Mechanical analysis of the strain-hardening exponent under tensile deformation

It has been experimentally proved that strain hardening exponent has very strong sensitivity to structure. The measuring result of precise experiment indicated that the variational laws of nv(the strain hardening exponent under constant velocity), nε( under constant strain rate) and np( under constant load) with ε strain are entirely different. Considering the structure sensitivity in superplasticity and plasticity (which means that the strain hardening exponent is related to strain as well as strain rate), this paper deduces the analytical expressions for nv, nε and np from the state equation. Thus, the mechanical essence of nv, nε and np corresponding the change of e is revealed. And the experimental results on typical material Zn 5%AI are interpreted successfully which show reliability of the theory.     

粗晶粒铸轧AZ31镁合金的高温拉伸性能

研究了具有较大晶粒尺寸铸轧态AZ31镁合金的高温拉伸性能。通过热处理获得晶粒尺寸d=27．8μm的板材,对不同试样,在温度分别为300,350,400,450℃恒温条件下,以10^-3s^-1和10^-3s^-1恒定拉伸速率对试样进行拉伸至失效实验。结果表明,粗晶粒AZ31镁合金在450℃和10^-3s^-1条件下达到最大的延伸率106．7％。拉伸试样断口形貌的分析表明,450℃时出现丝状物质是合金出现液态zn的结果。少量的液相可以释放应力集中和协调此时的变形过程。与细晶粒铸轧态AZ31相比,在拉伸条件相同和晶粒尺寸不同的情况下,粗晶粒的塑形较低,其原因是晶界滑移在变形时所作贡献少。     

Effects of ultrasonic vibration on plastic deformation of AZ31 during the tensile process

An investigation on the plastic behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under ultrasonic vibration(with a frequency of 15 kHz and a maximum output of 2 kW) during the process of tension at room temperature was conducted to reveal the volume effect of the vibrated plastic deformation of AZ31.The characteristics of mechanical properties and microstructures of AZ31 under routine and vibrated tensile processes with different amplitudes were compared.It is found that ultrasonic vibration has a remarkable influence on t...     

Experimental measurement and elaborate analysis of strain hardening exponent in tensile deformation

This paper gives a set of formulae for measuring strain hardening exponent n in different typical deforming routes by using experimental parameters p (forming load), v (velocity of cross-head) and / (gauge length of specimen). With them the uniform method for measuring nε(strain hardening exponent at constant strain rate), nv( strain hardening exponent under constant velocity) and np (strain hardening exponent under constant load) is established when ε , v or p is constant distinctively. Furthermore, the deviation among n values via different typical deformation route is analyzed. The results indicate that there exists structural sensitivity under superplastic and plastic deformation. In addition , the experimental results also prove that the values of nε, nv and np obtained with different sets of constant ε , v or p curves are different too, even if the formulae are the same. Thus a more profound understanding of the relation between the experimental results and the mathematic expressions of nε, nv     

Mechanical definition and standardized measurement of the strain hardening exponent in tensile deformation

Hollomon' s equation is deduced from the state equation of plastic tensile deformation and the material constant and the strain hardening exponent in the equation are defined. The measuring formulae are put forward under three typical deformation conditions, i.e. constant strain rate, constant velocity and constant load. This paper also offers the traditional measuring method, the computer simulating measuring method and the exact measuring method corresponding to every formula, and the measuring results on the typical material Zn5%AI at 18℃ and 340℃ are given under three typical conditions. Due to the large deviation among these results, it is argued that the strain hardening exponent is closely related to the forming condition, even in the same stress state. Thereupon, new problems of how to explain the deviation and what is its mechanical essence are raised.     

Modeling uniaxial tensile deformation of polycrystalline AI using CPFEM

The crystal plasticity finite element modeling （CPFEM） is realized in commercial finite element code ABAQUS with UMAT subroutine on the basis of the crystal plasticity theory of rate dependent polycrystal constitutive relations in the mesoscopic scale. The initial orientations obtained by electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） are directly input into the CPFEM to simulate the mechanical response of polycrystalline 1050 pure Al in uniaxial tensile deformation. Two polycrystal models and two tensile strain rates were used in the simulations. The stress-strain curves of tensile deformation were analyzed. The predictions and the corresponding experiment result show reasonable agreement and slight deviation with experiments. The flow true stress of strain rate 0.01 s^-1 is higher than that of strain rate 0.001 s^-1. At the strain less than 0.05, the stress saturated rate of the experiment is higher than the simulated results. However, the stress saturated rate of the experiment becomes gentler than the corresponding simulated predictions at the strain over 0.05. Also, necking was simulated by the two models, but the necking strain is not well predicted. Tensile textures at strain 0.25 were predicted at the low strain rate of 0.001 s^-1. The predictions are in good accord with the experimental results. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.     

Modeling uniaxial tensile deformation of polycrystalline Al using CPFEM

The crystal plasticity finite element modeling (CPFEM) is realized in commercial finite element code ABAQUS with UMAT subroutine on the basis of the crystal plasticity theory of rate dependent polycrystal constitutive relations in the mesosocpic scale. The initial orientations obtained by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) are directly input into the CPFEM to simulate the mechanical response of polycrystalline 1050 pure AI in uniaxial tensile deformation. Two polycrystal models and two tensile strain rates were used in the simulations. The stress-swain curves of tensile deformation were analyzed. The predictions and the corre-sponding experiment result show reasonable agreement and slight deviation with experiments. The flow true stress of strain rate 0.01 s-1 is higher than that of strain rate 0.001 s-1. At the strain less than 0.05, the stress saturated rate of the experiment is higher than the simulated results. However, the stress saturated rate of the experiment becomes gentler than the corresponding simulated predictions at the strain over 0.05. Also, necking was simulated by the two models, but the necking strain is not well predicted. Tensile textures at swain 0.25 were predicted at the low strain rate of 0.001 s-1. The predictions are in good accord with the experimental results.     

后缘拉张裂缝对土坡稳定性评价的影响研究进展

探索后缘拉张裂缝对土坡稳定性评价的影响有助于边坡稳定性理论的完善。从后缘拉张裂缝对土坡失稳模式及稳定性的影响两方面进行回溯总结,为建立边坡拉剪耦合破坏稳定评价体系及为崩塌、阶梯状滑坡等失稳模式的判别提供理论依据;通过室内模型试验对其影响机理进行初探,发现土坡坡高、坡角及力学参数等因素会直接影响其后缘拉张裂缝起张位置、产状、深度,从而对土坡稳定性产生重大影响,最后对目前关于土坡稳定性评价及后缘拉张裂缝研究存在的主要问题进行总结与评述。     

Analysis on the deformation and fracture behavior of carbon steel by in situ tensile test

1. IntroductionIn materials science, the emphasis is on the under-lying relationship between the microstructure andproperties of materials. Materials science and engi-neering has since long times aimed to develop the accu-rate relationship between the pro…     

高温后粗砂岩单轴抗拉强度实验研究

对不同温度（25℃,100℃,200℃,300℃,400℃,500℃,600℃,700℃,800℃,900℃等10个等级）作用后的砂岩试样进行了巴西劈裂实验,分析了粗砂岩单轴抗拉强度经历了不同温度作用后的变化趋势.研究结果表明：在25-150℃时,单轴抗拉强度变化很小;150-500℃时,随着温度升高,单轴抗拉强度单调增加;500-750℃时,单轴抗拉强度单调减小;750-900℃时,抗拉强度基本保持一个定值.总体来讲,粗砂岩的单轴抗拉强度随着温度的增加先增大,后减小.     

太湖隧道软土基坑长期稳定性分析与变形预测

以太湖隧道某大型基坑工程为背景,构建基于支持向量机方法的智能反演系统,开展室内软土蠕变实验,提出结合智能反演和蠕变实验的分析方法. 结合现场监测数据,综合确定相关土层的基本物理力学参数及蠕变相关参数. 结合现场超载作用下软土基坑的变形进行分析,验证了该方法在进行软土基坑超载作用下长期稳定性分析及变形预测中的可适用性. 将该方法应用于太湖隧道的超载优化设计,取得了良好的效果.     

条形基础稳定性弹塑性大变形有限元分析

对土体失稳过程中弹塑性大变形的问题,采用大变形问题的Updated Lagrangian描述方法,建立了土体稳定分析的弹塑性大变形有限元模型,提出了坐标更新和非线性方程组线性化的方法：计算了均布竖向荷载情况下的条形基础地基稳定性,通过与Prandtl解和弹塑性小变形有限元法所得结果的对比,说明了用弹塑性大变形有限元法进行土体稳定性计算是可行的．通过对倾斜荷载作用并考虑土体自重情况下的条形基础地基稳定性分析,表明弹塑性大变形有限元法不仅能反映土体抗剪强度指标对土体稳定性影响,而且也能反映土体弹性参数对土体稳定性影响,说明了用弹塑性大变形有限元法计算土体稳定性的合理性及对工程安全的重要性．     

瀑布沟地下厂房施工期变形与稳定的跟踪预报

应用基于弹粘塑性势理论的有限单元方法、人工智能方法以及加锚节理力学模型,建立基于位移监测资料的岩体力学参数反演系统,根据反演参数实现对地下洞室后续施工过程中围岩稳定性与变形的预报.应用该反演预报系统,动态跟踪预报瀑布沟地下洞室群在开挖、支护过程中围岩的稳定与变形情况,对洞室群的稳定性进行了评价.     

X100管线钢的高温变形力学行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对X100管线钢进行单道次压缩试验,研究其变形抗力与应变量、应变速率和变形温度的关系,利用回归分析确立合适的变形抗力数学模型,并将模型预测值与试验值进行比较。结果表明,变形温度对X100管线钢变形抗力影响显著;高温低应变速率更有利于X100管线钢回复和再结晶的发生;应变速率过高会引起非稳态变形,不利于X100管线钢轧制过程的控制;利用回归分析确定的变形抗力模型能够准确预测X100管线钢的变形抗力,相关系数为0.986。     

Influence of flange location on axial deformation stability of double-hat structure

A new structural configuration with better impact stability for increasing energy absorbing efficiency is found.Based on finite element analysis,deformation modes of double-hat structure under axial impact loading are categorized to find the main reasons that affect deformation stability.It is revealed that,in a double-hat structure,the location of the flanges is highly related to the deformation mode and energy absorbing efficiency.Moving the flanges away from their traditional mid-location may result in more regular and stable deformation mode and achieve higher energy absorbing efficiency.The flange offset value needs to be controlled within a certain range,otherwise,the double-hat structure would tend to deform like a top-hat structure and the energy absorbing efficiency could be compromised.These findings and analyses lead to a new structural design configuration-asymmetric flange locations-for enhancing the deformation mode stability in double-hat structures.     

Theoretical and metrical standardization of strain rate sensitivity index

Strain rate sensitivity index m is one of the vital mechanical parameters for determining material superplasticity. In this paper, the existing formulae for measuring m value are reviewed, and it is found that the m values can be classified into three classes mi under constant length, mv under constant velocity, and mp under constant load. The constraint equation of the generalized m value is established according to the tensile constitutive equation and the basis theory for plastic mechanics. Based on three typical deformation paths, the m value is redefined. Furthermore, from the formula of generalized m value, the formulae for measuring mi, mv and mp are theoretically deduced. The precise methods with numerical simulation are presented. The results prove that the m value is a non-constant and its dependence on (ε) changes with the deformation path. Under different deformation paths, the m values calculated from the same formula are different. Using different formulae, the m values under the same deformation path are also different. Therefore, deformation path and corresponding formula should be given during the measurement of the m value. Moreover, it is explained theoretically and experimentally that why the mv value under constant velocity is sometimes negative but the mp value under constant load is sometimes lager than 1. The aim of the analysis and measurement of the m value is to facilitate the study on the relationship between macroscopical mechanical laws and microscopic physical mechanisms during superplastic deformation.     

温度与应变率对Cu70 Zn30孪晶变形的影响

为了研究孪晶变形过程中孪晶间距与孪晶片层厚度随温度与应变率变化情况,建立一个关于Cu70 Zn30的流动应力本构方程,其中流动应力分为短程应力与长程应力,短程应力用Johnson Cook模型描述,长程应力采用幂次强化法则,运用Matlab软件模拟了Cu70 Zn30在不同温度与不同应变率的条件下的孪晶变形,得出了孪晶变形过程中孪晶间距与孪晶片层厚度在不同条件下的演化曲线,通过对比实验结果,证实了低温与高应变率均能促进孪晶变形,其效果随着温度的降低与应变率的升高而增强;相对于应变率的影响,温度的降低更能促使孪晶的生长,孪晶间距的大小与孪晶片层的厚度随着温度的降低与应变率的升高而减小.     

形变和热处理温度对纯铌管材组织和性能的影响

通过对纯铌挤压管坯和冷变形管材的显微组织及力学性能的分析,研究了形变程度和热处理温度对材料的组织和性能的影响.试验结果表明,经800～850℃挤压的纯铌管坯,完全再结晶退火温度约为1 150℃,挤压管坯经87%冷变形后,完全再结晶退火温度约为1 100℃;纯铌管材完全再结晶退火温度随着形变总加工率的增加,基本呈下降趋势,且影响比较明显.     

添加W对Ti-Al-Cr-Nb铸态合金高温变形的影响

通过非自耗电弧熔炼及氩气保护浇铸方法，合成不同W含量的Ti-Al-Cr-Nb合金。采用高温拉伸测试及显微组织观察，研究添加W对Ti-Al-Cr-Nb铸态合金的显微组织及其高温变形影响。研究结果表明：W的添加使Ti-Al-Cr-Nb合金的铸态组织得到细化；在800℃时基体合金的伸长率从0．62％提高到90％；在高温变形过程中，添加W使Ti-Al-Cr-Nb铸态合金的最大伸长率从620％降低到200％，而最大伸长率相应的温度从850℃增大到1050℃。不同W含量的Ti-Al-Cr-Nb铸态合金在800～1100℃的高温变形机制主要是晶粒滑动，而添加W使晶粒滑动的协调过程由晶界扩散转化为体扩散。     

Property and microstructure analysis of ZK60 alloy superplastic sheet

It was investigated that the superplastic mechanical properties of fine-grained ZK60 magnesium alloy sheets at the temperature range of 200-420 ℃ and strain rate range of 5.56 × 10-4 -5.56 ×10-2 s-1 by tensile tests.And the microstructure evolution during the superplastic deformation of ZK60 magnesium alloy was examined by metallurgical microscope and transmission electronic microscope (TEM).The results showed that fine-grained ZK60 magnesium alloy starts to exhibit superplasticity from 250 ℃ and the maximum elongation is about 1106% at 400 ℃ and 5.56 × 10-4 s-1.The strain rate sensitivity is significantly enhanced with the increase of temperature and with the decrease of strain rate.The predominate superplastic mechanism of ZK60 magnesium alloy is grain boundary slide (GBS) at the temperature range of 300-400 ℃.The grains of ZK60 alloy remain equaxial after superplastic deformation,and dynamic continuous recrystallization (DCRX) is an important softening mechanism and grain stability mechanism during the superplastic deformation of the alloy.The curved grain boundaries and crumpled bands at grain boundaries after deformation prove GBS generates during superplastic deformation of ZK60 magnesium alloy.