白胡椒中抑菌活性物质的提取工艺,以大肠杆菌做指示菌,以提取率×抑菌直径为活性追踪指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过二次回归通用旋转组合设计进行工艺参数优化。结果表明其最佳提取工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数81%,浸泡720min,提取80min。     

白胡椒挥发油中化学成分的GC-MS分析

分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和同时蒸馏- 萃取法提取白胡椒中的挥发油,得率分别为2.15% 和2.86%;再采用气相色谱- 质谱法从两种方法提取的白胡椒挥发油中共鉴定出32 种化学成分,其中,水蒸气蒸馏法提取的白胡椒挥发油中鉴定出28 种化学成分,从同时蒸馏- 萃取法提取的白胡椒挥发油中鉴定出30 种化学成分。白胡椒挥发油中主要成分有3- 蒈烯、柠檬烯、β- 蒎烯、石竹烯、α- 蒎烯、1- 甲氧基-4-(1- 丙烯基)苯、α- 水芹烯等萜烯类物质。将这两种提取方法相结合,可以更加全面地检测出白胡椒挥发油中的化学成分。     

3种脱皮方式对白胡椒品质的影响

以胡椒鲜果为原料,分别采用机械、静水浸泡、换水浸泡3种方式脱皮,探究不同脱皮方式对白胡椒白度值、黑果率、碎果率、堆积密度、水分质量分数、胡椒碱含量、胡椒精油含量等理化指标的影响,利用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometer,GC-TOF-MS）定性定量分析测定胡椒精油的成分及含量,采用加权分析法进一步评价3种脱皮方式所得白胡椒品质。结果表明：机械脱皮与换水浸泡脱皮生产的白胡椒白度值无显著差异,但高于静水浸泡脱皮法生产的白胡椒。机械脱皮法生产的白胡椒黑果率、胡椒碱含量低于静水、换水浸泡脱皮法生产的白胡椒,但精油含量、碎果率、堆积密度高于后两者。从机械、静水浸泡、换水浸泡脱皮生产的白胡椒精油中共鉴定出33种化合物,其中21种为3种白胡椒精油共有,质量浓度较高的共有化合物有3-蒈烯（41.96、37.77、39.16 mg/mL）、β-石竹烯（36.43、41.57、41.02 mg/mL）、柠檬烯（29.38、23.38、39.38 mg/mL）等。电子鼻分析结果表明3种白胡椒风味差异显著。感官评价证实机...     

Application of ESR spectroscopy to identify and estimate original dose in irradiated cumin and white pepper

Feature changes in the ESR spectrum and the relationship between ESR intensity and irradiation dose ranging between 0 and 15.0 kGy were studied to detect irradiated cumin and white pepper by ESR spectroscopy. The absorbed irradiation doses of two samples were assessed using the dose-additive method. The ESR signal intensities of irradiated cumin and white pepper increased with increasing absorbed radiation dose. Even after 220 days, the ESR method could still be used to identify whether or not cumin and white pepper had been irradiated. The dose-additive method can be used to reliably evaluate the absorbed doses of cumin and white pepper. The 3rd polynomial function can be used to fit the data. Long-term decay of the radiation-induced radical has a marked influence on dose assessment and leads to an underestimation of the dose.     

调味料对椒盐核桃仁油脂稳定性的影响

以新疆叶城温183核桃仁为试验原料,采用单因素试验和饱和D-最优设计分析了在加工过程中4种不同的调味香料(红花椒、麻椒、黑胡椒、白胡椒)对核桃仁油脂稳定性的影响及椒盐核桃仁的最佳浸渍料液配方。在140℃、40 min的烘焙条件下,4种调味香料核桃仁的综合感官评分排序为麻椒>红花椒>白胡椒>黑胡椒;4种椒盐核桃仁的过氧化值由小到大的顺序为:白胡椒<黑胡椒<麻椒<红花椒。再通过饱和D-最优设计模型以过氧化值为指标得出麻椒与白胡椒2种配方的添加比例,最终结合感官评分得出椒盐核桃仁的最佳调味香料为麻椒,麻椒添加量为0.575%,食盐添加量为0.77%,浸渍料液浓缩至原比例1/4时,椒盐核桃仁风味最佳,过氧化值最低。     

Effect of Gamma-Irradiated Red Pepper Powder on the Chemical and Volatile Characteristics of Kakdugi, a Korean Traditional Fermented Radish Kimchi

The chemical and volatile characteristics of kakdugi batches prepared with irradiated red pepper powders were determined during fermentation for 7 wk at 5 °C. Acidities of kakdugies with irradiated red pepper powder (3, 5, and 7 kGy) were lower than that of kakdugi with nonirradiated control at 3 wk of fermentation, which indicated that the irradiated red pepper powder might delay the initial fermentation. Pungency and red color caused by capsanoids and capsanthin, respectively, were not altered by irradiated red pepper powder, whereas the fermentation decreased the capsanoid content. The headspace volatile compounds extracted by solid‐phase microextraction, except 2‐tricanone, were not significantly different in fresh made kakdugies with red pepper powder irradiated at dosed of 0, 3, 5, and 7 kGy; however, as fermentation progressed, the composition of volatiles was changed. A FOX 3000 electronic nose separated the odor of kakdugies with red pepper powder irradiated at 0, 3, 5, and 7 kGy into 4 different groups, and the odor patterns developed differently during fermentation.     

Effect of Gamma-irradiation on Color, Pungency, and Volatiles of Korean Red Pepper Powder

ABSTRACT: Effect of gamma-irradiation on color, pungency, and volatiles of Korean red pepper powder ( Capsicum annuum L.) was investigated. Red pepper powder, vacuum-packaged in a polyethylene/polypropylene bag, was gamma-irradiated up to 7 kGy. An irradiation dose of 7 kGy reduced the population of mesophilic bacteria and fungi effectively without affecting major quality factors. Pungency of irradiated red pepper powder was not changed based on the amount of capsanoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the Scoville sensory score. The red color of irradiated pepper powder was not significantly different from that of the control, judged from the capsanthin content by HPLC and color assessment using spectrophotpmetric (American Spice Trade Assn. units) and colorimetric measurements (Hunter a values). Further, the sensory evaluation showed no significant difference in pungent odor and off-odor between nonirradiated control and irradiated red pepper powder. However, when headspace volatiles of gamma-irradiated red pepper powder were evaluated by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry with solid-phase microextraction and electronic nose with metal oxide sensors, the profiles of odor were classified into irradiated dose levels of 0, 3, 5, and 7 kGy by principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance. Such a difference of odor might result from the disappearance of some volatiles, such as hexanoic acid and tetramethyl-pyrazine, and the appearance of 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene during irradiation. Moreover, it appears that the irradiation of packaging material induced a formation of 1,3-di-tertbutylbenzene, which migrated into the red pepper powder.     

An Electron Spin Resonance Study of Evolution of Organic Free Radicals in Irradiated Pepper During Heat Treatment

ABSTRACT: The thermal evolution behavior of the organic free radicals induced in irradiated black pepper was studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. To analyze the time-dependent evolution process, we used the theory of transient phenomena, that is, an ordinal differential equation, as well as the nonlinear least squares numerical method. We found that the radical evolution that occurred in the irradiated pepper obeys a single exponential function and yields a unique time constant. The evolution of the organic free radical undergoes a simple reaction process of a single radical species.     

4 种胡椒精油风味特征分析

研究以黑胡椒、白胡椒、青胡椒和胡椒鲜果为原料提取的精油及精油风味特征。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,比较不同胡椒的精油提取得率,通过气相色谱-质谱法、电子鼻及定量描述性感官分析,对不同胡椒精油风味特征进行分析。结果表明,黑胡椒、白胡椒、青胡椒和胡椒鲜果的精油提取得率分别为1.718、1.867、1.487 mL/100 g和3.229 mL/100 g,胡椒鲜果的精油提取得率显著高于白胡椒、黑胡椒和青胡椒。从4 种胡椒精油中共鉴定出48 种物质,主要成分均为β-石竹烯、3-蒈烯、D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯、δ-榄香烯、β-月桂烯。电子鼻数据证实,判别因子分析比主成分分析更易区分不同胡椒精油。感官评价显示胡椒鲜果精油的胡椒香比其他3 种精油明显,接受程度更高。偏最小二乘回归分析结果表明,芳香、草本、胡椒香属性与(＋)-α-蒎烯成分呈正相关。实验结果为胡椒精油产品开发及升级提供参考。     

Alteration of apparent viscosity of irradiated pepper — a tool for semi-quantitative estimation of irradiation dose

The feasibility of using apparent viscosity (_a) as a method for detecting the occurrence of previous irradiation of pepper was studied. Apparent viscosity of heat-treated suspensions of white and black pepper, nonirradiated or irradiated with different doses of ionising radiation (), was measured under different shear rates. Results of previous research were therefore expanded and their usefulness examined; low shear rate conditions were found to be preferable for the detection and semi-quantitative evaluation of irradiation doses. The experimental methodology for semi-quantitative estimation was developed and its scope and limitations are presented.     

Effect of Microwaves on Volatile Compounds in White and Black Pepper

A head space-solid-phase micro extraction-capillary gas-chromatography method was developed to evaluate the effect of microwave treatment on volatile compounds of white and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The extraction of volatile compounds from the head space was performed using a 50/30 divinylbenzene/Carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane on a 2 cm StableFlex fibre (Supelco). The GC-MS analysis and standards allowed the identification of most substances extracted from fumes. The GC analyses were conducted on 12 samples each of white and black pepper treated and nontreated with microwave; these samples were provided by Cannamela^®. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, which shows that only small differences existed between treated and nontreated samples; these differences seem unable to produce a real differentiation between samples. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the microwave treatment seems to preserve the principal aroma compounds of white and black pepper.     

水蒸气蒸馏与顶空进样GC-MS分析白胡椒挥发性成分

分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空加热提取白胡椒挥发性成分,并对其进行气相色谱- 质谱(GC-MS)分析,发现不同采集方法制备的白胡椒挥发性成分有所不同。采用顶空进样技术,可鉴定出白胡椒中32 个挥发性化学成分;采用水蒸气蒸馏法可鉴定出26 个挥发性化学成分;两种采样方法进行的GC-MS 分析,有18 种相同化合物,但相对含量有一定差异。两种样品采集方法,分别提供了白胡椒中不同沸点的挥发物的化学信息,从而建立更全面的白胡椒挥发性成分GC-MS 表征体系。     

热释光法在辐照食品检测中出现假阳性问题的探讨

目的探讨热释光法在辐照食品检测中出现假阳性的问题。方法按照标准EN1788-2001《食品与硅酸盐矿物隔绝的食品的辐射检验热致发光法》,采用热释光法对深海鱼加工产品进行辐照食品检测。结果与花椒粉等典型辐照样品不同,深海鱼加工产品虽然检测结果为阳性,但其谱图与典型辐照样品谱图存在一定差异。主要表现为一次发光曲线中,典型辐照样品谱图的发光峰下降舒缓,峰型符合正态分布;而深海鱼加工产品的发光峰下降陡峭,并不符合正态分布。据此,怀疑热释光法对深海鱼加工产品的检测分析结果实为假阳性。结论建议在对深海鱼产品进行辐照检测时,谨慎选用热释光法或采用其他检测方法如气相色谱分析碳氢化合物法进行复验。     

发酵辣椒中的微生物及其风味物质研究进展

发酵辣椒即利用微生物在厌氧条件下的分解作用产生各种代谢产物,经过一系列的生物化学变化及物理变化,形成的具有独特发酵风味的辣椒制品。发酵辣椒作为一种传统的辣椒制品,香辣酸脆,开胃可口,符合大众口味,但由于传统自然发酵菌群不明、结果不可控等因素,接种发酵成为目前研制发酵辣椒的热点方法,更是制备具有优良风味的发酵辣椒的关键。该研究介绍了发酵辣椒中的微生物多样性及其检测方法,总结了发酵辣椒中的风味物质,经综合分析得：发酵辣椒中的微生物以乳酸杆菌属和酵母菌属为主,产生酯类、醇类、酸类、烯烃类、醛类等众多复杂的香气成分,烷烃类、烯烃类和萜醇类物质在未发酵成熟的辣椒中是主要呈香物质,同样是辣椒发酵后的部分香气成分,赋予了发酵辣椒独特的花香、果香等香气特征。该研究重点阐述了影响发酵辣椒中风味物质的因素,主要包括发酵原料、发酵方法、发酵菌种、发酵盐度、发酵温度、发酵时间等几个方面,其中发酵原料、发酵菌种以及发酵盐度对于发酵辣椒风味的生成至关重要,此外,该研究还指出了目前研究过程中存在的问题及对未来的展望,以期为发酵辣椒工业化发展提供理论基础。     

白胡椒和肉桂对冰鲜鸡的保鲜效果研究

以冰鲜鸡的菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、pH、感官质量作为保鲜效果评价指标,研究了不同浓度的白胡椒和肉桂醇溶提取液处理冰鲜鸡在0～4℃贮藏的保鲜效果。结果表明,白胡椒和肉桂的醇溶提取液在冰鲜鸡中有显著的保鲜作用,其中1.0%白胡椒和1.0%肉桂保鲜效果较好,可明显降低样品菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)并有效控制pH值上升,样品在10天仍有较好的感官指标,可延长保质期7天。     

三种胡椒脱皮方式污水水质指标比较分析

以海南文昌胡椒鲜果为原料,对传统水沤法(A)、微生物酶法(B)和冷冻机械脱皮法(C)等三种不同的脱皮方法产生的污水中6个水质综合性指标(COD,BOD_5,pH,氨氮,TN和TP)进行了测定和比较,并对所得白胡椒品质进行对比分析。结果显示:三种脱皮方式所产污水水质指标差异很大,COD值为742.31±23.82～1.89×10~4±332.90 mg/L,BOD_5值为445.54±23.68～9.21×10~3±130.13mg/L,pH为5.03±0.05～7.44±0.06,氨氮值为59.88±4.56～164.47±8.85mg/L,TN为101.23±18.73～499.02±27.59mg/L,TP为17.78±0.44～41.92±2.95mg/L,均为劣V类水;污水的污染程度依次是A样污水B样污水C样污水;三种不同的脱皮方法污水BOD_5/COD均大于0.4,BOD_5/TN均大于4.00,BOD_5/TP均大于25,表明胡椒脱皮污水可生化性较好,脱皮污水反硝化作用中碳源含量充足,污水水质满足生物除磷需求。污水处理技术可考虑多种生化处理技术合理组合。微生物酶法脱皮所得白胡椒品质最优,而冷冻机械法脱皮时间最短。为实现胡椒提质增效和产业化发展,传统的水沤法脱皮必须加速淘汰,寻求机械脱皮法和微生物酶法相结合的新型加工方法。     

不同热处理对泡椒挥发性风味化合物的影响分析

目的 研究不同加热处理方式对泡椒挥发性风味的影响。方法 利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)检测分析经煮制、蒸制、炒制和微波加热泡椒样品中挥发性风味化合物的差异性。结果 利用GC-IMS技术从对照组和处理组泡椒样品中共检测出120种主要挥发性风味化合物,其中酯类、醇类、烃类、醛类、酸类和酮类为泡椒中的主要贡献物质,其相对含量占比样品中挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)相对含量的91.76%;经正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA),筛选出15种可作为区分不同处理泡椒样品中影响VOCs差异性的最关键特征性变量。结论 GC-IMS技术有效地区分出了不同加热处理之后泡椒样品挥发性风味物质的差异性,基于OPLS-DA可全面、客观地对不同热处理泡椒样品进行区分和评价。     

货架陈列期间光照处理对鲜切青椒品质的影响

为研究白光、红光、蓝光、绿光光照以及避光处理对鲜切青椒（Capsicum annuum L.）品质的影响,将鲜切青椒在货架陈列期用不同光照处理,贮藏5 d后,比较鲜切青椒质量损失率、颜色、相对电导率、丙二醛含量和风味的差异。结果发现：在各光照处理组中,绿光处理组鲜切青椒的质量损失率最低,为3.75%,且该处理对可溶性固形物质量分数、果实水渍化损伤程度、果实颜色变化的影响均较小,与新鲜样品相比,其色差仅为3.22,显著低于白光处理组（P＜0.05）;并且与白光处理组相比,绿光处理对鲜切青椒的风味没有显著影响（P＞0.05）。因此,绿光处理有助于维持鲜切青椒在货架陈列期的品质。     

DNA Barcoding to Detect Chilli Adulteration in Traded Black Pepper Powder

Value-added forms of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) are an important item of trade globally. Adulteration by default or design of the commodity not only leads to economic loss and public health issues but also to self-respect of a nation. DNA barcoding is assuming significance as a quality assurance technique in many agri-food commodities. Three barcoding loci viz., psbA-trnH, rbcL, rpoC1 were used in the study to detect bio adulteration of traded black pepper powder. PCR amplification of P. nigrum and traded black pepper powder was performed for all the three loci. Sequence analysis and BLAST results revealed chilli adulteration in two out of nine market samples, originating probably from exhausted black pepper powder fortified with chilli. Of the three loci, psbA-trnH proved to be the best and ideal for detection of chilli adulteration in black pepper yielding amplicons of size 600 bp and 350 bp, respectively. Cloning and sequencing of the adulterant specific band of both market samples were done to confirm the results. It was further validated using simulated samples of chilli and black pepper powders in various proportions. The method proved efficient to detect adulteration even at very low levels (0.5% adulteration). HPLC analysis also supported the chilli adulteration of black pepper powder. The method is easy, reliable and efficient, and can be used by the regulatory agencies for quality assurance of black pepper powder.