脱皮脱脂杂豆粉的理化与功能特性

以大白芸豆、奶花芸豆、小白芸豆、豇豆、绿豆、红小豆、小扁豆、豌豆8种食用杂豆为实验材料,以大豆为对照,对其脱皮、脱脂后的杂豆粉理化特性和功能特性进行比较分析。结果表明：与脱皮脱脂大豆粉相比,脱皮脱脂杂豆粉的堆积密度和吸水性指数高,水溶性指数、吸水能力、吸油能力低,乳化性、乳化稳定性差异不显著,凝胶能力强,起泡性及起泡稳定性差异显著。不同杂豆粉之间的理化特性与功能特性有差异。脱脂大白芸豆粉的堆积密度小,水溶性指数、吸油性和乳化稳定性高;脱脂小白芸豆粉吸水性、乳化性、起泡性及起泡稳定性强;脱脂豌豆粉凝胶能力和起泡性好,乳化稳定性差。     

In vitro digestibility of processed and fermented soya bean,cowpea and maize

Tropical legumes, ie soya bean and cowpea, were pre‐treated and subsequently fermented using pure cultures of Rhizopus spp. Impact of soaking, cooking and fermentation of the legumes on their digestibility was determined using an in vitro digestion method. Processing of white maize included, amongst others, natural lactic acid fermentation, cooking and saccharification using barley malt. An in vitro method was standardised to carry out comparative determinations of the dry matter digestibility of cereal and legume food samples as a function of processing conditions, without attempting to exactly mimic gastrointestinal digestion. Using this method based on upper digestive tract digestion, it was observed that digestibility of the legumes increased during cooking and fermentation. Cooking improved the total digestibility of both soya bean and cowpea from 36.5 to 44.8% and from 15.4 to 40.9% respectively. Subsequent fungal fermentation increased total digestibility only by about 3% for both soya bean and cowpea. Digestibility was also influenced by fungal strain and fermentation time. Cooking and subsequent saccharification using malt almost tripled total digestibility of white maize from 25.5 to 63.6%, whereas lactic fermentation of maize had no effect on in vitro dry matter digestibility. Although total digestibility of cooked legumes was only slightly improved by mould fermentation (3% for both soya bean and cowpea), the level of water‐soluble dry matter of food samples increased during fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae from 7.0 up to 27.3% for soya bean and from 4.3 up to 24.1% for cowpea. These fermented products could therefore play a role as sources of easily available nutrients for individuals suffering from digestive disorders. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal treatments affect the polyphenol profile and increase antioxidant capacity in five varieties of edible bean milks

We investigated the influence of two thermal treatments, steaming and boiling, on polyphenol profile and antioxidant capacity in milks from five edible bean varieties, including green mung bean milk, yellow and black soya bean milk, rice bean milk and white cow gram milk. The two thermal treatments had different influences on polyphenol profile and antioxidant capacity with steaming better than boiling in increasing total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity in edible bean milks. In particular, steaming substantially increased soya bean isoflavone glucosides in the two soya bean milks. Bioconversion between polyphenols, the release of bound polyphenols and the induction of Maillard reaction products could contribute to the increase in TPC and antioxidant capacity in some edible bean milks. Therefore, it is recommended to steam edible bean milk for consumption, and edible bean milk containing antioxidant polyphenols can be developed into functional drinks with potential health benefits.     

干酪乳杆菌发酵8种食用豆提取物抗氧化活性研究

该试验分析了干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）发酵8种食用豆总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,发酵前豇豆总酚含量最高,为（5.53±0.18） mg 没食子酸当量（GAE）/g干质量;红豆总黄酮含量最高,为（11.55±0.16） mg 芦丁当量（RE）/g干质量。发酵后绿豆总酚、总黄酮含量增加最高,分别为182.35%、27.84%;豇豆总酚含量、菜豆总黄酮含量下降最多,分别为43.40%、82.13%。发酵后豌豆提取物1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除活性上升最显著,菜豆提取物下降最显著;绿豆提取物2,2'-联氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）自由基清除活性上升最显著,菜豆提取物下降最显著;豌豆提取物铁离子还原能力上升最显著,菜豆提取物下降最显著。相关性分析结果显示,总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性均极显著相关（P＜0.01）。发酵对食用豆酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性影响显著,为开发不同食用豆功能食品提供理论基础。     

四种豆类中多酚、类黄酮含量及抗氧化活性研究

对豇豆、红小豆、绿豆和蚕豆4种豆类中游离态和结合态的多酚及类黄酮的含量进行测定,并比较了其体外抗氧化活性。数据表明,4种不同豆类的游离态多酚和结合态多酚含量范围分别为1.35～1.75 mg/g和8.63～10.11 mg/g;游离态类黄酮和结合态类黄酮含量范围分别为1.58～2.07 mg/g和3.92～5.08 mg/g;其中结合态多酚含量是游离态多酚的5倍以上,结合态类黄酮含量是游离态的2倍以上。4种豆类游离态和结合态提取物均具有良好的抗氧化活性,其中游离态提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力明显高于结合态,而结合态对FRAP、ABTS、O2-自由基的清除能力明显高于游离态。豆类中含有丰富的酚类、类黄酮等物质,并且主要以结合态形式存在,具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

Effect of grain pre‐treatment on different extractable phenolic groups in cereals and legumes commonly consumed in Tanzania

Extractable phenolic compounds, classified as total phenolics, resorcinols, catechols and galloyls, were determined in cereals and legume food grains commonly consumed in Tanzania, using various colorimetric methods. Grain samples of red sorghum (udo), finger millet, cowpea, mung bean and brown kidney bean were further processed—soaked in water at different pHs, germinated, cooked or dehulled (legumes only)—and the effect on extractable phenolics was analysed. In untreated grains, total phenolics ranged from 0.9 to 33.7, catechols from 0.8 to 13.5 and resorcinols from 0.2 to 11 mg catechin equivalents (CE) g^?1. Galloyls (tannic acid equivalents, TAE) were found in negligible amounts in most grains, but in appreciable amounts in red sorghum (5.5 mg g^?1). Processing of grains led to variable effects on the extractable phenolics. Soaking the grains significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the amount of total extractable phenolics in red sorghum, finger millet and cowpea, with alkali and acidic media being more effective. Water soaking had no effect on total extractable phenolics in mung bean and water, while alkali and acidic soaking had no effect on total extractable phenolics in brown kidney bean. Extractable catechols and resorcinols were affected by soaking in a similar pattern to total extractable phenolics. Germination reduced total extractable phenolics, catechols and resorcinols in all samples, except for catechols in mung bean. Cooking (boiling of grains) was more effective in reducing total extractable phenolics in cereals than germination and water soaking, while dehulling was the most effective method for reducing total extractable phenolics in legumes (p < 0.01). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

乳酸菌发酵对脱脂米糠营养成分的影响

为建立脱脂米糠复合乳酸菌半固态发酵的工艺条件,明确脱脂米糠在发酵前、后营养特性的变化,以乳酸菌降糖和释放酚能力为考察指标,筛选最优复合菌种,结果以嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌组成的复合菌种的降糖和释放酚能力最高。采用单因素试验优化的复合乳酸菌发酵脱脂米糠的工艺条件:复合菌株添加量5.0%,菌种配比1∶1,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间36 h。与未发酵米糠相比,发酵米糠中可溶性固形物、碳水化合物、可溶性膳食纤维、蛋白和可溶性总酚含量分别提高了31.42%,21.82%,112.21%,65.54%和37.14%(P<0.05)。此外,乳酸菌发酵使米糠提取物中的必需氨基酸含量提高了21.23%,其中异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了47.18%,49.78%,13.73%,9.0%,75.26%,24.06%(P<0.05)。同时,发酵米糠提取物的必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.48,其必需氨基酸的比值系数分数(SRC)值更接近100。试验结果表明,乳酸菌发酵显著改善了脱脂米糠的营养价值。本研究结果可为脱脂米糠高值生物转化利用提供指导。     

Sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) as a source of antioxidant phenolics

Sword beans (Canavalia gladiata) have been used as grain legumes and medicinal plants in China for thousands of years. To explore new natural antioxidant sources, the antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition in the soluble and bound fractions of three sword bean genotypes were evaluated in vitro. The red and black sword beans were found to have antioxidant capacity compared to the white sword bean, and this was attributed to their red and black bean coats, which possessed extremely high phenolic content. Gallic acid and its derivatives, such as methyl gallate, digalloyl hexoside and digallic acid, were the main phenolic compounds in the coats of red and black sword beans. Therefore, the red and black sword beans, especially their bean coats, are good sources of antioxidant phenolics and may have potential health benefits.     

粳米鲊海椒的抗氧化活性及其对小鼠肝脏脂质过氧化作用的影响

粳米鲊海椒是以新鲜红辣椒经过破碎后与米粉等配料以一定比例混合并添加适量盐后厌氧发酵一定时间而成的一种中国西南地区地方特色的自然乳酸发酵辣椒制品。由于辣椒富含多酚,以及发酵过程中结合型多酚可能会释放等,因此研究了鲊海椒化学抗氧化活性及对肝脏脂质过氧化作用的影响。对不同发酵时段鲊海椒研究结果显示,总还原力和氧自由基吸收能力（oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC）在发酵15 d后即达到较高水平,其峰值分别出现在发酵15 d和发酵60 d。进一步抗氧化活性分析显示,发酵15 d样品清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基的能力强于发酵60 d样品,但无显著差异（P＞0.05）。细胞抗氧化作用研究显示,发酵60 d样品羰基含量显著低于对照＋偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐组（P＜0.05）,对牛血清白蛋白氧化抑制率是发酵15 d样品的2.38 倍;红细胞溶血延迟时间随处理质量浓度增加快速下降,发酵15 d样品下降速率快于发酵60 d样品,质量浓度为0.5 mg/mL时溶血延迟时间相对最长,发酵15 d和60 d样品差异不显著（P＞0.5）;发酵60 d样品对肝脏脂质过氧化的抑制作用显著强于发酵15 d样品（P＜0.05）,表明延长发酵时间有利于提升细胞抗氧化能力。相关性分析结果显示,不能用多酚含量判断样品的细胞抗氧化作用。本研究表明不能单独用化学抗氧化方法评价抗氧化能力,通过建立细胞模型综合评价食物的抗氧化性能更客观判断食物的抗氧化能力。     

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Some Cereals and Legumes

The antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of 4 cereals (buckwheat, wheat germ, barley, and rye) and 4 legume seeds (lentils, mungo bean, red kidney bean, and soy bean) were determined. The total phenolic content (TPC), determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, for cereal samples varied from 13.2 to 50.7 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract, while for legume samples varied from 17.0 to 21.9 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. Antioxidant activities were comparatively assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. The tested plant extracts showed promising antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, thus justifying their traditional use. Among examined cereals all the applied methods, except TBA method, have shown that buckwheat have the highest antioxidant activity, while among examined legumes results varied depending on the method used.     

Bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in cooked pulses

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in cooked pulses and to study the effect of cooking on their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity. Cooked faba beans showed the highest TPC, followed by soybeans and lentils or peas. TPC ranged from 10.4 ± 0.2 to 52.9 ± 0.3 mg/100 g and was positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Cooking resulted in increased TPC and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts, caused by cell disruption and improved extraction of polyphenols. Although polyphenols were lost in the cooking water, boiled legumes had more polyphenols than those resulting cooking broths. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion resulted in increased TPC and antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Soybeans showed the highest amount of bioaccessible polyphenols. The release of phenolics from cooked legumes was mainly achieved during the intestinal phase. Literature data may underestimate the TPC and antioxidant capacity of pulses.     

A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to investigate how 6 commonly used solvent systems affected the yields of phenolic substances and the antioxidant capacity of extracts from 8 major classes of food legumes. Several antioxidant-related phytochemical compositions, namely, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and condensed tannins content (CTC), were investigated. In addition, antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The results showed that the 50% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TPC for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. Acidic 70% acetone (+0.5% acetic acid) extracts exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and FRAP values for black bean, lentil, black soybean, and red kidney bean. The 80% acetone extracts exhibited the highest TFC, CTC, and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity for yellow pea, green pea, chickpea, and yellow soybean. The 70% ethanol extracts exhibited the greatest ORAC value for all selected legumes. These results indicated that solvents with different polarity had significant effects on total phenolic contents, extracted components, and antioxidant activities. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of legume extracts were observed. The information is of interest to the nutraceutical food/ingredient industries since legumes are a rich source of antioxidants.     

In vitro fermentability and antioxidant capacity of the indigestible fraction of cooked black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lentils (Lens culinaris L.) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)

BACKGROUND: Pulses represent an important source of protein, as well as digestible and indigestible carbohydrates. Little information is available on the indigestible carbohydrates and antioxidant capacity of legume seeds. The cooked seeds of three pulses (black bean, chickpea and lentil) were evaluated for their indigestible fraction (IF), polyphenols content, antioxidant capacity and in vitro fermentability, including short‐chain fatty acid production. RESULTS: The insoluble indigestible fraction (IIF) was higher than the soluble counterpart (soluble indigestible fraction, SIF). The SIF value was highest in black beans, while no difference was observed between chickpeas and lentils. Black beans and lentils had higher polyphenols content than chickpeas. The IF of black beans exhibited the lowest and chickpeas the highest associated polyphenols content. Condensed tannins were retained to some extent in the IF that exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. The total IF of the three pulses produced short chain fatty acids (SCFA) after 24 h of in vitro fermentation by human colonic microflora. IF from black bean and lentil were best substrates for the fermentative production of butyric acid. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the IF of pulses might be an important source of bioactive compounds. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

固态发酵对藜麦营养成分、酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响

为筛选可改善藜麦营养成分,提高酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的固态发酵适宜菌种,为藜麦产品的开发提供理论依据,本文利用植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母、米根霉、米曲霉和好食脉胞菌对藜麦进行了30和48 h的单菌和混菌固态发酵,分析测定了不同菌种固态发酵对藜麦基本营养成分、酚类物质组成及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,固态发酵后,藜麦中淀粉含量由54.61%降至最低为39.32%,不可溶性膳食纤维含量由2.32%降至最低为0.26%,可溶性膳食纤维含量由2.58%升至最高为4.38%。随发酵时间由30 h延长至48 h,藜麦中游离态多酚和黄酮含量分别是未发酵的1.72和1.72倍,结合态多酚和黄酮含量分别是未发酵的2.88和1.84倍。固态发酵后,虽然游离酚粗提液的抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力有所下降,而藜麦结合酚粗提液的抗氧化能力、DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力明显升高（P<0.05）。综上,采用多个菌种混合固态发酵48 h时,藜麦酚类物质的抗氧化活性提高更加明显,其中,植酸乳杆菌、酵母菌、好食脉孢菌混合发酵48 h后,藜麦抗氧化活性较高,是最佳的固态发酵菌种组合。     

Selection of annual legumes for incorporation into rice farming systems

Legumes are often recommended for inclusion into rice farming systems to provide organic matter and nitrogen. Thus, a study evaluated the growth, yields and nitrogen dynamics of four popular legumes, namely Sesbania, Mungbean, Cowpea and French bean using ¹⁵N, when grown in a rice soil. Sesbania produced the highest quantity of nitrogen-rich dry matter. In contrast, French beans produced the lowest quantity, which was low in nitrogen. Dry matter contents of other legumes available for incorporation were greater than in French beans. Nitrogen dynamics illustrated the very high nitrogen fixing capacity of sesbania, while the efficiency of symbiotic fixation was low in French beans. The net nitrogen balance of sesbania was high, followed by cowpea and mungbean. The study illustrated the benefits of using sesbania for the purpose of adding green manure and nitrogen. If a food legume is to be used, species such as cowpea or mungbean was more suitable to achieve the stated objectives than French bean, which produced the highest economic yield.     

豆渣腐乳酿制的食用胶筛选及后发酵中营养品质的变化

为解决豆制品企业鲜豆渣大量堆积腐败变质和低值化利用问题，以纯豆渣为原料、毛霉为发酵菌种进行前发酵，利用食用胶将前发酵后的基料成型再后发酵酿制豆渣腐乳。先通过跟踪检测豆渣腐乳的质构，从瓜尔豆胶、魔芋胶、可得然胶、沙蒿子胶、海藻酸钠、聚丙烯酸钠6种食用胶中筛选适宜的食用胶种类及添加量，再通过跟踪考察在40 ℃、28 ℃、室温条件（25~35 ℃）下后发酵的豆渣腐乳中粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白、氨基酸态氮和总酸含量随发酵时间的变化规律以及挥发性风味物质含量，确定后发酵适宜的温度和时间。结果表明，添加0.1%魔芋胶使豆渣腐乳具有较优质构；3种温度下发酵的豆渣腐乳中粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白、总酸和氨基酸态氮含量均随发酵时间的增加呈现先增大后逐渐趋于平稳的变化趋势，3种温度下酿制的豆渣腐乳的粗蛋白含量相差不大，而40 ℃下发酵的豆渣腐乳中可溶性蛋白和氨基酸态氮的含量最高，分别为5.294和0.63075 g/100 g，总酸变化稳定且含量最低，为8.772 g/100 g，产品所需要的成熟时间最短，为35 d，另外，40 ℃下的酯类有12种，含量为55.10%，种类最多含量最高，产品风味品质更优。     

Gas producton by Clostridium perfringens as a measure of the fermentability of carbohydrates and processed cereal-legume foods

A new and improved method was developed for the in vitro measurement of gas produced by Clostridium perfringens, in an attempt to determine the fermentability of pure carbohydrates, processed legumes and cereal-legume mixtures. The bacterial strain, inoculum and substrate concentrations and type of carbohydrate all proved to be important factors affecting in vitro gas production by Clostridium perfringens. Increasing glucose concentrations resulted in increased gas production, but only up to 2%, above which it became inhibitive. A 10-fold dilution of the active inoculum reduced the rate of gas production, whilst a 50-fold dilution produced no gas in 24 h. Strain NCTC 8239 was able to ferment a wide range of carbohydrates, with the exception of xylose. Arabinose, ribose and raffinose were, however, only moderately fermented. Native starch was also poorly fermented but, after heating, was fermented with vigorous gas production. Cooked, lactic-fermented cereal-legume composite doughs produced less gas compared to cooked non-fermented doughs. Soaking resulted in decreased fermentability of cowpea and pigeon pea, but the opposite effect was observed with soaked mungbean and soya bean. Fungal fermentation (with Rhizopus oligosporus) into tempe also had varying effects on fermentability, depending on the legume. Fungal-fermented cowpea, groundnut and pigeon pea produced more gas than similarly treated mungbean and soya bean. Steaming these products again had contrasting effects, with cowpea and pigeon pea showing reduced fermentability whilst the fermentability of mungbean and soya bean increased.     

Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Extruded Instant Functional Rice Porridge Powder as Affected by the Addition of Soybean or Mung Bean

Legumes contain protein, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, which provide various health benefits. In this study, soybean or mung bean was mixed in rice flour to produce by extrusion instant functional legume‐rice porridge powder. The effects of the type and percentage (10%, 20%, or 30%, w/w) of legumes on the expansion ratio of the extrudates were first evaluated. Amino acid composition, color, and selected physicochemical (bulk density, water absorption index, and water solubility index), thermal (onset temperature, peak temperature, and transition enthalpy), and pasting (peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity) properties of the powder were determined. The crystalline structure and formation of amylose–lipid complexes and the total phenolics content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the powder were also measured. Soybean‐blended porridge powder exhibited higher TPC, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, amino acid, and fat contents than the mung bean–blended porridge powder. Incorporating either legume affected the product properties by decreasing the lightness and bulk density, while increasing the greenness and yellowness and the peak temperature and transition enthalpy. Expansion capacity of the extrudates increased with percentage of mung bean in the mixture but decreased as the percentage of soybean increased. Amylose–lipid complexes formation was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis results. Addition of soybean or mung bean resulted in significant pasting property changes of the porridge powder.     

Functional Properties of Freeze-Dried Powders of Unfermented and Fermented Aqueous Extracts of Legume Seeds

Functional properties of freeze-dried powders made from aqueous extracts of cowpea, peanut and soybean seeds were compared with those of a commercial cultured buttermilk powder product. Powders of seed extracts fermented with Lacrobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were also analyzed. The color of legume powders was similar to that of the commercial buttermilk product, and fermentation had a beneficial effect. Emulsion capacities of powders prepared from extracts were superior to the commercial product, as were foam capacity and stability. The nitrogen solubility profiles of powders from unfermented extracts were similar to those of powdered buttermilk; however, solubility of nitrogen in fermented extracts was less than that of unfermented products. The viscosity of rehydrated fermented powders was less than that of the controls but greater than that of the commercial product. The water adsorption capacity of various seed extract powders was similar, regardless of fermentation treatment.     

火龙果不同部位发酵后活性成分含量和抗氧化活性

以红心火龙果和白心火龙果为原料,测定不同种类和部位火龙果(红心火龙果果肉,red flesh,RF;白心火龙果果肉,white flesh,WF;红心火龙果果皮,red peel,RP;白心火龙果果皮,white peel,WP)发酵液中总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性(总抗氧化能力、还原能力和羟自由基清除能力),考察酚类物质含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明:不同种类和部位火龙果发酵液中总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性存在显著性差异,且RP发酵液表现出最高的总酚(636.63 mg/L)、总黄酮含量(452.42 mg/L)及最强的总抗氧化能力(相当于V_C浓度169.32 mg/L)、还原能力(140.29 mg/L)和羟自由基清除能力(96.65%);总酚、总黄酮含量与总抗氧化能力、还原能力和羟自由基清除能力之间呈正相关,表明总酚类物质是火龙果中抗氧化成分。