Characteristics of Tribaloy T-800 and T-900 coatings on steel substrates by laser cladding

CoMoCrSi alloys, mostly known as Tribaloy® family, combine well-known outstanding properties in terms of wear and corrosion resistance as well as in terms of mechanical strength. Compared to other wear resistant alloys, their performance is due to the presence of hard Laves phases rather than intermetallic carbides. Among the Tribaloy family, the T-800 alloy offers the best performance as a result of a higher amount of primary Laves phases. However, as a consequence of the brittle nature of these hard phases, the deposited alloy may present a relatively low resistance to crack initiation and propagation, particularly in laser cladding processing where thermal stresses are significant. A reduction in the volume fraction of these hard phase may be achieved by replacing some of the Laves phase components in the alloy (Co, Mo, Si) by Ni (T-900 alloy). Alternatively, it has been suggested that the addition of Fe could also lead to a significant reduction. The Fe addition can easily be accomplished in laser cladding process by dilution of the T-800 coating with the steel substrate. In this work a comparative study of microstructure, hardness and cracking susceptibility of low and high diluted T-800 and T900 coatings deposited by laser cladding is presented. A lower cracking ratio is obtained for the T-900 coatings at the cost of a lower hardness and wear resistance. No noticeable effect on the cracking susceptibility of the T-800 is found due to dilution with the substrate. However a change in its microstructure is observed giving superior hardness and wear resistance.     

Friction and Wear Behavior of 30CrMnSiA Steel at Elevated Temperatures

The friction and wear properties of 30CrMnSiA steel were investigated at elevated temperature from 100 to 600 °C. Thereafter, the wear debris and worn surfaces were examined to understand the wear mechanisms. The remained debris with relatively high hardness created three-body abrasion at lower temperatures (100-300 °C). Abrasive wear prevailed at the conditions with high friction coefficients and wear rates. A significant change in friction and wear behavior occurred at 400 °C. At the temperature of 400 °C, oxidation induced mild wear was found because of the formation of load-bearing oxide film. Both the friction coefficients and wear rates of the steel were lowest at 400 °C. At the temperatures of 500-600 °C, a mild-to-severe wear transition occurred which resulted in an increase in the friction coefficients and wear rates of the steel. This is related to the decrease in the strength of matrix and hardness of worn surfaces and subsurfaces. The predominant wear mechanism is considered to be severe abrasive, adhesive wear and a fatigue delamination of the oxide film.     

The Effect of Ti Addition and Aging on Wear Behavior of AlMgSi Alloys Reinforced with In Situ Al3Ti Particles

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Ti addition (1 and 2% Ti) and aging heat treatment on the mechanical and wear characteristics of Al-12Si-20Mg cast alloys. In preliminary studies conducted to determine the aging parameters, cast alloys were kept at 550 °C for 2 h before being quenched into water and aged at 200 °C for five different periods (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 h). As the specimen aged for 12 h had the highest hardness value, all the specimens were aged at 200 °C for 12 h. The microstructures of the as-cast and aged specimens were analyzed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The hardness of the investigated alloys was measured by micro-hardness test. The wear tests were carried out using the pin-on-disk model wear test apparatus, and the results were evaluated according to weight loss. According to the wear test results, the wear behavior of the investigated alloys changed depending on the aging heat treatment applied and the load. While Ti addition and the aging heat treatment applied reduce the weight loss at low loads (5 N), they increase the weight loss at higher loads (10 and 20 N).     

激光熔覆CoCrNiMnTix高熵合金涂层组织及耐磨性能研究

目的 针对高铁制动盘等高速强力磨损的关键件,设计激光熔覆CoCrNiMnTix高熵合金涂层,提高表面的硬度和耐磨性。方法 采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢表面制备CoCrNiMnTix高熵合金涂层,利用XRD和SEM对涂层微观组织进行表征,通过显微硬度计和纳米压痕仪测试涂层硬度,运用摩擦磨损试验机和三维形貌仪研究涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果 在激光熔覆CoCrNiMnTix涂层中,随着Ti含量的增加,涂层物相由单一的FCC相转变为FCC+Laves相。由于固溶强化以及Laves相含量增多,涂层的显微硬度不断提高,CoCrMnNiTi硬度达到523HV0.1,最高纳米硬度达到6.91 GPa。CoCrNiMnTix系涂层的弹性模量大小相近。随着Ti含量的增加,涂层的耐磨性呈现升高趋势,当Ti的摩尔分数增加至0.75时,涂层具有最好的耐磨性,但进一步增加Ti含量时,由于脆硬性的Laves相逐渐增多,磨损形式由低Ti含量时的粘着磨损逐渐转变为高Ti含量时的磨粒磨损,使涂层耐磨性能下降。结论 激光熔覆CoCrMnNiTix涂层可以显著提高基体的耐磨性,Ti的摩尔分数为0.75时,在FCC基体中形成了少量Laves相,既提高硬度,又实现强韧配合,涂层表现出最佳的耐磨损性能。     

Effects of Cu Content on Thermal Stability and Wear Behavior of Al-12.5Si-1.0Mg Alloy

This study investigates how Cu content affects thermal stability and wear behavior of Al-12.5Si-1.0Mg alloy, by adding 2.55 and 4.53 wt.% Cu. The low-Cu and high-Cu alloys were isothermally heat-treated at 300 °C for 100 h. The results indicated that the amount of eutectic Al₂Cu and Al₅Cu₂Mg₈Si₆ particles in the high-Cu alloy was more than that in the low-Cu alloy. These hard particles retained in the Al matrices during isothermal heat treatment, maintaining a relatively stable hardness. Therefore, the hardness of the high-Cu alloy was superior to that of the low-Cu alloy in as-cast condition and after isothermal heat treatment. For wear behavior, both isothermal heat-treated alloys showed the same wear rate with 10 N normal load. The wear rate of Al-12.5Si-1.0Mg alloy was independent on the copper content under 10 N load, but the wear rate at a load of 40 N decreased with increasing Cu content in Al-12.5Si-1.0Mg alloy.     

Tribological Behavior of a Heat-Treated Cobalt-Based Alloy

The present study reviews the tribological behavior of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy regarding to microstructural changes caused by solution and aged heat treatments. The influence of microstructure on wear resistance was assessed in a pin-on-disk configuration. It was found that after a long solution heat treatment of 6 h at 1200 °C, most of the carbides were dissolved into the matrix, and coarse grain size was obtained. Solution treatment for 1 h presented fine grains and globular carbides along the matrix. Aging at 850 °C resulted in a quantity of phase transformation which was different from austenite face cubic centered to martensite hexagonal close packed (HCP); 35% of HCP was reached during 8 h of treatment and 60% for 15 h. As-cast condition and 6-h solution heat treatment exhibited the greatest wear loss, while 1-h solution treatment and samples containing HCP phase showed a threefold lower wear.     

钛合金表面激光熔敷Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi耐磨涂层组织与耐磨性能

以Ti-50Ni-10Si合金粉末为原料，利用激光熔敷技术在钛合金BT9基材表面制得由Ti2Ni3Si初生树枝晶和枝晶间Ti2Ni3Si／NiTi共晶组织组成的耐磨材料涂层，研究了涂层的显微组织及室温耐磨性能。结果表明，该涂层在室温干滑动磨损条件下具有优异的耐磨性能和良好的载荷特性。     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the wear resistance of hardfacing martensitic steel deposits

The effect of different post-weld heat treatments on the microstructure and wear resistance of martensitic deposits were studied. The deposit was welded using a metal-cored tubular wire, in the flat welding position, on a 375 × 75 × 19 mm SAE 1010 plate, using 98% Ar–2% CO₂ shielding gas mixture and with an average heat input of 2.8 kJ/mm. The samples were heat treated at temperatures between 500 and 680°C for 2 h. Chemical composition, Vicker's microhardness and wear properties with AMSLER tests in a sliding condition were determined. In the as welded condition, the microstructure was principally composed of martensite and retained austenite. Significant variations in wear resistance and hardness were measured for different tempering temperatures. For the different heat-treated conditions, it was observed that the decomposition of retained austenite to martensite and carbide precipitation was associated with the tempering of martensite. A secondary hardness effect was detected with maximum hardness of 710 HV for 550°C heat treatment temperature. The best performance in wear test was obtained for this condition. Wear rates for the different conditions were obtained and mathematical expressions were developed. For each case, wear mechanisms were analyzed.     

Microstructure,hardness, toughness and abrasive wear resistance of 16.0 wt. % chromium white iron after continuous and cyclic destabilisation treatment

Destabilisation of as-cast chromium white iron with 16 wt-% chromium are performed by continuous destabilisation treatment for 4 h and short duration (0.66 h) cyclic destabilisation treatment at 900, 950, 1000, 1050, and 1100 °C. Continuous destabilisation causes secondary carbides precipitation from austenite which on slow cooling transforms to pearlite matrix. Cyclic destabilisation treatment causes similar precipitation of finer secondary carbides following shorter period austenitisation and a matrix containing martensite and retained austenite on forced-air cooling. After continuous destabilisation, hardness falls below the as-cast value (HV622); whereas it rises to HV950 after cyclic destabilisation treatment. The as-cast notched impact toughness (4.0 J) increases to 8.5 J or more after both continuous and cyclic destabilisation at 1050 and 1100 °C. Abrasive wear resistance after continuous destabilisation improves only at higher wear load (49.0 N), while after cyclic destabilisation it supersedes the as-cast and Ni-Hard IV performance at both low (19.6 N) and high (49.9 N) wear load.     

Dry Sliding Wear Properties of a 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy Coated with Ni-P (h) in Different Pretreatment Conditions

Dry sliding wear behavior of electroless nickel-phosphorus (EN) coating of thickness ~35 μm deposited on a 7075-T6 aluminum alloy was studied. EN was deposited from a bath with sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent. In as-deposited conditions, plating with 6-9 wt.% phosphorus has a mixture of amorphous and microcrystalline phase. Three pretreatments of Zn (zincate), Ni strike and absorbed hypophosphite layer were given to the substrate before EN coating to examine their wear performance. The surface morphology of the pretreatments was studied by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The performances of these pretreatments of EN were evaluated by dry sliding wear studies and followed by SEM studies. The results suggest that the wear behavior of EN mostly depends on the pretreatment conditions. Heat treatment at temperature of 400 °C can enhance the wear resistance properties for all types of pretreatment conditioned samples and in addition that the average coefficient of friction of 400 °C specimens (μ_av) had minimum value as compared to 200 °C specimens. Ni strike provided better interlocking adhesion between EN and Al and this pretreatment noticeably improved the wear, frictional and hardness behavior of the EN coatings on 7075 Al substrate and further enhanced it by heat treatment of 400 °C/h.     

H13钢的铁基和钴基熔覆层组织与耐磨性

采用激光熔覆技术在AISI H13 热作模具钢表面分别制备了铁基熔覆层、钴基熔覆层. 借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜、洛氏硬度计和高温摩擦磨损试验机,对比分析了两种熔覆层的组织形貌、硬度和耐磨性. 采用马弗炉进行加热600 ℃,保温1 h,反复4 次,并测得红硬性硬度. 结果表明,基材、铁基、钴基熔覆层硬度分别为HRC 47,HRC 52,HRC 48. 基材和铁基熔覆层的红硬性硬度有所下降,而钴基熔覆层的红硬性硬度提升. 钴基熔覆层磨损失重量和摩擦系数皆最小. 基材、铁基熔覆层、钴基熔覆层的磨损机理分别是以磨粒磨损、粘着磨损以及粘着磨损和磨粒磨损为主.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Wear Properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu/In-Situ Al–9Si–SiCp/Pure Al Composite by Powder Metallurgy

This study examined the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and wear properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu/in-situ Al–9Si–SiCp/pure Al composites. Pure Al powder was used to increase densification but it resulted in heterogeneous precipitation as well as differences in hardness among the grains. Heat treatment was conducted to solve this problem. The heat treatment process consisted of three stages: solution treatment, quenching, and aging treatment. After the solution treatment, the main dissolved phases were η′(Mg₄Zn₇), η(MgZn₂), and Al₂Cu phase. An aging treatment was conducted over the temperature range, 100–240 °C, for various times. The GP zone and η′(Mg₄Zn₇) phase precipitated at a low aging temperature of 100–160 °C, whereas the η(MgZn₂) phase precipitated at a high aging temperature of 200–240 °C. The hardness of the sample aged at 100–160 °C was higher than that aged at 200–240 °C. The wear test was conducted under various linear speeds with a load of 100 N. The aged composite showed a lower wear rate than that of the as-sintered composite under all conditions. As the linear speed was increased to 1.0 m/s, the predominant wear behavior changed from abrasive to adhesive wear in all composites.     

Effect of heat treatment conditions on microstructure and wear behaviour of Al4Cu2Ni2Mg alloy

Al4Cu2Ni2Mg alloy is an age-hardenable aluminum alloy. The effect of different solution and aging heat treatment conditions on the microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the alloy was studied. The cast specimens were solution treated and then artificially aged. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the microstructures of the specimens. The hardness and wear tests were applied to understanding the effects of heat treatment. After aging for 8 h, the hardness of the alloy increases from HV₁₀ 96.5 to 151.1. Aging treatment for a longer duration causes a drop in the hardness because of over aging. Increasing the hardness of the alloy increases the wear resistance. As a result of all tests, solution heat treatment at 540 °C for 8 h and aging at 190 °C for 8 h were chosen for optimum heat treatment conditions for this alloy.     

Microstructure and wear resistance of Fe-based and Co-based coating of AISI H13

Fe-based and Co-based cladding layers were prepared on the surface of AISI H13 hot die steel by laser cladding technology. The microstructure, hardness and abrasion resistance of the two cladding layers were studied by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, rockwell hardness tester, and high temperature friction and wear tester. Also, the red hardness of the cladding layers was measured, after holding the layers at 600 ℃ for 1 hour by muffle furnace and repeated 4 times. The rockwell hardness values of the substrate, the Fe-based and the Co-based alloy coating measured were HRC 47, HRC 52 and HRC 48, respectively. The red hardness values of the substrate and the Fe-based cladding layer were decreased, while that of the Co-based cladding layer was increased. The Co-based cladding layer has the minimal wear loss weight and friction coefficient among them. The wear mechanisms of the substrate, the Fe-based layer and the Cobased layer attribute mainly to abrasive wear, adhesion wear, and both of them, respectively.     

Influence of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Toughness of 9%Ni Steel

The 9%Ni low-carbon steel is applied to utilities and processes at temperatures as low as ??196 °C. However, the microstructural features play an important role on the mechanical properties. Notably, the cryogenic toughness and mechanical strength are strongly dependent on the final heat treatment. In this paper, the microstructure of a 9%Ni low-carbon steel was modified by different heat treatments. The hardness and cryogenic toughness were measured and correlated to microstructural features. The material shows a temper embrittlement with intergranular cracking and minimum cryogenic toughness after tempering around 400 °C. Austempering at 480 °C also produced very low toughness results. On the other hand, excellent cryogenic toughness was obtained with single tempering at 600 °C after quenching or normalizing. Even higher toughness was obtained with the double tempering at 670 °C/2 h plus 600 °C/2 h. The amount of reversed austenite and its morphology in the specimen quenched and tempered at 600 °C were shown in the paper.     

固溶处理对铸造625合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响

研究1050～1250℃ 固溶处理对铸造625合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响.采用SEM、EDS、EPMA和DTA研究合金的显微组织及凝固特征.结果表明,合金的凝固顺序为L→L+γ→L+γ+MC→L+γ+MC+γ/Laves→ γ+MC+γ/Laves.经1225和1250℃固溶处理后,组织中Laves相发生初熔.经不同...     

Oxidation Behavior of Tribaloy T-800 Alloy at 800 and 1,000 °C

The oxidation behavior of Co-based Tribaloy T-800 alloy has been studied isothermally in air at 800 and 1,000 °C, respectively. The results showed that the oxidation mechanism was dependent on the exposure temperature. The oxidation of the alloy followed subparabolic oxidation kinetics at 800 °C. The oxide scale at this temperature exhibited a multi-layered structure including an outer layer of Co oxide, a layer composed of complex oxide and spinel, a nonuniform Mo-rich oxide layer, an intermediate mixed oxides layer and an internal attacked layer with different protrusions into Laves phase. During 1,000 °C exposure, it followed linear kinetics. The oxidation rendered a relatively uniform external Cr-rich oxide layer coupled with a thin layer of spinel on the top surface and voids at local scale/alloy interface and intergranular region together with internal Si oxide at 1,000 °C.     

Effects of heat treatment on mechanical and tribological properties of cobalt-base tribaloy alloys

Cobalt-base Tribaloy alloys are important wear-resistant materials, especially for high-temperature applications, because of the outstanding properties of the strengthened cobalt solid solution and the hard Laves intermetallic phase that make up the alloys. The Laves intermetallic phase is so abundant (35–70 vol.%) in these alloys that its presence governs all of the material properties. Heat treatment may alter the volume fraction, the size/shape, and the distribution of the Laves phase in the microstructures as well as the phase and structure of the cobalt solid solution, thus influencing the mechanical and tribological properties of the alloys. In this work, the effects of heat treatment on two cobalt-based Tribaloy alloys, T-400 and T-200, were studied. The former is a well-known Tribaloy alloy, and the latter is a newly developed one. These two alloys were heat treated in different conditions. The phases and microstructures of the alloys before and after the heat treatments were analyzed using x-ray and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and tribological properties of the alloys were investigated using a nano-indentation technique and a pin-on-disc tribometer, respectively.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Thermally Affected Metallurgical Condition of Extruded and Drawn CuFe2P Tubes

The influence of heat treatment conditions on the mechanical behavior and microstructure of CuFe2P (ASTM C19400) in comparison to deoxidized-high-phosphorus (DHP-Cu/ASTM C12200) tubes was investigated. The aim of this study was the enhancement of understanding of microstructure/thermal treatment/strength relationships which could be further utilized for the manufacturing of components exhibiting superior performance and reliability for refrigeration and heat exchanger applications. Microstructural examination employing optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy is used for the evaluation of the recrystallization progress and grain growth processes. In addition, tensile testing was conducted to CuFe2P and DHP tubes following the application of heat treatment cycles, in accordance to the EN 10002-1 specifications. Mechanical properties and microstructure evaluation showed that CuFe2P material is fully recrystallized at 740 °C and DHP at 400 °C for 20 min. Recrystallization initiation varies within the range of 640-660 °C for CuFe2P and below 400 °C for DHP tubes. The tensile strength of the CuFe2P tube decreased from 513 to 367 MPa, the hardness was reduced from 144 to 126 HV, while tensile elongation was significantly improved from 3 to 17%. At 640 °C, only isolated recrystallized areas were evident mainly at the Fe-based intermetallic particle/copper matrix interface areas.     

热处理对TA2合金表面激光熔覆Ti2SC/TiS涂层组织和力学性能的影响

目的对激光熔覆自润滑耐磨涂层进行热处理,获得具有较好摩擦学性能的复合涂层。方法采用激光熔覆技术在TA2合金表面熔覆40%Ti-25.2%TiC-34.8%WS_2复合粉末制备自润滑耐磨复合涂层。将涂层置于500℃真空中分别保温1、2 h,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机以及原子力显微镜(AFM)系统地分析了热处理前后涂层的物相、组织、显微硬度及摩擦学性能。结果未经过热处理和经过热处理涂层的主要物相均为α-Ti、(Ti,W)C_(1-x)、TiC、Ti_2SC和TiS。相比未经热处理涂层的显微硬度(1049.8 HV_(0.5)),经过热处理1 h和2 h涂层的显微硬度(1143.3 HV_(0.5)和1162.7 HV_(0.5))有所上升。热处理1 h和2 h涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.29和6.66×10~(-5) mm~3/(N·m)以及0.29和5.65×10~(-5) mm~3/(N·m),比未热处理涂层(0.32和18.92×10~(-5) mm~3/(N·m))的耐磨减摩性能有所提升。经过热处理1 h和2 h涂层的磨损机理均主要表现为磨粒磨损,未经热处理涂层的磨损机理主要为塑性变形和粘着磨损。结论相比未经热处理的涂层,经过热处理1 h和2 h的涂层显微硬度有所升高,摩擦学性能得到提升,但在两种热处理时间条件下,涂层显微硬度和摩擦学性能变化较小。