Selected mapping with symbol re‐mapping for OFDM/TDM using MMSE‐FDE

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals have a problem with a high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR). A distortionless selected mapping (SLM) has been proposed to reduce the PAPR, but a high computational complexity prohibits its application to an OFDM system with a large number of subcarriers. Recently, we proposed OFDM combined with time division multiplexing (OFDM/TDM) using minimum mean square error frequency‐domain equalization (MMSE‐FDE) to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of conventional OFDM with a lower PAPR. The PAPR problem, however, cannot be completely eliminated. In this paper, we present an SLM combined with symbol re‐mapping for OFDM/TDM using MMSE‐FDE. Unlike the conventional OFDM, where SLM is applied over subcarriers in the frequency domain, we exploit both time and frequency dimensions of OFDM/TDM signal to improve the performance with respect to PAPR and BER. A mathematical model for PAPR distribution of OFDM/TDM with SLM is presented to complement the computer simulation results. It is shown that proposed SLM can further reduce the PAPR without sacrificing the BER performance with the same or reduced computational complexity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improving the peak‐to‐average power ratio of the single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access system through the integration of tone injection and tone reservation techniques

This paper proposes a new method for reducing the peak‐to‐average power ratio of the single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access system. The method is an integration of the tone injection (TI) and tone reservation (TR) techniques. A recommended method that uses TI to improve TR's low data transmission rate problem that is caused by the reservation of subcarriers. Additionally, to reduce the massive amount of computation required by the combined needs of TI and TR, an iterative flipping algorithm was adopted for this purpose. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is not only capable of effectively improving the peak‐to‐average power ratio–reduction efficiency of the single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access system but it can also improve the data transmission rate of the conventional TR technique.     

Peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction in space frequency block coding multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems by tone reservation

In this paper, a tone reservation (TR) method is employed to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems with space frequency block coding (SFBC). The key idea of the employed TR method is taking signals on multiple transmit antennas into account to design appropriate peak reduction symbols, which can significantly reduce the PAPR of SFBC multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals. With the employed TR scheme, the SFBC structure can be maintained, whereas the traditional TR method would destroy it, resulting in the degradation of bit error rate (BER) performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the employed TR scheme can provide significantly better BER performance than the traditional TR method with slight PAPR reduction degradation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Novel Peak‐to‐Average Power Ratio Reduction Methods for OFDM/OQAM Systems

The tone reservation method is one of the most effective pre‐distortion methods for peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Its direct application to OFDM systems with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) is, however, not effective. In this paper, two novel TR‐based methods are proposed, specifically designed for OFDM/OQAM systems by taking into consideration the overlapping nature of OQAM signals. These two methods have different approaches to the generation of the peak‐cancelling signal. The first one (overlapped scaling tone reservation) generates the peak‐cancelling signal using a least squares approximation algorithm with possible adjacent symbol overlap; the second one (multi‐kernel tone reservation) generates the peak‐cancelling signal by using multiple impulse‐like time domain kernels. It is shown by simulation that, when used in OFDM/OQAM systems, the proposed methods can provide better performance than the direct application of the existing controlled clipping tone reservation method, and even outperform the multi‐block tone reservation method.     

Optimization of Peak to Average Power Reduction in OFDM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) a multicarrier system [1, 2] provides base for all advanced wireless communication system. The performance of OFDM is degraded by peak-to-averagepower ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires high power amplifiers (HPAs). The nonlinearity of the HPA exhibits amplitude and section distortions, that cause loss of orthogonality among the subcarriers, and hence, intercarrier interference (ICI) is introduced inside the transmitted signal. Not only that, high PAPR put together lands up in in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation. Rather than using HPA’s, the only way to improve performance of OFDM system is to reduce PAPR. The PAPR reduction of OFDM system gives fair reduction in PAPR under partial transmits sequence (PTS) and DCT-SLM techniques. Here in this paper we proposed a combination of PTS and DCT-SLM and an algorithm to cut back the PAPR. This hybrid combined technique reduces PAPR effectively and minimizes the complexity of PTS technique.     

PAPR reduction for OFDM‐based visible light communication systems using proposed hybrid technique

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is utilized with visible light communication (VLC) systems to decrease the impacts of inter‐symbol interference and to achieve communication with high speed of data transmission and huge bandwidth. In any case, the main problem in OFDM‐based VLC systems is high peak‐to‐average power ratios (PAPRs). This paper proposes a hybrid PAPR reduction technique based on signal transformation combined with clipping. The Hadamard transform is used in the proposed technique to reduce the PAPR without affecting the bit error rate (BER) of the VLC systems. The optimum clipping threshold at which the PAPR is reduced simultaneously with the improvement the BER of the VLC systems is also determined. The performance of the proposed system is assessed in terms of complementary cumulative distribution function and the BER. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed procedure can simultaneously decrease the PAPR and achieve good BER performance compared to the OFDM‐based VLC system.     

Selected mapping technique for reducing PAPR of single‐carrier signals

Single‐carrier transmission with frequency‐domain equalization (SC‐FDE) is widely known as a promising transmission technique providing low error probability with low peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of transmit signal. However, the low‐PAPR property of SC‐FDE cannot be maintained if multi‐level data modulation is introduced. The low‐PAPR property of SC‐FDE can be maintained by applying transmit filtering with roll‐off factor at the expense of spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we propose two types of selected mapping (SLM) to reduce the PAPR of SC‐FDE transmit signal. The first SLM technique is conducted in the frequency domain, where the phase rotation is applied to subcarriers similar to the SLM technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission. The second SLM technique is conducted in the time domain, where the phase rotation is applied directly to data‐modulated symbol sequence. Computer simulation confirms that both SLM techniques are able to reduce the PAPR of SC‐FDE signal without significant degradation of bit‐error rate performance and spectrum efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel simplified tone reservation combined with cross antenna rotation and inversion to reduce PAPR for MIMO‐OFDM system

In this paper, we first propose a simplified tone reservation (STR) method with low computational complexity which is based on the Fourier series expansion. Then, we analyze how to combine the STR method with the cross antenna rotation and inversion method to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) for multi‐input multi‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO‐OFDM) system. To validate the analytical results, extensive simulations are conducted and the numerical results show the efficiency of the proposed schemes including the PAPR reduction and low computational complexity for MIMO‐OFDM system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于脉冲成形技术降低OFDM峰均比

正交频分复用（OFDM）利用相互正交的多个子载波来传输信息,具有较高的频谱利用率和良好的抗多径干扰能力,适用于高速数据传输,成为第四代移动通信的核心技术之一。但OFDM系统中一个最主要的缺点在于OFDM信号的峰值平均功率比（PAPR）很大,这容易导致系统线性功放的效率降低。研究了将脉冲成形应用到OFDM系统来降低PAPR的技术,以及脉冲波形的选取。仿真结果表明该方法能有效降低OFDM系统的PAPR,而且不影响系统的BER性能。     

Dual symbol optimization‐based partial transmit sequence technique for PAPR reduction in WOLA‐OFDM waveform

Weighted overlap and add‐orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (WOLA‐OFDM) is a new waveform proposed recently for meeting the requirements of fifth generation (5G) telecommunication standards. In spite of being a serious 5G waveform candidate, WOLA‐OFDM is exposed to the problem of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) similar to the other waveforms in which multicarrier transmission strategy is employed. Due to the overlapping nature of WOLA‐OFDM waveform, where the extension of the current symbol is overlapped with the extension of the previous symbol, it will not be efficient to apply conventional PTS (C‐PTS) directly to the WOLA‐OFDM waveform. Therefore, in this paper, we propose dual symbol optimization‐based partial transmit sequence (DSO‐PTS) technique for PAPR reduction in WOLA‐OFDM waveform. In our proposed technique, two adjacent symbols are jointly considered when searching for the optimal data block with minimum PAPR unlike the C‐PTS where the adjacent symbols are optimized individually. In the simulations, our proposed DSO‐PTS technique, C‐PTS, and GreenOFDM that is developed recently by modifying the conventional selective mapping (SLM) method are compared with each other with regard to PAPR reduction performance for different search numbers (SNs). In addition, the effects of DSO‐PTS, C‐PTS, and GreenOFDM on the amount of out of band (OOB) radiation in the power spectral density (PSD) graph of WOLA‐OFDM employing solid state power amplifier (SSPA) is measured for different SNs and input back off (IBO) values. According to the simulation results, our proposed DSO‐PTS technique clearly demonstrates a superior PAPR reduction and PSD performance.     

A low‐complexity companding technique using Padé approximation for PAPR reduction of an OFDM system

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems have become the most promising wireless communication systems in the recent years. For OFDM systems, there is one major drawback, which is the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR). Companding techniques have been frequently proposed to reduce PAPR. Exponential companding technique offers efficient PAPR reduction with a low bit error rate (BER). However, the exponential companding technique is difficult to implement. This paper utilizes the Padé approximation to simplify the exponential companding technique. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed companding technique offers the same performance results as those of the exponential companding technique, while Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) or multipath fading channel is considered. Further, the hardware implementation results show that the complexity of the proposed companding technique is less than that of the exponential companding technique. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Peak‐to‐average power ratio reduction of a hidden training sequence‐aided precoding scheme for MIMO‐OFDM

We analyze a peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) reduction property based on a hidden training sequence‐aided precoding scheme for MIMO‐OFDM systems. In addition to the benefits of a hidden training sequence‐aided precoding scheme such as improvement in bandwidth efficiency and frequency diversity gain, we address that power amplifier efficiency can be improved without any additional complexity burden. By mathematically analyzing PAPR of the precoded MIMO‐OFDM signal with a hidden training sequence, we demonstrate that PAPR reduction can be obtained by varying the allocated power to the hidden training sequence. Because of the low PAPR property of this scheme, it is possible to utilize a low‐cost power amplifier, resulting in the reduction in the total cost for hardware implementation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Modified SLM Scheme With Low Complexity for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Systems

In this paper, we propose a new peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, called a modified selected mapping (SLM) scheme, which considerably reduces the computational complexity with keeping the similar PAPR reduction performance compared with the conventional SLM scheme. The proposed scheme is analytically and numerically evaluated for the OFDM system specified in the IEEE 802.16 standard. For the OFDM system with 2048 subcarriers, the proposed scheme with 4 binary phase sequences can reduce the complex multiplications by 63.5% with the similar PAPR reduction compared with the SLM scheme with 16 binary phase sequences.     

Hybrid Zadoff‐Chu and multilateral piecewise exponential companding transform–based PAPR reduction technique in OFDM systems

The orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation system that is used to transmit the large volume of data to the receiver. Reducing the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in OFDM system is one of the demanding and crucial task in recent days. For this reason, various precoding and companding mechanisms are developed in the traditional works, but it remains with the limitations of increased complexity, reduced performance, and nonlinear distortion. The reduction of PAPR is achieved by minimizing the companding distortion with the enhancement of the bit error rate (BER) performance significantly. Then, in order to avoid clipping in OFDM, a multilateral piecewise exponential companding transform (MPECT) method has been utilized rather than using piecewise exponential companding transform (PEC) where PAPR is getting reduced. The OFDM is very sensitive to synchronizing error. To overcome this sensitivity, employ the Zadoff‐Chu sequence to carrier frequency offsets. Zadoff‐Chu matrix transform (ZCMT) has numerous merits among the other ODFM systems such as the improvement in the performance of the channels that are fading away and provides an ideal periodic autocorrelation and a constant magnitude periodic cross correlation. Both of these techniques provide improvement in the ODFM systems. To get more efficiency, this paper aims to develop a hybrid technique by integrating the ZCMT and MPECT techniques for reducing the PAPR in OFDM systems. Further, convolutional encoding is applied for better BER and PAPR. The simulation results of the proposed ZCMT‐MPECT technique are evaluated and compared with the conventional OFDM and other precoding methods.     

一种降低空时分组码OFDM信号峰均功率比的方法

正交频分复用(OFDM)信号包含许多独立调制的子载波,当子载波相干地叠加时会产生一个很大的峰均功率比。空时分组码OFDM系统是在OFDM系统中引入空时分组编码,通过选择映射的方法来降低空时分组码OFDM信号的峰值功率,从而降低峰均功率比(PAPR),并通过仿真对系统性能进行比较。     

基于改进Nyquist脉冲成形的降低PAPR方法

OFDM（正交频分复用）信号的主要缺点之一是存在较高的峰均功率比（PAPR）,阻碍了OFDM技术的实际应用。在分析脉冲成形（PS）技术降低PAPR的原理基础上,提出一种改进的Nyqu ist脉冲成形降低PAPR方法。该方法引入子载波波形间的相关性,即采用有效的Nyqu ist成形脉冲集合对各子载波进行脉冲成形。实验结果表明,该方法能增强各子载波间的相关性,显著地降低了PAPR值,而且算法实现简单。     

Nonlinearity Reduction by Tone Reservation with Null Subcarriers for WiMAX System

This paper proposes an effective tone reservation method with null subcarriers (TRNS) to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) for so-called WiMAX system. The TRNS method utilizes a part of null subcarriers in guard band to reduce the PAPR, which satisfies the spectrum mask regulation and avoids bandwidth sacrifice. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the properties of order statistics of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. A type of low complexity TRNS method (LC-TRNS) is proposed to solve problems of the TRNS method, including high complexity and the performance degradation under low predefined threshold. Finally, a joint nonlinearity reduction scheme by predistortion and TRNS method is proposed. Not only the nonlinear distortion in the WiMAX system is reduced, but also the good tradeoff between power efficiency and system performance is achieved. Both analytical and simulation results demonstrate that those proposed methods are effective in terms of spectrum mask regulation, total degradation, complementary cumulative probability function versus PAPR threshold, and bit error rate in presence of nonlinear distortion.     

HD Radio系统中预留子载波降低PAPR的方法研究

HD Radio标准中使用的“带内同频（ IBOC）”技术在现有FM模拟广播的同频带内实现数字广播,无需打破现有的频率规划,是调频模拟广播数字化的最佳选择。然而模拟信号和数字信号同时通过混合天线发射时产生的耦合损耗非常大,降低数字信号的峰均比是减小损耗的有力措施。在降低峰均比的所有方案中,预留子载波法由于不引起信号的失真而受到广泛的关注,而预留子载波法的核心即是预留子载波位置的选取。基于HD Radio系统提出一种基于度量的预留子载波位置的选取方法,该方法通过一个度量值来衡量每个子载波对时域大幅度采样值的贡献,并选取具有最大的正度量值的子载波作为预留子载波。仿真结果表明,当使用30个预留子载波时,在概率为10-3时,提出的方案至少能带来0.79 dB的PAPR增益。     

预编码⁃TR联合峰均比抑制算法研究

OFDM架构的雷达干扰一体化波形是近年来研究的热点,该类波形将探测子载波与干扰子载波分开,具有探测子载波稳定、干扰子载波灵活的结构特点,能够同时保证波形的探测性能和干扰性能,同时也具有波形峰均比较大的波形特点。本文针对OFDM架构的雷达干扰一体化波形子载波的调制特点,提出了一种预编码?TR联合峰均比抑制算法。该算法结合预编码峰均比抑制算法和TR峰均比抑制算法原理,能够在保持一体化波形探测干扰子载波能量分配方式不变的前提条件下对波形峰均比进行有效抑制。理论和仿真试验表明：本文所提出的预编码?TR联合峰均比抑制算法对一体化波形具有不失真、峰均比抑制能力强、效率高以及性能稳定的性能优点。     

一种降低OFDM系统PAPR的TR方法及其FPGA实现

针对正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的高峰均功率比问题,介绍了一种改进的载波保留(TR)方法,该算法应用时域核函数构造时域核函数矩阵并进行缩放参数优化,迭代过程复杂度低且性能良好.设计了一种简化的OFDM发射机方案以验证该算法在实际系统中的有效性,给出了在FPGA上实现该方案的整体架构及关键模块.硬件测试结果表明该OFDM发射机的峰均比得到了有效抑制,验证了该TR算法的正确性,证明其有较好的应用前景.