The most important bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds

The composition and content of certain bioactive components of the cold pressed oil obtained from six samples of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivated in Serbia were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The composition and content of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols, and the total content of squalene were determined. The results indicate oil's excellent quality, with high contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (37.1 ± 0.70–43.6 ± 0.69 g/100 g of total fatty acids), total tocopherols (38.03 ± 0.25–64.11 ± 0.07 mg/100 g of oil), sterols (718.1 ± 6.1–897.8 ± 6.8 mg/100 g of oil) and especially squalene (583.2 ± 23.6–747 ± 16 mg/100 g of oil). High content of squalene, phytosterols and monounsaturated fatty acids recommend the use of this type of the oil in the nutritional and medical purposes.     

Proximate and fatty acid composition changes in developing sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) seeds

Changes in the proximate composition of developing seeds of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum R Br) were quantified. The developing fruits were collected regularly over a period of 5 months commencing 14 days after flower opening. Rapid deposition of seed lipid began at about 91 days after flowering (DAF) at a level of 4 g kg⁻¹ and continued to about 396 g kg⁻¹ at 147 DAF. Protein and ash contents displayed similar trends to that of lipid with a corresponding decrease in moisture content. Fatty acid analysis of the seed oil demonstrated marked changes in composition during seed development. In particular, major increases in oleic and ximenynic acids were noted with corresponding decreases in the other fatty acids. © 1997 SCI.     

双低油菜品系含油量与ACL酶活性的相关性分析

以不同含油量双低油菜品系为材料,测定了发育种子中ATP-柠檬酸裂解酶（ACL）活性及脂肪酸含量的动态变化,分析了ACL酶活性与含油量、脂肪酸含量之间的关系。结果表明：授粉后32d和39d酶活性与含油量都呈显著正相关,说明ACL酶活性对含油量有重要影响;ACL酶活性峰值与成熟种子油酸含量也呈现显著正相关,说明ACL酶活性高可能增加菜籽中油酸含量。     

Effect of irrigation on lipid biosynthesis in maturing sunflower seeds

The effect of irrigation on lipid biosynthesis in maturing sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds has been studied. Restricted irrigation adversely affected the biosynthesis of polar lipids during initial stages and triglycerides at the later stages of seed development. The fatty acid composition remained unaffected by irrigation. A de novo synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids has also been observed.     

Changes in the lipid and fatty acid composition during maturation of seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba)

The oil content of the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba) was determined 3 weeks after flowering and at weekly intervals until seeds were matured. Examination of the lipid classes by quantitative t.l.c. showed that triglycerides were the major components at all stages and were accompanied by sterol esters, diglycerides and polar lipids; monoglycerides were only detected in the first 2 samples. The fatty acid composition of the total oil and the mono-, di- and triglycerides and sterol esters was determined by g.l.c. The 7 major fatty acids, namely palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids were present at all stages of maturity. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride fraction was similar to that of the total oil whereas the mono- and diglycerides and sterol esters contained a relatively higher proportion of saturated fatty acids. Erucic acid, the major acid of the oil from mature seeds did not become the major acid until 35 days after flowering. The results are discussed in relation to pathways of lipid synthesis in higher plants.     

油菜脂酰CoA合成酶基因pXT166的鉴定和功能分析

长链脂酰CoA合成酶（LACSs）在脂肪酸的合成代谢与分解代谢中起着重要的作用,它把游离脂肪酸活化为脂酰CoA硫酯。pXT166经证实具有编码长链脂酰CoA合成酶活性。本研究通过酵母互补实验验证了pXT166具有LACS的酶活性。分析该基因编码蛋白的底物偏好性显示,长链饱和脂肪酸是其优先底物。RT—PCR分析表明,在不同油脂含量的油菜品系种子中,授粉后35d,该基因在高含油量的种子中表达更强,表明pXT166参与了油菜种子中油脂的合成,与种籽含油量相关。     

Characteristics of Milk and Butter from Cows Fed Sunflower Seeds

Composition of milk and butter was evaluated from cows fed either control or experimental diets containing added fat of partially unsaturated fatty acid composition. The control diet concentrate mix consisted mainly of corn and soybean meal. The two experimental diets substituted either 20% high oleic sunflower seeds (>79% of fatty acids as oleic acid) or 20% regular sunflower seeds (>67% of fatty acids as linoleic acid) for part of the corn and soybean meal in the concentrate mix. Feeding lactating dairy cattle sunflower seeds resulted in lower concentrations of short and medium chain and higher concentrations of long-chain fatty acids in milk fat and butter. Milk unsaturated fatty acid concentrations were (28.9, 38.8, 45.6%), and butter unsaturated fatty acid concentrations were (29.6, 38.1, 44.3%) for control, high oleic sunflower seed, and regular sunflower seed treatment milk, respectively. Organoleptic evaluation indicated the high oleic sunflower seed and regular sunflower seed treatment butters were equal or superior in flavor to the control butter. The high oleic sunflower seed and regular sunflower seed treatment butters were softer, more unsaturated, and exhibited acceptable flavor, manufacturing, and storage characteristics.     

Changes in lipid components during the development of the french bean seed (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Changes in lipid classes, fatty acid composition and distribution have been monitored during the germination, development and maturation of the French bean seed Phaseolus vulgaris. A lipase activity profile over time was also determined. Ungerminated seeds contained high levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids, but low levels of polar lipids, monoglycerides, and diglycerides. Five days after germination there was a decrease in the quantity of triglycerides and free fatty acids and a concomitant increase in the levels of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and polar lipids. As development and maturation progressed, triglycerides increased substantially at the expense of mono- and diglycerides. Ungerminated seeds contained high levels of C₂₀-C₂₂ fatty acids which decreased after germination with a concomitant increase in C₁₆-C₁₈ unsaturated fatty acids. A study of the fatty acid distribution among the different classes of lipids demonstrated that 55% of the unsaturated fatty acids in the ungerminated seeds were present in the triglycerides, whereas the remainder were distributed among the mono- and diglycerides as well the other lipid classes (free fatty acids, polar lipid, and sterols). Five days after germination, the majority of these unsaturated fatty acids were found in the glyceride form. Overall the lipid classes, fatty acid composition and distribution changes during development and maturation of the French bean seed indicated that it shares many of the characteristics of soya bean development.     

LIPID AND AROMA COMPOSITION OF BLACK CUMIN (NIGELLA SATIVA L.) SEEDS FROM TUNISIA

The chemical composition of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. seeds was investigated. The results showed that linoleic acid (C18:2) was the major fatty acid with 65.1% of total fatty acids (TFAs) followed by oleic acid (C18:1) with 12.7% of TFAs. Neutral lipids (NLs) were mainly composed of triacylglycerols with 98.4% of total NLs. Polar lipids were mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine as the major phospholipid subclass, whereas digalactosyldiacylglycerol was the major galactolipid. Total sterols (TSs) represented 2.2% of the fixed oil and were composed of (-sitosterol as the major sterol representing 60.2% of the TSs. The results indicated that the sterols were mainly present in the esterified and in the free forms with 51.2 and 36.1%, respectively, of TS content. Finally, the aroma composition of the volatile oil from oleoresin exhibited the presence of many bioactive compounds such as p-cymene as the major component followed by ocimene, α -thujene, octen-3-ol with appreciable rates of 1,8-cineole and thymol.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The results obtained showed that Nigella sativa L. seeds were a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), phytosterols (PSs) and phospholipids (PhLs) for the human diet. These seeds could be used by the food industry for formulating functional foods enriched with PUFAs and PSs. For pharmaceutical applications, N. sativa L. conjugated sterols could be used as precursors for the hemisynthesis of many hydrosoluble steroids. Also, N. sativa L. seeds are a good source of PhLs and aroma compounds, and therefore, they could be utilized in biscuit manufacturing and in food flavoring. The presence of many bioactive compounds in N. sativa L. essential oil (p-cymene, limonene, α-pinene, linalool and thymol), known for their powerful antimicrobial function, could support the utilization of the essential oil bactericidal agents.     

Fatty acid composition of Camellia oleifera oil

Camellia oleifera originates from China and is important for the economy of southern China. Seeds from the cultivars LCDG, YAYC, and CR3 of Camellia oleifera were analyzed for their amount of 14 different fatty acids (unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated). In contrast to former investigations additional kinds of fatty acids could be isolated from Camellia oleifera seeds: The composition of this oil is very similar to olive oil, comprising 67.7–76.7 % oleic acid, 82–84 % unsaturated fatty acids, 68–77 % monounsaturated fatty acids, and 7–14 % polyunsaturated acids. Moreover, Camellia oleifera oil has many advantages to rapeseed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, safflower seed oil, and especially pig oil.     

花生种子发育过程中脂肪酸累积模式研究

通过对花生种子脂肪酸累积模式的研究,揭示花生脂肪酸组成的形成规律。研究结果显示,下针后10d内的花生种子可检测到9种脂肪酸,C16：1和C18：3在发育过程中由高到低,逐渐消失,其他7种脂肪酸含量则随着花生种子的发育逐渐积累增高。成熟的花生种子中油酸和亚油酸含量占脂肪酸总含量的81％左右。脂肪酸总量在接近成熟时有所下降。不同脂肪酸在累积过程中显示了高度相关性,C16：1和C18：3之间呈正相关,属于第一类;其余7种脂肪酸之间也均呈正相关,属于第二类。第一和第二类脂肪酸之间呈负相关。主成份分析表明,9种脂肪酸可以分成三类：C18：1与C18：2各为一类,其他7种脂肪酸为另一类,C18：1与C18：2之比是花生脂肪酸组成的决定性因素。综合分析表明,决定花生脂肪酸组成的关键基因主要是脂肪酸去饱和酶FAD2基因和SAD基因,有目的地对这两个基因的表达进行调控对于花生脂肪酸组成的改良有着重要的价值和意义。     

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from harvest to edible ripeness of avocado cv. Hass (Persea americana) throughout the harvest seasons

The influence of regular air cold storage (7 °C and 85 ± 5% RH) followed by ripening at shelf-life conditions (19–21 °C and 65 ± 5% RH), on bioactive compounds of Hass avocados was investigated. Results showed that the content of mannoheptulose and perseitol decreased significantly already during cold storage and ripening period. The fatty acid profile and contents of tocopherols (α- and β-tocopherol) and phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol) remained unchanged from day 0 to edible ripeness. Total phenolics, hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity remained unchanged during cold storage and increased during the ripening period. At edible ripeness, significant amounts of phenolic acids, p-coumaric and caffeic and their derivatives were synthesised. Our results demonstrated that regular air cold storage for up to 37 days followed by ripening at shelf-life conditions enhances the phenolic compounds and mainly the hydrophilic antioxidant capacity without affecting the remaining bioactive compounds in Hass avocado.     

Effect of various edible oils on the monoxygenases in liver of rats

2 months old male rats were fed over a period of 10, 30 and 60 days a diet containing 1.20% sunflower oil, 2.10% sunflower oil and 10% rapeseed oil, 3.6% sunflower oil, 8% rapeseed iuk abd 6% soybean oil. The diets caused changes in the composition of the fatty acid of total lipids and in the activity of the monoxygenase in the liver. The level of the oleic acid in the livers of the 2nd and 3rd groups was elevated. The linolic acid level was elevated in all three groups, the level of the 1st group being the highest. The arachidonic acid level was diminished in all three groups. The aminopyrine demethylase activity increased in all groups only on the 60th day, the activity of the 1st group being the highest. The aniline hydroxylase activity of the 2nd group had a transient increase on the 30th day; on the 60th day only the activity of the 1st group was elevated.     

Rapid monitoring of heat-accelerated reactions in vegetable oils using direct analysis in real time ionization coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry

Transmission-mode direct analysis in real time ionization coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (TM-DART–HRMS) was used to monitor chemical changes in various vegetable oils (olive, rapeseed, soybean and sunflower oil) during their thermally-induced oxidation. This novel instrumental approach enabled rapid fingerprinting of examined samples and detection of numerous sample components, such as triacylglycerols (TAGs), phytosterols, free fatty acids (FFA), and their respective oxidation products. Mass spectra obtained from DART were processed with the use of principal component analysis (PCA) in order to assess the compositional differences between heated and non-heated samples. Good correlation was observed between the normalized intensities of the pre-selected ion corresponding to mono-oxidized TAG and ‘classic’ criterion represented by the levels of TAG polymers determined by high performance-size exclusion chromatography with refractometric detection (HP-SEC–RID).     

气相色谱法测定脂肪酸含量判定山茶油纯度

利用气相色谱法,对山茶油掺入大豆油、菜籽油、玉米油和葵花籽油的掺伪油进行脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明:油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸可作为鉴别山茶油中掺伪大豆油和菜籽油的特征脂肪酸,棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸可作为鉴别山茶油中掺伪玉米油和葵花籽油的特征脂肪酸;回归预测模型相关系数(R^2)较高(> 0. 99),可分别检出掺伪量4%的大豆油和菜籽油,掺伪量8%的玉米油和葵花籽油,回收率在96. 56%~112. 88%之间。该方法灵敏度高,定量准确,可为掺伪山茶油纯度鉴别及调和山茶油配比的定量分析提供科学依据。     

大豆籽粒不同发育时期基因表达谱分析

以花后15d的大豆籽粒作为对照,通过Solexa高通量测序方法对花后35d、55d和65d的大豆籽粒进行转录水平上的检测,并结合GO功能注释和pathway分析,共有差异表达unigene为9 905个,其中调控脂肪酸合成途径的显著差异表达基因12个,蛋氨酸代谢途径关键基因6个。以花后55d的cDNA为样本,荧光定量PCR检测了12个差异表达基因,其结果可与测序结果互为印证。     

Lipolytic activity of fungi on rapeseed oil

Many species of fungi grow on stored seeds of oilseed rape causing the development of high levels of free fatty acids. However, the presence of a fungus on the seed does not imply that it is lipolytic. The work reported here was performed to test the ability of fungi isolated from stored rapeseed to release fatty acids from refined rapeseed oil. Lipolytic activity was assessed by growing fungi on agar, incorporating the oil as droplets and the indicator Nile blue sulphate. Of 18 species tested, only Aspergillus versicolor showed no lipolytic activity. Another method of testing for lipolysis was used for three of the fungi. They were grown in a liquid medium containing oil and the amount of free fatty acids was measured titrimetrically. The results show that many fungi can cause lipolysis of rapeseed oil, but there are great differences in the lipolytic activity between species.     

贵州茶油气相色谱脂肪酸标准指纹图谱构建及其鉴别

目的 基于气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)构建油茶籽油脂肪酸的气相指纹图谱。方法 以贵州产油茶籽为研究对象，采用气相分析不同产地、品种及加工方式共计34批次油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成。结果 确定棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸和亚麻酸为油茶籽油的主要脂肪酸。通过“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”建立了油茶籽油气相色谱标准指纹图谱，并与菜籽油、葵花籽油、芝麻油、玉米油、米糠油、花生油、棕榈油和高油酸花生油等8种植物油进行相似度比较，除菜籽油和高油酸花生油因相似度大于0.95而无法与油茶籽油进行区分外，其余6种油脂均可识别为非油茶籽油。结论 通过对贵州产油茶籽油脂肪酸组成和标准指纹图谱的建立，可为纯茶油的真伪鉴别提供了一定的试验数据支撑     

Gamma-irradiation as a method of microbiological control,and its impact on the oxidative labile lipid component of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cannabis sativa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus annus</Emphasis>

The effect of irradiation (0–20 kGy) on hemp and sunflower seeds was assessed, with specific reference to the oxidatively labile lipid component (unsaturated fatty acids and tocochromanols). Total protein, lipid, and solids content of the seeds did not vary with irradiation dose. Lipid hydroperoxide concentration increased significantly in the sunflower seeds (48 mmol kg⁻¹ lipid) and a significant increase in volatile secondary oxidation products was measured in both seeds (e.g. hexanal, heptanal, 1-penten-3-ol) with increasing irradiation dose. Irradiation at 5 kGy sterilised the seeds of all microbial contamination and irradiation doses of 20 kGy prevented germination. A loss of the antioxidant tocopherol was shown with increasing irradiation doses, although this was selective for specific tocopherol isoforms (α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol).