基于火灾事故树模型的储能锂离子电池安全性检测方法与验证北大核心CSCD

规模化储能应用对锂离子电池提出了更高的安全性需求,充分挖掘储能用锂离子电池安全性检测技术对提升电池安全性能具有重要意义。GB/T 36276—2018《电力储能用锂离子电池》作为我国首个储能电池国家标准,其中规定的安全测试条款是否科学合理,检测方法是否可行亟待验证。本文基于储能锂电池安全事故触发因素,将火灾发生的必要因素通过火灾事故树原理层层分解。再利用布尔代数算法进行模拟,提出储能电池安全检测项目,与国家标准GB/T 36276—2018进行对比分析,验证了现行国家标准条款的科学合理性。最后基于试验平台,选用三元锂、钛酸锂、磷酸铁锂及锰酸锂等不同体系储能用锂离子电池开展了14种安全检测试验,对提出的测试项目进行试验验证。国内外首次验证了国家标准GB/T 36276—2018中安全测试条款的操作性和可行性,也为国家标准GB/T 36276新版本的修编提供了依据和数据支撑。     

储能系统锂离子电池国内外安全标准对比分析

锂离子电池因其高能量密度、低放电率和长寿命等优点和卓越的电化学性能正被大规模用于各类储能系统,且储能规模日益增长,但近两年国内外锂离子电池储能电站安全事故频发、损失惨重.针对这一现状,为完善和提升国内现行的储能系统产品的安全标准,本文详细介绍了国外经典的锂离子电池储能安全标准,如IEC、UL等储能安全标准以及中国现行的...     

锂离子电池储能安全监测技术发展

针对储能锂离子电池存在的安全问题,综述了电池热失控预防和安全监测方面的理论、实验成果和应用情况,指出储能锂离子电池在安全方面存在监测手段片面单一、监测方案不完整等问题,并指出预测储能行业将向“大数据”“智能化”方向发展,同时建议广大科研工作者应从储能系统的工作机理切入,向安全、经济、高效的方向深入研究。     

储能用锂离子电池管理系统研究

锂离子电池因其性能优异在高电压大容量的储能系统得到了广泛的应用。锂离子电池管理系统是延长电池循环寿命,维护电池安全运行的关键。针对储能用锂离子电池的特性,该文讨论了储能用锂离子电池管理系统的结构,重点介绍了电池管理系统的主要功能,特别是单体电池数据采集功能、电池状态估计功能和均衡管理功能,并分析了状态估计和均衡管理方法的优缺点,对其实现策略进行了评价。     

轨道交通动力锂离子电池安全性测试标准分析

随着锂离子电池在动车组、地铁、有轨电车等轨道交通车辆的不断应用,其在使用过程中的安全性及安全性能评测越来越受到广泛关注,国内外各大标准化组织和应用企业都制定了相应的安全评价标准。本工作详细介绍了国内外轨道交通领域中具有引导性和规范性的现行标准,包括TJ/JW 126—2020、Q/CRRC J39—2019、TJ/JW 127—2020、Q/CRRC J37.1—2019、IEC 62928:2017和IEC 62619:2017,重点在电池单体、电池模块、电池包、电池系统4个层面,从电气安全、机械安全、环境安全3个角度对IEC标准和国内标准的电池安全性能评测方法进行详尽对比分析,辨析国内外在使用范围、测试对象、测试方法以及测试要求等方面的差异性。通过全面分析可以看出,国内标准对于动力锂离子电池在机械、环境、电气3个方面设置的试验项目都较为全面,基本都高于国外标准的要求;而国外标准的试验更侧重于电气安全要求。最后,基于机车车辆和电动汽车使用条件和使用工况的不同,对轨道交通用锂离子电池安全标准的进一步完善提出了改进意见,以提高轨道交通电池系统评测的科学性和针对性,为新型储能系统在轨道交通...     

锂离子电池储能系统多时间尺度均衡方法

锂离子电池可作为后备电源为电力系统的一次设备、二次设备及通信管理等提供不同等级的交直流电,保证核心设备紧急时刻仍然能够正常工作。先串后并的并联型储能系统不仅因并联模组的互为备用具有更高的可靠性,也能够避免传统串联型后备电源的木桶效应问题。然而,并联型方案会因模组之间的不一致,使得各模组寿命呈现差异性;串联电池组组内电压分布差异,也会导致电池单体过充或者过放。为此提出了一种针对并联型锂离子电池储能系统的多时间尺度均衡方法。首先,对电池模组组内单体以荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)为指标进行旁路均衡,使电池组在单次充放电循环的短时间尺度达到组内均衡;然后,通过并联电池模组组间的寿命均衡,使系统在寿命衰减的长时间尺度达到平衡。所提均衡方法能够提高并联型储能系统使用过程中模组间的一致性,增强并联模组互为备用的可靠性,降低运维成本,提高锂离子电池的使用效率。为了验证该均衡方法,在电池加速老化实验的基础上,搭建仿真模型验证了所提方法在不同条件下的有效性。     

锂离子电池储能系统安全技术发展现状

我国正大力推动建设以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,作为支撑可再生能源普及的关键技术,储能产业得以高速发展,锂离子电池储能市场也进入加速发展期。然而,在高速发展的同时,近年来国内外发生的多起储能系统火灾事故,也引发了大众对锂电池储能系统安全的关注。锂离子电池储能系统运行的主要风险分为起火爆炸风险、有毒有害化学物泄漏风险和电击风险,其中起火爆炸是锂离子电池储能系统的主要风险,主要致因则是电池的热失控。防范电池的热失控问题,应从电池安全、储能系统、运行维护和事故后消防等几方面提升安全防控技术。从生命周期看,锂离子储能系统的关键安全技术包括电池单体安全、箱体热管理、主动预警监测、被动监控预警、高效消防手段等。鉴于锂离子电化学储能系统的安全运行和安全隐患正逐渐成为制约产业规模化发展的瓶颈,建议有关部门要完善政策体系,提高产业规划科学性,进一步健全新型储能安全生产法律法规;加快标准体系构建,建立储能系统建设及运维的指引标准,指导储能系统安全体系建立;强化消防安全技术攻关,加快关键部件转化应用。     

锂离子电池电力储能系统消防安全现状分析

锂离子电池储能技术是储能领域最具应用前景的技术之一,但安全问题一直是其大规模推广应用所面临的主要挑战.本文对锂离子电池电力储能系统消防安全研究的最新进展进行了概括,从锂离子电池火灾特性、灭火剂适用性、消防装备匹配性和技术规范等方面分析了目前电力储能系统消防安全现状.通过比较电力储能系统与电动汽车安全性、电气火灾与锂离子...     

从正极材料看锂离子电池在储能领域的应用

针对锂离子电池在电力储能中的应用,从电化学性能、安全性能以及价格等方面比较了岩盐结构LiCoO₂、尖晶石型LiMn2O4和橄榄石型LiFePO4 3类主要的锂离子电池正极材料,论述了它们各自的优点和不足之处。对不同正极材料的锂离子电池在储能领域存在的问题进行了分析,对各自的应用前景进行了展望,认为LiMn2O4和LiFePO4分别适用于功率型应用和容量型应用。     

储能与液流电池技术

大规模高效储能技术是解决可再生能源发电不连续、不稳定、不可控特性的重要途径,也是构建坚强智能电网的核心技术。本文对各种储能技术进行了综合分析,并对适用于大规模储能的抽水储能、压缩空气储能、钠硫电池、锂离子电池、铅酸电池和液流电池的技术特点、优劣势、发展前景进行了深入阐述;最后,对储能技术的发展思路进行了探讨,认为坚持技术开发与应用示范并重,进一步降低储能设备成本,提高其可靠性和稳定性并辅以一定的鼓励政策,是推进储能技术的产业化和实用化的重要途径。     

Large-format lithium-ion batteries for electric power storage

We have been developing lithium-ion batteries for electric power storage and have chosen cell chemistries having a high energy density and long life. The cell chemistry consisted of a positive electrode containing a lithium-manganese spinel or a mixture of it with a layered-manganese-based material, and a negative electrode containing a hard carbon. The 8 Ah-class cells consisting of these cell chemistries showed that their extrapolated lives were long enough to withstand a cycling load for 10 years of use. A comparison of the cycle life data with the storage life data suggested the possibility to separate the capacity fading caused only by the storage and that only by the cycling, which is expected to be the basis of a prediction method for the calendar life. However, much work still needs to be done to achieve it. We also manufactured two types of 100 Ah-class cells as an experiment based on the results for the 8 Ah-class cells. They showed specific energies of 100 Wh kg⁻¹ and 106 Wh kg⁻¹.     

Dimethyl methylphosphonate-based nonflammable electrolyte and high safety lithium-ion batteries

Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) was used as a cosolvent to reformulate the nonflammable electrolyte of 1 M LiPF₆/EC + DEC + DMMP (1:1:2 wt.) in order to improve the safety characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. The flammability, cell performance, low-temperature performance and thermal stability of the DMMP-based electrolyte were compared with the electrolyte of 1 M LiPF₆/EC + DEC (1:1 wt.). The nonflammable electrolyte exhibits good oxidation stability at the LiCoO₂ cathode and poor reduction stability at the mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) and surface-modified graphite (SMG) anodes. The addition of vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) to the DMMP-based electrolyte provided a significant improvement in the reduction stability at the carbonaceous electrodes. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of DMMP resulted in optimized low-temperature performance and varied thermal stability of the electrolytes. All of the results indicated the novel DMMP-based electrolyte is a promising nonflammable electrolyte to resolve the safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries.     

Saft lithium-ion energy and power storage technology

Since they were first introduced in the early 1990s, lithium-ion batteries have enjoyed unprecedented growth and success in the consumer marketplace. Combining excellent performance with affordability, they have become the product of choice for portable computers and cellular phones. Building on the same energy and life cycle attributes which marked their consumer market success, but adding new high power storage capability, lithium-ion technology is now poised to play a similar role in the transportation sector. With major programmes in both high capacity and high power lithium-ion technology, Saft has developed a family of products which can address the power and energy storage needs for vehicles, utilities, aviation, satellites, and other applications where light weight, long life, and excellent energy or power storage capabilities are needed. Although further development and refinements are underway, Saft has made a major commitment to bring this technology to the market with the establishment of a major pilot and research facility in Bordeaux France. This paper discusses the performance of this family of products and their potential applications.     

Rapid test and non-linear model characterisation of solid-state lithium-ion batteries

This paper describes a rapid test-procedure that can be used to derive parameters of a proposed battery model. The battery model is a non-linear dynamic equivalent circuit model, which is based on Randle’s model for electrochemical impedance [J. Power Sources 54 (1995) 393]. The level of sophistication has been selected such that it gives a satisfactory prediction of battery performance, but simple enough to enable on-line identification and adaptation of model parameters based on measurements of terminal voltage, current and temperature during usage. The paper also presents test data for a commercial 100 Ah battery including ageing effects.     

Development of lithium batteries for energy storage and EV applications

The results of the Japanese national project of R&D on large-size lithium rechargeable batteries by Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES), as of fiscal year (FY) 2000 are reviewed. Based on the results of 10 Wh-class cell development in Phase I, the program of Phase II aims at further improvement of the performance of large-size cells and battery modules, and the formulation of roadmaps toward worldwide dissemination of large-size lithium secondary batteries. In addition to the above R&D programs, a new target was presented particularly for the near-term practical application of several kWh-class battery modules in FY 1998.

For the large-size battery modules, two types of 2 and 3 kWh-class battery modules have been developed for stationary device and electric vehicle applications, respectively. The battery modules for both types have achieved most of the targets other than cycle life. Currently, further improvements in the cycle life of the cells themselves are being pursued. For this purpose, the materials for cathodes and anodes, the shapes and structures for batteries and the methods for cell connection are being re-investigated.

The development of middle-size battery systems for mini-size electric vehicles (EVs), as well as for demand-side stationary device applications is under way. These battery systems have been fabricated and their fundamental performance confirmed. They are now being subjected to field tests.     

Comparative study of durability test methods for pellets and briquettes

Different methods for the determination of the mechanical durability (DU) of pellets and briquettes were compared by international round robin tests including different laboratories. The DUs of five briquette and 26 pellet types were determined. For briquettes, different rotation numbers of a prototype tumbler and a calculated DU index are compared. For pellets testing, the study compares two standard methods, a tumbling device according to ASAE S 269.4, the Lignotester according to ÖNORM M 7135 and a second tumbling method with a prototype tumbler. For the tested methods, the repeatability, the reproducibility and the required minimum number of replications to achieve given accuracy levels were calculated. Additionally, this study evaluates the relation between DU and particle density.The results show for both pellets and briquettes, that the measured DU values and their variability are influenced by the applied method. Moreover, the variability of the results depend on the biofuel itself. For briquettes of DU above 90%, five replications lead to an accuracy of 2%, while 39 replications are needed to achieve an accuracy of 10%, when briquettes of DU below 90% are tested. For pellets, the tumbling device described by the ASAE standard allows to reach acceptable accuracy levels (1%) with a limited number of replications. Finally, for the tested pellets and briquettes no relation between DU and particle density was found.     

电动汽车用锂离子电池SOC估算方法综述

综述了锂离子电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估算方法的研究进展.作为电动汽车电池管理中的重要指标,SOC表征了电池在当前循环中剩余的电量.准确的SOC估算可有效地避免电池工作于过低电量等不良工况,保证电池始终运行在安全的状态中,从而有效提高电池使用的效率和延长使用寿命.介绍并比较了几种常用的SOC...