Coating Bores of Light Metal Engine Blocks with a Nanocomposite Material using the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc Thermal Spray Process

Engine blocks of modern passenger car engines are generally made of light metal alloys, mostly hypoeutectic AlSi-alloys. Due to their low hardness, these alloys do not meet the tribological requirements of the system cylinder running surface—piston rings—lubricating oil. In order to provide a suitable cylinder running surface, nowadays cylinder liners made of gray cast iron are pressed in or cast into the engine block. A newer approach is to apply thermal spray coatings onto the cylinder bore walls. Due to the geometric conditions, the coatings are applied with specifically designed internal diameter thermal spray systems. With these processes a broad variety of feedstock can be applied, whereas mostly low-alloyed carbon steel feedstock is being used for this application. In the context of this work, an iron-based wire feedstock has been developed, which leads to a nanocrystalline coating. The application of this material was carried out with the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc system. AlMgSi0.5 liners were used as substrates. The coating microstructure and the properties of the coatings were analyzed.     

Recent developments in single-wire vacuum arc spraying

Reactive materials such as titanium and tantalum are not suitable for the manufacture of pure and corrosion-resistant layers by atmospheric spraying processes, and thus are normally processed by vacuum plasma spraying. However, because of the large specific area of the feedstock, large amounts of previously adsorbed oxygen and nitrogen are included in the coating, often resulting in unsatisfactory corrosion behavior. This can be avoided by vacuum arc spraying using a single wire. The spraying material is a cathodic poled wire that is led without contact through a nonconsumable, water-cooled nozzle. The wire is melted by a high-frequency arc that burns between the wire and the nozzle. The process gas (argon) at-omizes the wire and accelerates the particles onto the component being coated. The process parameters strongly influence the stability of the process and the resulting microstructure of the deposit.     

Development and trends in HVOF spraying technology

Three actual trends in development of HVOF spraying technology are described and discussed. The trends concern application fields as well as gun and feedstock characteristics. At the example of demountable draw bars it is shown that HVOF sprayed cermet coatings are capable to protect light weight material components subject to dynamical load against wear without detraction of fatigue strength. Personnel and production time savings can be exploited. High deposition efficiency at considerable powder feed rate, high density and negligible oxygen content in corrosion protective iron or nickel based coatings is achieved for spraying with newly developed HVOF guns operating at increased combustion chamber pressures. Also spraying of highly reactive materials like titanium under atmospheric conditions becomes feasible. A major obstacle for industrial use of respective coatings is the lack of adapted characterisation methods that permit to ascertain corrosion protective function. Ultrafine powder feedstock is used in order to reduce overall costs of wear protective cermet coatings due to the possibility to finish coatings by comparatively cheap belt grinding. However, it is shown that the replacement of coatings produced with conventional powder size fractions requires careful consideration of the particular tribological system. While cermet coatings produced with ultrafine powders outperform conventional coatings for sliding wear conditions, their capability to withstand dry abrasive wear stress is poor. The benefits concerning coating production costs may be outweighed by significantly decreased component life time.     

A Study on Cavitation Erosion and Corrosion Behavior of Al-, Zn-, Cu-, and Fe-Based Coatings Prepared by Arc Spraying

Investigation to find a suitable coating material for a rudder application has been carried out in this study. Ten different coatings were prepared by arc spraying with Al-, Zn-, Cu-, and Fe-based wire feedstock. Both the cavitation erosion and marine corrosion behavior of the arc-sprayed coatings were evaluated, and compared with the conventional anti-corrosion paint. In terms of marine corrosion resistance, aluminum coating was the best among the tested coating systems while stainless steel coating showed the highest resistance against cavitation erosion. In addition, the effects of both the Si composition in Al-based coatings and the Ni composition in Cu- and Fe- based coatings were discussed in this study.     

Characteristics and corrosion performance of 80Ni-20Cr coating deposited by on-site thermal spraying

New controlled atmosphere on-site spraying systems were developed to deposit a high-quality coating with superior resistance to wet corrosion. Characteristics and corrosion resistance of coatings deposited by arc and flame spraying of wire in argon gas were compared with those of coatings deposited by conventional and low-pressure plasma techniques. It was found that the coating deposited by the arc spraying of wire in argon gas is free of oxides and possesses excellent corrosion resistance in chloride and acid solutions. The coating suffers slight pitting and crevice corrosion associated with the isolated pores and electric potential paths. Corrosion resistance was improved by using a modified spraying system.     

Cylindrical magnetron sputtering for the production of wear-resistant and durable overlays of uniform thickness for journal bearings for application in high performance combustion engines

With a short analysis of the tribological system, the special demands on the overlays of journal bearings in combustion engines are pointed out. Special aspects of the sputter deposition of bearing shells for high performance combustion engines, which can replace electroplated or roll-bonded layers, for example the disadvantages of the use of planar magnetrons, are mentioned. Then the development of small cylindrical sources with a magnetic system for high deposition rates and target utilization is described, and the requirements for tempering of the substrates during coating are made clear.     

抗氧化耐氯腐蚀电弧喷涂铁基粉芯线材

采用304L不锈钢带包覆铬、镍、钼、铝、稀土等金属粉末制备粉芯丝材,使用电弧喷涂方法制备涂层,研究了合金元素成分对涂层抗高温氧化性能和抗氯腐蚀性能的影响,并与传统的Ni-Cr-Ti涂层(PS45)的性能进行了对比。结果表明,Cr元素的抗氧化性能要好于Ni元素,在氯腐蚀环境下,Ni元素的耐腐蚀性能比Cr元素更为优异,添加适当数量的Al元素、Mo元素对耐氯腐蚀性能有一定的促进作用。所研制的LJ-1铁基涂层在650℃温度下具有良好的抗高温氧化性能和耐氯腐蚀的性能,其抗氧化性能和耐氯腐蚀性能分别是Ni-Cr-Ti涂层(PS45)的0.74倍和0.67倍,但涂层成本大幅度降低,性价比提高。     

VN基硬质耐磨涂层的制备及其性能

目的在N2及其与C2H2混合气氛下,制备VN基硬质耐磨涂层,研究VN基涂层的结构及力学、耐磨、抗腐蚀性能,为工业化应用积累科学数据。方法采用阳极层离子源辅助阴极电弧离子镀系统,在高速钢衬底上制备VN、VCN和VCN/VN多层涂层,系统研究多层涂层调制周期厚度变化对涂层晶体结构、表面形貌、硬度、耐磨性及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果 C原子的加入和VCN/VN多层涂层调制周期的变化对VCN/VN涂层的晶体结构、表面形貌、硬度、摩擦系数及耐腐蚀性能均有明显影响。随着VCN/VN涂层调制周期的增加,VN(200)衍射峰逐渐减弱并宽化,VN (111)衍射峰消失,涂层表面金属熔滴大颗粒数量减少,小颗粒数量明显增加。VN涂层硬度为1890HV,VCN涂层硬度为2290HV,VN/VCN多层涂层硬度为2350HV左右。对磨材料为氧化铝时,VN涂层的摩擦系数为0.74左右,VCN涂层和VCN/VN涂层的摩擦系数明显降低,在0.60左右,磨损机理由以磨削磨损为主(VN涂层)逐渐转化为粘着磨损为主(S5),磨削磨损起次要作用。随着C原子的加入和VCN/VN多层涂层调制周期的变化,涂层耐腐蚀性能明显增强,自腐蚀电位由VN的-0.26 V增大到VCN的-0.14 V,自腐蚀电流密度由1.63′10^-5 A/cm^2降低到2.7′10(-6) A/cm^2。结论采用阳极层离子源辅助电弧离子镀技术可制备VN基硬质耐磨涂层,C元素的加入可有效提高VN涂层的硬度,降低VN涂层的摩擦系数,增强VN涂层的耐腐蚀性能。VCN/VN多层涂层通过周期厚度的调制可以有效提高VN基涂层的硬度、耐磨及耐腐蚀性能。     

热喷涂汽车发动机气缸内壁涂层的研究进展

为了达到越来越苛刻的内燃机排放标准,减轻车身重量以降低燃油消耗是近年来车辆行业的重要发展方向之一。采用热喷涂方法在铝合金或铸铁气缸内壁喷涂减摩、耐磨并耐腐蚀的涂层代替传统铸铁缸套具有广阔的应用前景。首先介绍制备气缸内壁涂层的工艺流程,主要阐述现有制备气缸涂层的超音速火焰喷涂、电弧喷涂、大气等离子喷涂和等离子转移弧线材喷涂等工艺的原理,对不同热喷涂工艺特点进行了总结,阐明不同热喷涂方法获得的涂层结构特点。通过列举国内外车辆制造商先进热喷涂涂层的应用实例,进一步分析各类涂层的优缺点。最后提出优化喷涂参数、开发新型喷涂材料、控制涂层内应力和应对未来生物燃料是汽车气缸涂层的下一步研究方向。     

Corrosion performance and tribological behavior of diamond-like carbon based coating applied on Ni−Al−bronze alloy

The effect of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating (fabricated by cathodic arc deposition) on mechanical properties, tribological behavior and corrosion performance of the Ni?Al?bronze (NAB) alloy was investigated. Nano-hardness and pin-on-plate test showed that DLC coating had a greater hardness compared with NAB alloy. Besides, the decrease in friction coefficient from 0.2 for NAB substrate to 0.13 for the DLC-coated sample was observed. Potentiodynamic polarization and EIS results showed that the corrosion current density decreased from 2.5 μA/cm² for bare NAB alloy to 0.14 μA/cm² for DLC-coated sample in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Moreover, the charge transfer resistance at the substrate–electrolyte interface increased from 3.3 kΩ·cm² for NAB alloy to 120.8 kΩ·cm² for DLC-coated alloy, which indicated an increase in corrosion resistance due to the DLC coating.     

Low conductivity plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating using hollow psz spheres: Correlation between thermophysical properties and microstructure

Life and thermal properties of plasma sprayed TBCs - widely used in gas turbine engines - are closely related to the microstructure of the ceramic top coating. Especially, the thermal behaviour of this coating is induced by the void shapes and networks which are in turn determined by both the spraying conditions and the feedstock material.A specific hollow yttria partially stabilised zirconia powder was produced in a one-step process by spray drying and an experimental statistical design study was conducted to investigate the influence of spraying variables (primary and secondary gas flow rates, arc current, spraying distance, spraying angle and traverse speed) on structure and properties of resulting plasma sprayed coatings. The coatings were characterized with respect to deposition efficiency, roughness, porosity and thermal conductivity. A reduction of 25% of the thermal conductivity was achieved by improving the spray and powder parameters. A quantitative characterization of the porous structure using image analysis of polished cross-sections was implemented. The parameters that have relevant influence on the coating porous structure were identified, and their relative importance was determined. An attempt was made to identify morphological criteria of the porous network (coarse/fine porosity ratio, cracks total length, cracks orientation) correlating with the thermal conductivity values.     

Friction reduction by texturing of DLC coatings sliding against steel under oil lubrication

It has been demonstrated that tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films provide excellent wear and friction properties in dry sliding. Recently the applications of ta-C coatings in lubricated conditions have become more important. The use of carbon coatings aims at reducing the wear and coefficient of friction under minimum lubrication and without hazardous lubricant additives. For optimum tribological performance, a modification of the ta-C coated surfaces is required. The present paper describes an innovative method of coated surface texturing, by which nanometer and micrometer size pores are processed by various methods. Particle masking was used for processing micrometer size pores and for controlling the coating growth conditions in order to produce nanometer size pores in the ta-C surface. The masking by particles yielded a pore geometry which varied from complex shaped channels to small individual pores. The texturing was performed by distributing metallic powder particles on the surface or by direct chemical deposition of metal particles on the substrate in prior to pulsed vacuum arc deposition. The tribological characterization was carried out by applying reciprocating friction tests with controlled lubricant replenishment, in order to simulate metal forming processes. The friction reducing effect, which was observed in the tribological tests, indicated a microlubrication effect of the textured coating surfaces.     

In situ deposition behavior of SiO2 on YSZ-TBC-coated IN738LC during a burner rig test

This work was planned as a preliminary test to obtain an optimal condition for in situ deposition of SiO₂ on zirconia-based thermal barrier coating (TBC)-coated IN738LC specimens using a burner rig. The effect of the in situ deposited SiO₂ on the long-term reliability of TBCs upon cyclic burner rig operations will be tested in the next study. Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), the precursor for the deposition, was fed admixed with methanol into the combustion chamber of the burner rig at an exhaust flame temperature of 1530 °C. All five coating processes were selected by varying the concentration of TEOS in the mixture and applied to hollow type pin specimens infixed to the rotating carousel to face the downstream exhaust gas vertically. A total of 1500 cc of the mixture at a given vol.% TEOS was fed evenly to the burner rig for 54 min during the coating process.     

Ceramic-coated components for the combustion zone of natural gas engines

The use of ceramic coatings on the combustion zone surfaces of large,natural gas-fueled,internal com-bustion engines is discussed. Unique handling and quality control systems are required for plasma spray-ing thin (0.25 mm,0.0010) in.coatings on up to 48.25(cm19)-in.diameter piston crowns and cylinder heads weighing up to(1200 lb).The in-service performance characteristics of two types of natural gas-fu-eled combustion engines powering natural gas compressors that had thin zirconia ceramic coatings ap-plied to their combustion zone surfaces are presented. Their performance was measured in the field be-fore and after coating. It was determined that the durability,power output,fuel consumption,exhaust emissions,and other operating characteristics all improved due to ceramic coating of the flame side sur-faces of cylinder heads,power pistons,and valves.     

Microstructural Characteristics and Residual Stresses in Arc-Sprayed Cermet Coatings Using Different Carbide Grain Size Fractions

Different studies have emphasized the technological relevance of residual stresses in engineered surfaces, such as thermally sprayed coatings, and their effect on the fracture and fatigue behavior. In arc-sprayed coatings, the microstructural characteristics and resulting residual stresses are determined primarily by the inherent process characteristics and feedstock material. With the scope of this work, a study on the residual stress field in coatings formed by an arc spraying process for different electric parameter settings has been carried out using different wire configurations. Thus, iron-based cored wires with different grain-sized tungsten carbides as filler material were used as feedstock. The coatings are mainly composed of eutectic carbides, and eta carbides such as M₆C, M₁₂C, or M₂₃C and some iron-rich oxide phases, as well as characterized by an inhomogeneous, lamellar microstructure. The results demonstrated that the magnitude of the residual stresses in the coating depends on the carbide grain size fraction used as filling for cored wires. A smaller carbide grain size leads to a more pronounced dissolution of eutectic carbides, resulting in the formation of eta carbides, which in turn is accompanied by decreased tensile residual stresses across the coating. With respect to the spray parameter settings, reduced tensile residual stresses are observed when an increased voltage is applied, which can be attributed to phase evolution phenomena during spraying and thermal effects on the substrate-coating system.     

20Cr2Ni4A钢表面WC增强铁基涂层耐磨性能的研究

目的 制备优异的耐磨性涂层用于机械零部件表面,可有效地提高其使用寿命,减少机械设备因磨损失效而带来的各类故障.方法 以20Cr2Ni4A合金钢为基体材料,利用激光熔覆技术,制备了铁基涂层和铁基/WC复合涂层.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、HV-1000显微维氏硬度计,分别对铁基涂层和...     

不同电场环境对镀料脱靶方式及TiN镀层微观结构的影响

当前主流的镀层沉积技术中,电弧离子镀因镀料熔融喷溅脱靶致镀料中夹杂微米尺度高温颗粒,易使镀层表面粗糙和基体高温损伤;直流磁控溅射因镀料碰撞溅射脱靶致离化率低,易使镀层厚度不均和组织疏松。为解决以上技术缺点,依据气体放电等离子体物理学知识,采用新型阶梯式双级脉冲电场诱发阴极靶材与阳极腔体间气体微弧放电,依靠微弧放电后产生的高密度等离子体,增强Ar+对靶面的轰击动能和靶面产生的焦耳热,实现镀料由碰撞溅射脱靶向热发射脱靶的转变,并以此提高镀料的离化率,达到改善镀层结构的目的。实验结果表明：双级脉冲电场诱发的气体微弧放电呈现出耀眼白光,而靶面形貌则表现出高低起伏的凹坑和水流波纹,其靶面形貌不同于镀料碰撞溅射脱靶后的多边形凹坑,说明靶面局部区域的镀料以热发射方式脱靶。同时,在双级脉冲电场下制备的TiN镀层具有较为致密的组织结构,沉积速率可达51nm/min。     

钛表面微弧氧化+碳膜的制备与表征

为提升钛金属与碳膜的界面结合,增强涂层的防护作用,利用微弧氧化(MAO)技术在钛表面快速简易制备出与基体为冶金结合的多孔层结构,并以此为基采用离子束复合磁控溅射技术制备碳膜。采用SEM+EDS、AFM分析所制备膜层的微观结构,借助划痕仪、磨损试验机和电化学工作站表征膜层的结合力和性能。结果表明：表层碳膜并不能完全覆盖微弧氧化层的微孔,同时Ti基体表面微弧氧化层可有效增加表层碳膜与Ti基体的结合力;Ti基体/MAO层/碳膜的膜基体系在摩擦磨损过程中,摩擦系数小且波动很小,磨痕宽度最小,表现出最为优异的摩擦学性能;而新设计复合膜层的耐蚀性较传统的Ti基体/Ti打底层/碳膜的膜基体系要差,这与表层碳膜较薄,复合膜层仍呈现出微弧氧化层多孔特征有关,其导致腐蚀介质易于通过微孔而降低耐蚀性。     

高速火焰电弧复合喷涂枪制备3Cr13涂层的性能

高速火焰电弧(HVAF-ARC)复合喷涂枪是高速火焰喷涂枪和电弧喷涂枪的结合体,利用产生的高速燃气来雾化加速电弧喷涂过程中产生的熔融粒子,提高了喷涂粒子的飞行速度,降低了粒子的氧化,可高效制备优质的涂层。文中利用自主开发的新型高速火焰电弧复合喷涂枪和普通高速电弧喷涂枪,分别在钢基体上制备了3Cr13涂层,通过对涂层的性能检测发现,复合喷涂枪所制备涂层的氧元素含量和孔隙率都比普通高速电弧喷涂枪制备的涂层低,分别降低了33%和49%,硬度提高了12%,复合喷涂枪制备涂层的性能得到较大的提高。     

多元等离子体浸没离子注入与沉积和磁控溅射技术制备TiAlSiN/WS_2多层薄膜的力学性能和腐蚀行为(英文)

为了降低超硬TiAlSiN复合涂层的摩擦因数,采用多元等离子体浸没离子注入与沉积和射频(RF)磁控溅射技术制备TiAlSiN/WS2多层薄膜,利用XRD、SEM、Raman光谱、纳米探针、摩擦和电化学试验对薄膜的微结构、力学性能和腐蚀行为进行测试与分析。SEM结果表明:TiAlSiN/WS2多层薄膜具有清晰的调制周期。纳米硬度结果表明,TiAlSiN/WS2多层薄膜硬度介于TiAlSiN和WS2涂层硬度之间。摩擦实验结果证实TiAlSiN/WS2多层薄膜的摩擦因数低于TiAlSiN涂层的,且摩擦过程平稳。此外,TiAlSiN/WS2多层薄膜表现出良好的抗腐蚀能力,在相对较小的调制周期内,其腐蚀电流密度显著降低。