Physical properties and sensory acceptability of cookies made from chickpea addition to white wheat or whole wheat flour compared to gluten‐free amaranth or buckwheat flour

The effects of chickpea addition (0–100%) on the physical properties and sensory attributes of cookies based on white or whole wheat compared to gluten‐free amaranth or buckwheat flour were studied. The physical properties determined were spread factor, colour and hardness. Sensory evaluation was conducted for colour, taste, texture and overall impression. Chickpea addition decreased the lightness in white wheat cookies while increasing it in whole wheat and amaranth cookies and it significantly increased yellowness in all cookies. Spread factor of the gluten‐free cookies was reduced by chickpea addition and hardness was increased in white wheat and buckwheat cookies, and decreased in whole wheat and amaranth cookies. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that chickpea addition increased the acceptability of all cookies, in particular of the gluten‐free cookies. Optimal levels of chickpea addition were 20–40% in wheat cookies and 60–80% for amaranth and buckwheat cookies.     

Emulsifying and foaming properties of transglutaminase-treated wheat gluten hydrolysate as influenced by pH,temperature and salt

Hydrolyzed wheat gluten (GH, 77–85% protein) was prepared by limited hydrolysis with chymotrypsin at 37 °C for 4 h (degree of hydrolysis=6.4%) and 15 h (degree of hydrolysis=10.3%). The effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) treatment (55 °C for 1 h, or 5 °C for 18 h) on the emulsifying and foaming properties of GH was evaluated under selected food processing conditions (pH 4.0 and 6.5, 0 and 0.6 M NaCl, and temperature 20 and 5 °C). At pH 4.0 and 0 M NaCl the MTGase treatment substantially increased foaming capacity (FC) of GH compared with their respective control GH samples, as a result of enhanced peptide adsorption to the air–water interface, but FC was similar for both control and MTGase-treated GH at pH 6.5. In contrast, foam drainage stability (FS) of MTGase-treated GH decreased at pH 4.0, but increased significantly (P<0.05) at pH 6.5 when compared with their respective control GH samples. The FC and FS were affected by 0.6 M NaCl in a pH-dependent manner. The MTGase treatments increased emulsion activity index up to 15-fold at pH 6.5, while emulsion stability index was influenced by emulsion temperature and ionic strength conditions. The MTGase-induced changes in functional properties of GH were attributed to pH-dependent solubility changes, the amphiphilic nature of gluten peptides and increased electrostatic repulsion resulting from deamidation.     

马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白的功能特性

以碱提酸沉法制备的马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白为原料,分别考察了pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白功能特性（溶解性、持水能力、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性）的影响。结果表明,pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白的功能特性产生不同程度的影响。在等电点（pH 4.0）时,马铃薯蛋白表现出最低的溶解性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性及起泡性,而泡沫稳定性最好。在较低NaCl浓度（＜0.2 mol/L）时,蛋白溶解性、持水能力、乳化性和乳化稳定性随NaCl浓度的增加而提高,而高浓度的NaCl（＞0.2 mol/L）对上述性质具有抑制作用;蛋白的起泡性和泡沫稳定性在NaCl浓度为0.4 mol/L时具有最大值。在4～80 ℃范围内,蛋白质的各项功能性质随温度的升高均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且溶解性、持水性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性在40 ℃时最佳,乳化性在60 ℃最佳。     

Incorporation of gluten and hydrolysed gluten proteins has different effects on dough rheology and cookie characteristics

This study aims to establish how the substitution of wheat flour by high levels (15%, 30% and 45%) of gluten or hydrolysed gluten proteins affects sugar‐snap cookies properties. An increase in water‐binding capacity was observed when proteins were present. An increase in the dough elastic modulus was observed for gluten protein, but it decreased when hydrolysed gluten protein was used. Regarding the physical characteristics of the cookies, for the same protein percentage, the presence of gluten protein decreased spread ratio and increased hardness, while hydrolysed gluten protein increased spread ratio and yielded darker cookies without modifying the hardness. As for sensory characteristics, taste was negatively influenced by hydrolysed protein and visual acceptability was enhanced when gluten protein was present. Overall acceptability was decreased for the highest levels of hydrolysed gluten protein. Nevertheless, the highest levels of gluten protein did not modify the acceptability.     

海鲜菇蛋白质功能特性及消化性的研究

以海鲜菇粉为原料,采用纤维素酶辅助碱提酸沉法提取出蛋白质,对其功能特性及消化性进行研究。结果表明,随着离子强度的增加,海鲜菇蛋白质的溶解性(Solubility)、持水性(Water holding)、乳化性(Emulsifying)及乳化稳定性(Emulsion stability)、起泡性(Foaming)及泡沫稳定性(Foaming stability)均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;随着蔗糖浓度的提高,溶解性逐渐降低,持水性、乳化性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,乳化稳定性呈现先降低后升高的趋势;随着温度的提高,溶解性、持水性、持油性(Oil holding)、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;随着pH的升高,溶解性、起泡性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,在等电点附近达到最小值,泡沫稳定性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在等电点附近达到最大值。海鲜菇蛋白质溶液经过模拟胃消化后,其消化率为35.5%,水解度17.13%,游离氨基酸含量0.42 mg/mL,多肽含量1.16 mg/mL,胃消化液还原力0.55,DPPH·、O2-·和·OH的清除率分别为66.14%、67.36%和69.44%;模拟肠消化后,其消化率为87.65%,水解度20.88%,游离氨基酸含量0.93 mg/mL,多肽含量0.83 mg/mL,肠消化液的还原力0.23,DPPH·、O2-·和·OH的清除率分别为35.02%、27.17%和37.75%。通过试验证明了离子强度、温度、时间和蔗糖浓度对海鲜菇蛋白质的功能特性有一定影响;该蛋白质在胃肠中消化率较高,是一种易消化优质蛋白质。     

Effect of some traditional processing operations on the functional properties of African breadfruit seed (Treculia africana) flour

The effect of germination, fermentation, roasting and defatting on the proximate composition, water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), foaming capacity (FC), foaming stability (FS), emulsion capacity (EC), emulsion stability (ES), packed bulk density (PBD), least gelation concentration (LGC) and protein solubility (PS) of breadfruit seed flour (BSF) was investigated. WAC, OAC, FC, EC, PBD and LGC obtained are 190-380%; 130.3-200.5%; 2.3-60.4%; 12.4-52.9%; 0.4-0.6 g/ml; 6-12% (w/v) and 200-420%; 176.4-320.6; 4.2-70.8%; 20.2-60.4%; 0.5-0.7 g/ml; 0.5-0.8% (w/v) in the full fat and defatted flours respectively. Foams were more stable in the untreated; least in fermented and roasted samples. Defatting improved the FC, FS and EC; roasting and fermentation reduced EC of full fat BSF; Processing and defatting had no effect on the PBD; roasting and germination increased LGC while defatting and fermentation reduced it. Full fat flours had the lowest PS at pH 4 and the highest at pH 8. Fermented full fat BS flour had the highest PS at pH 5 and 8. Defatted germinated, raw dried and roasted BSF had lowest PS at pH 4; PS of fermented BSF is lowest at pH 3 and highest at pH 2.     

Evaluation of low-fat sausage containing desinewed lamb and konjac gel

Ground (GR) or desinewed (DS) lamb trimmings were combined with a konjac flour (KF) gel (0%, 10% or 20%) to produce a low-fat (8%) cured sausage. Physiochemical, sensory and shelf-life analyses were performed to determine the efficacy of the fat mimetic. Desinewing reduced collagen content (2.3 mg/g tissue) and cook yield (0.6%) when compared to GR trimmings. Grinding increased aerobic plate counts (APCs) ～0.4log(10)/cm(2) more than DS, but APCs were not affected by inclusion of KF. Sausages with 20% KF lowered cook yield ～1% and slightly reduced sensory panel and texture profile analysis texture values. KF gel incorporated at 10% had similar properties to a control low-fat desinewed lamb sausage, while KF at 20% could reduce "toughening" in low-fat sausage products. Use of konjac gel as a fat mimetic could reduce total caloric energy by replacing a portion of the meat in a sausage formulation.     

鲤鱼鱼肉蛋白酶水解物抗氧化性及功能特性

采用碱性蛋白酶对鲤鱼鱼肉蛋白进行酶解,制备不同水解度的水解物。测定水解物的抗氧化活性以及不同pH值条件下水解物的功能特性。结果表明:随着水解度的逐渐升高,水解物的抑制脂质氧化能力、D PP H自由基清除能力、还原能力以及金属离子(Cu2+和Fe2+)螯合能力逐渐增加(P<0.05);同时,水解物的溶解性、乳化性和起泡性都在pH值为4.0(等电点)时达到最低,而后溶解性和乳化性随着pH值升高而增大(P<0.05),而起泡性随着pH值的升高先上升后又下降。因此,鲤鱼鱼肉蛋白碱性蛋白酶水解物可以提高蛋白质的抗氧化活性和溶解性,但是较高的水解度会在一定程度上降低其乳化性和起泡性。     

海藻糖对虾蛄磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

将适量的海藻糖加入虾蛄磷酸化肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）中,研究其添加量对蛋白质乳化、理化及凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：当海藻糖添加量为0.4 mg/mL时,虾蛄磷酸化MP的乳化活性达到最大,乳化稳定性则随海藻糖添加量的增加而逐渐增大,并在海藻糖添加量为1.0 mg/mL时达到最大;海藻糖添加量逐渐增大时,虾蛄磷酸化MP的表面疏水性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并在添加量为0.2 mg/mL时达到最大;浊度先增加后逐渐降低,在添加量为0.4 mg/mL时达到最大;MP的起泡性（foaming characteristics,FC）和泡沫稳定性（foam stability,FS）随着海藻糖添加量的增加均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,海藻糖添加量为0.4 mg/mL时,FC达到最大;随着海藻糖添加量的增大,磷酸化MP凝胶的保水性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,并在海藻糖添加量为0.4 mg/mL时达到最高,凝胶硬度也呈现先增加后降低的趋势,弹性呈现逐渐增加的趋势,凝胶白度呈现先增加后降低的趋势。差示扫描量热仪扫描曲线反映出添加适量的海藻糖有利于MP结构的稳定。     

Relationship between physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) protein isolates

Protein isolates from six amaranth lines/cultivars (APIs) were evaluated to study their physicochemical (hunter colour, protein content and zeta potential), structural (thermal and conformational) and functional (emulsification, foaming, water and fat absorption) properties. APIs had protein content, whiteness index and gel temperature in range of 79.4–85.4%, 41.17–54.26 and 87.8–91.8 °C, respectively. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectra of APIs revealed α‐helix, β‐sheets and random coil conformations in the secondary structure. APIs with higher relative proportion of β‐sheets had higher Differential Scanning Calorimeter denaturation temperature and gel temperature. Minimum protein solubility (PS) was observed at pH 5.0, indicating isoelectric point (pI) of amaranth proteins. The PS, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) of APIs at neutral pH were related to their zeta potential (ζ). The emulsifying and foaming properties were also determined at different pHs (between 2.0 and 9.0). The EAI‐pH profile of APIs confirmed close relationship between the emulsifying ability and PS.     

Rheological,surface and colorbvietric properties of egg albumen gel affected by pH

Abstract

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of albumen at naturally existing pH ranges on the functional and gel characteristics. Albumen was obtained from freshly laid shell eggs. The pH of albumen was altered using either IN NaOH or IN HC1 to obtain a pH of 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0. The altered albumen was tested for its foaming capacity (FC), foam stability (FS), and bake volume (BV). Albumen gels were prepared and tested for firmness (FM), strain at failure (NF), and stress at failure (SF) as well as their color attributes (Hunter L, a, and b). In general, FC and BV of the albumen decreased (P<0.05) as the pH increased. The BV of the albumen was affected by FS than FC for all the adjusted pH ranges. A denser structure was observed for albumen gels as the pH increased. The FM, NF and SF of albumen gels increased, and Hunter L and a values decreased with the increasing adjusted pH. The FM, NF, SF and Hunter L value of albumen gel could be used as quality indicators in evaluating the changes of texture and color with pH.     

Pomegranate seed powder as a functional component of gluten‐free bread (Physical,sensorial and antioxidant evaluation)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of pomegranate seed powder (PSP) on physical, sensorial and antioxidant properties of gluten‐free bread. The PSP was incorporated at different levels (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10%) into formula of gluten‐free bread. Control gluten‐free bread made without any addition of PSP was used for comparison. The results showed that the specific volume and springiness of gluten‐free breads increased, whereas hardness and chewiness decreased significantly with increasing PSP addition. The addition of PSP into gluten‐free bread decreased the lightness and yellowness of crumb and crust colour, while redness increased. Total phenolics content (TPC) increased from 46% to 181% with PSP addition (2.5%–10%). Moreover, antioxidant activity was significantly higher for bread with PSP. For bread with the highest percentage of PSP, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained. For sensorial and antioxidant activity, the optimum level of PSP addition was found to be 7.5%.     

Physicochemical,functional and cooking properties of under explored legumes,Canavalia of the southwest coast of India

Nutritionally potential under explored wild legumes viz., Canavalia cathartica and Canavalia maritima are widely distributed in mangroves and sand dunes, respectively, in Southwest coast of India. Physicochemical, functional and cooking properties of dried seeds of these legumes have been evaluated. Seeds and cotyledons of C. cathartica are larger and possessing higher hydration and swelling capacity than that of C. maritima indicating higher permeability and softness. The crude protein of C. maritima and C. cathartica were found to be higher than common pulses. The pH vs. protein solubility profile was almost similar with minimum solubility at pH 4 (27.8–28.1%). C. maritima showed higher oil absorption capacity (1.53 ml/g) as well as water absorption (0.1 M) capacity. The gelation capacity was minimal at 0.1 M NaCl and pH 4 for both the seed flours. Addition of carbohydrates (starch, lactose, maltose and sucrose) reduced the lowest gelling capacity of C. maritima except for maltose in C. cathartica. Emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsifying stability (ES) diminished with increasing concentration of flours. Minimum EA and ES were attained at pH 4 and maximum at pH 10 in both seed flours. Maximum EA for C. cathartica and C. maritima (62% vs. 72.6%) was attained at 0.4 M NaCl. The ES vs. flour concentration, pH and ionic strength profiles did not differ much between C. maritima and C. cathartica. Peak foam capacity (FC) and stability (FS) were achieved at 6% (w/v) of C. maritima flour, while the same was attained at 8% (w/v) of C. cathartica. The FC and FS of the seed flours improved with increasing pH (pH 2–10). C. maritima flour exhibited the better FC (27.7%), while C. cathartica exhibited better FS (44.42%) at pH 10. Although highest FC was attained at 0.4 M NaCl in both flours, C. maritima was found to be superior (30.5% vs. 28.5%). The flour of C. maritima attained the highest FS at 0.2 M NaCl than C. cathartica (0.4 M NaCl). The minimum cooking time for cotyledons of C. cathartica was more and higher gruel solid loss was reported due to its high L/B ratio. The Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that functional properties of seed flours vary due to their chemical composition.     

Characteristics of Isolation and Functionality of Protein from Tomato Pomace Produced with Different Industrial Processing Methods

The seeds separated from tomato pomace may contain valuable protein with unique functional properties. The objectives of this research were to study the impact of industrial hot and cold break tomato processes on protein isolation from defatted tomato seed meal and determine the protein-related functional properties of defatted and non-defatted seed meals. The results showed that the high temperature of hot break process denatured the protein, resulting in the lower protein extraction yield from 9.07 % to 26.29 % for defatted hot break tomato seed (DHTS) compared to from 25.60 % to 32.56 % for defatted cold break tomato seed (DCTS) under various extraction conditions. Hot break process also significantly influenced protein-related functional properties of seed meals. Compared to DCTS, DHTS had higher water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) based on the protein weight in the seed meal, but lower emulsifying ability (EA), emulsifying stability (ES), foaming capacity (FC), and foaming stability (FS) based on the whole seed sample weight. When compared to commercial soybean protein isolate (SP), the meals of hot break tomato seed (HTS), DHTS, and DCTS showed higher bulk density and WAC values. The FC and FS of tomato meals were inferior while the ES was superior to SP. High alkaline pH was beneficial to the protein extraction and achieved better EA, ES, FC and FS of all the samples. The results indicated that tomato seed meals have a great potential to be used as functional food ingredients.     

米糠蛋白的起泡特性及其泡沫微观形态

考察pH值和NaCl浓度对米糠蛋白起泡特性及泡沫微观形态的影响,并对二者之间的内在关系进行阐述。结果表明,当米糠蛋白溶液中不添加NaCl、pH?4时起泡能力较差,但泡沫稳定性可达最大值（88.3±7.3）%,而当溶液的pH值偏离4时起泡能力增加,在pH10和12条件下起泡能力分别可达（73.3±0）%和（168.9±10.2）%,泡沫稳定性分别为（74.7±2.5）%和（68.5±2.1）%;另外在米糠蛋白溶液pH值为4和7条件下分别添加1%的NaCl后,可显著提高起泡能力至（77.8±3.8）%和（90.0±5.8）%。米糠蛋白泡沫的微观形态随时间变化规律说明,不同pH值条件下起始阶段气泡的直径大小分布与泡沫稳定性相关,而当添加NaCl后米糠蛋白起泡能力和泡沫稳定性的改变则与气泡数量和平均面积二者的综合效应有关。     

Effect of fat mimetics on physical,textural and sensory properties of cookies

Soft‐type cookies were prepared with up to 35% fat replacement by fat mimetics, namely Litesse (improved polydextrose), C*deLight MD 01970 (maltodextrins), Dairytrim (b‐glucans), pectin and Simplesse Dry 100 (a blend of micropatriculated whey proteins and emulsifiers). Physical, textural and sensory properties of the cookies were measured. All formulations with fat replacement up to 23% showed properties similar to control cookies except hardness. Cookies with 35% fat replacement by Litesse, a combination of Litesse and C*deLight MD 01970 and a combination of Litesse and Simplesse Dry 100 (50% each) presented a greater hardness, but physical properties as well as flavor and general acceptance comparable to the control cookies.     

Functional and electrophoretic characteristics of faba bean (Vicia faba) flour proteins as affected by germination

Faba beans (Vicia faba) were germinated at room temperature for 3 and 6 days respectively. The effect of germination on the protein fractions, protein solubility index, PAGE pattern and some functional properties i.e. emulsification capacity (EC), foaming capacity (FC), foam stability (FS), water and fat absorption capacities of the flour was studied. Germination decreased albumins, globulins and prolamins at different levels but non protein nitrogen and glutelins were increased. The protein solubility index was high at both extreme pH values with an isoelectric point (IP) at pH of 4.4-4.5. The solubility of the protein slightly increased due to germination at all the pH values. PAGE pattern revealed on obvious dissociation and utilization for both fast and slow moving protein fractions during germination. Emulsification and foaming properties vs pH profile were similar to the pattern of solubility vs pH. Both properties were high at acidic and alkaline pH's and the minimum values were at pH 4 to 5. Germination process improved EC, FC and FS of the flour in comparison with that of dry bean flour. Water absorption of faba bean flours was improved during germination but the fat absorption markedly decreased.     

不同因素对白果蛋白持油性、持水性和起泡性的影响

以白果蛋白为研究对象,研究温度对其持油性、持水性和pH值、NaCl、蔗糖对其起泡性的作用规律。结果表明:当温度达到40℃时,白果蛋白持油性达到最大值(3.32%),当温度达到45℃时,持水性达到最大值2.97%;当NaCl浓度为0～0.4mol/L时,白果蛋白的起泡能力和泡沫稳定性与NaCl浓度呈正相关,当NaCl浓度高于0.6mol/L时,过高的离子强度使白果蛋白的起泡能力和泡沫稳定性降低;蔗糖的加入将大幅度提高白果蛋白的泡沫稳定性,而对起泡能力提高幅度较小;pH值对白果蛋白的起泡能力和泡沫稳定性影响较大,当pH值为3～11时,起泡性较差,当pH值小于3时,起泡能力和泡沫稳定性与pH值呈负相关,当pH值大于11时,起泡能力和泡沫稳定性与pH值呈正相关,当pH值等于13时达到最高值。     

豆腐渣在面条中的应用研究

豆腐渣是加工豆腐、豆浆等的副产物,含有36.2%的膳食纤维和17.8%的蛋白质,用豆腐渣粉替代部分小麦粉能够提高面条的营养价值。研究了豆腐渣粉、谷朊粉、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、魔芋粉、氯化钠添加量对面条品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验确定了豆渣面条的最佳配方为:小麦粉75%、豆腐渣粉25%、谷朊粉3%、CMC0.4%、魔芋粉0.2%、氯化钠1%。按此配方制作的面条在感官品质、烹煮损失、吸水率等方面接近普通面条,为豆腐渣的合理利用提供了一条有效途径。