Zn元素对Mg-25Sn合金组织和力学性能的影响

以Mg 粉、Sn 粉和Zn 粉为初始原料,采用机械合金化和热压烧结的方法制备Mg-25Sn-xZn 合金.研究了Zn 添加量对Mg-25Sn 合金显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明:Mg-25Sn-xZn 体系的机械合金化过程中,Zn 元素不参与合金化反应,但Zn 的引入降低了Mg+Mg2Sn 混合物的尺寸.除固溶外,烧结...     

Effects of Solution Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Mg-4.5Zn-4.5Sn-2Al-0.6Sr Alloy

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg-4.5Zn-4.5Sn-2Al-0.6Sr alloy are investigated both in the as-cast condition and after the different three-step solution heat treatments (a solution heat treatment of 310 °C × 4 h + 340 °C × 28 h followed by a high-temperature solution treatment) to explore the optimal solution treatment cycle. The as-cast alloy contains a microstructure consisting of the α-Mg matrix, Mg₂Sn, Mg₅₁Zn₂₀, Mg₃₂(Al, Zn)₄₉, and MgSnSr phases. After the solution heat treatment, all the Mg₅₁Zn₂₀, the Mg₃₂(Al, Zn)₄₉ phases, and most of the Mg₂Sn phase are dissolved into the matrix, only the MgSnSr phase and a minority of the Mg₂Sn phase are remained in the granular form or the fine dot-like. The volume fraction of the residual second phases decreases from 5.61 to 1.84% with the increasing solution time from 0 to 4 h at 420 °C and it decreases from 2.9 to 0.4% with the increasing solution temperature from 420 to 480 °C for 2 h. The alloy that experiences the solution treatment of 310 °C × 4 h + 340 °C × 28 h + 460 °C × 2 h exhibits the highest strength and the best plasticity among all the solution-treated alloys. Therefore, the optimal solution treatment is 310 °C × 4 h + 340 °C × 28 h + 460 °C × 2 h. The residual second phases in the alloy that experiences the optimal solution treatment are confirmed to be the Mg₂Sn phase and the MgSnSr phase which are related to their relatively high thermal stability. The ultimate tensile strength and the elongation to rupture of the as-solutionized alloy are 238 MPa and 12%, respectively, about 25 MPa and 2.4% higher than the counterparts of the as-cast alloy.     

Microstructure evolution and age-hardening response in Mg-Sn-Sm alloys under a wide range of Sm/Sn ratio

The microstructure evolution and age-hardening response for different Sm/Sn ratios (0–2.55, in wt.%) of Mg-Sn-Sm alloys were investigated. The second phase formation in as-cast alloys and the Mg₃Sm precipitates formed in aged alloys were characterized using XRD, FESEM and HAADF-STEM with EDS techniques. Results indicate that the Sm/Sn ratio has a great influence on the phase constitution, α-Mg grain size and age-hardening response. With the increment of Sm/Sn ratio, Mg₄₁Sm₅ and thermally stable MgSnSm phases precipitate. When the Sm/Sn ratio is about 1.19, the secondary dendrite arm spacing of α-Mg grains significantly decreases. Furthermore, the alloy with Sm/Sn ratio up to 2.55 exhibits the highest age-hardening response, the hardness value increases from 52 HB at solution-treated condition to 74 HB at peak-aged condition (ageing at 220 °C for a short time of 4 h). This is attributed to the large volume fraction of needle-like Mg₃Sm precipitates formed in the α-Mg matrix during ageing treatment, which results in a significant precipitation strengthening effect.

     

高Y添加量对Mg-2Zn-1Mn合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线荧光法、电子探针显微分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射、透射电子显微镜和单轴拉伸测试等对Mg-2Zn-1Mn-x Y (x=0,1,3,5,7,质量分数,%)合金的显微组织和力学性能进行研究。结果表明：随着Y元素的加入,铸态合金的第二相由Mg₇Zn₃转变为Mg₃Zn₃Y₂,最终转变为Mg₁₂ZnY。Y元素的加入阻碍了动态再结晶的生长过程,使晶粒得到细化,但是进一步增加Y含量不会继续增强晶粒细化程度。挤压态Mg-2Zn-1Mn合金加入Y元素后,塑性呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,这可能是受到了织构取向变化和晶粒粗化的共同影响。此外,合金强度提高主要是由于细晶强化和第二相强化作用。Mg-2Zn-1Mn-7Y合金具有最佳的力学性能,其抗拉伸强度为357 MPa,屈服强度为262 MPa,延伸率为14%。     

Ca Addition Effects on the Microstructure,Tensile and Corrosion Properties of Mg Matrix Alloy Containing 8 wt.% Mg<Subscript>2</Subscript>Si

The microstructure, tensile properties and corrosion behavior of the Mg-8 wt.% Mg₂Si-x%Ca alloy have been studied by the use of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, standard tensile testing, polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Microstructural studies indicated that Ca modifies both primary and eutectic Mg₂Si phase. It was found that the average size of primary Mg₂Si particles is about 60 μm, which is dropped by about 82% in the alloy containing 0.05 wt.% Ca. By the addition of different Ca contents, Ca-rich intermetallics (i.e., CaSi₂ and CaMgSi) were formed. The modification mechanism of adding Ca during solidification was found to be due to the strong effect of CaMgSi phase as a heterogonous nucleation site, apart from CaSi₂ which was reported before, for Mg₂Si intermetallics. Tensile testing results ascertained that Ca addition enhances both ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation values. The optimum amount of Ca was found to be 0.1 wt.%, which improved UTS and elongation values from about 130 MPa and 2% to 165 MPa and 5.5%, whereas more Ca addition (i.e., 3 wt.%) reduced the tensile properties of the alloy to about 105 MPa and 1.8%, which can be due to the formation of CaMgSi intermetallics with deteriorating needle-like morphology. Polarization and EIS tests also showed that the Mg-3%Si-0.5%Ca alloy pronounces as the best anti-corrosion alloy. Nevertheless, further added Ca (up to 3 wt.%) deteriorated the corrosion resistance due to predominance of worse galvanic coupling effect stemmed from the presence of stronger CaMgSi cathode in comparison with Mg₂Si. With higher Ca additions, an adverse effect was seen on corrosion resistance of the Mg-3%Si alloy, as a result of forming a weak film on the alloy specimen surface.     

Influences of Y and Y-Rich Mischmetal Additions on Microstructure and Compressive Properties of As-Cast Al-Mg-Mn Alloy

The influences of Y and Y-rich mischmetal (Ym) additions on microstructural and compressive properties of as-cast Al-13Mg-0.8Mn alloy prepared by vacuum suction casting were investigated in this study. The average secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) was decreased when adding Y and Ym additions. Moreover, the Al₂Y and Al₂Ym phases formed during the solidification were mainly distributed along the grain boundary. The mechanical results reveal that both Y and Ym additions are effective in increasing the compressive strength and hardness. The values of yield compressive strength, ultimate compressive strength, and Brinell hardness of the as-cast Al-13Mg-0.8Mn-0.8Y alloy are 357 MPa, 510 MPa, and 138, respectively. The improved mechanical properties are mainly attributed to fine SDAS and precipitation strengthening. A typical cleavage fracture mode is observed on the compressive fracture surfaces of the alloys.     

Effect of Ca addition on the as-cast microstructure and creep properties of Mg-5Zn-5Sn magnesium alloy

The effect of Ca addition on the as-cast microstructure and creep properties of Mg-5Zn-5Sn magnesium alloy was investigated. The results indicate that adding 1.0 wt.% Ca to Mg-5Zn-5Sn alloy can effectively refine the as-cast microstructure of the alloy, and the CaMgSn phase with high thermal stability is formed in the alloy. In addition, adding 1.0 wt.% Ca to Mg-5Zn-5Sn alloy can also improve the creep properties of the alloy. After adding 1.0 wt.% Ca to Mg-5Zn-5Sn alloy, the second creep rate of the alloy at 150°C and 50 MPa for 100 h decreases from 4.67 × 10⁻⁸ to 1.43 × 10⁻⁸ s⁻¹. The strengthening mechanism is mainly attributed to the microstructural refinement and the formation of CaMgSn phase.     

Sn对Mg-6Al-1.2Y-0.9Nd镁合金组织和性能的影响

采用XRD、OM、SEM和EDS等手段研究Sn对Mg-6Al-1.2Y-0.9Nd合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明, Sn可以显著提高合金从室温到175 ℃区间的抗拉强度,当Sn含量为1%时,镁合金在室温和175 ℃时抗拉强度达到最大值,分别为242和192 MPa,合全的拉伸断口为具有塑性特征的准解理断裂。 Sn的加入使合金的显微组织得到明显细化,并出现高熔点Mg2Sn合金相。合金力学性能的提高主要是由于细晶强化、弥散强化和固溶强化。     

Mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Zr alloy by Nd addition combined with hot extrusion

The effect of Nd addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy was investigated. The Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr and Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloys were extruded at 673 K. The elongated non-dynamic recrystallized (un-DRXed) grains disappear after adding Nd, and uniformly distributed dynamic recrystallized grains with a grain size of 1.68 μm were obtained in the alloy. In addition, numerous nano-Mg₅(Gd,Nd) particles were found to precipitate dynamically in the Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloy, which gave rise to the dynamic recrystallization process via providing nucleation energy through hindering the release of deformation energy and promoting an increase in the strength through the Orowan strengthening mechanism. Moreover, the dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) grains have a weak texture, which plays a significant role in improving the ductility. Therefore, the Nd addition favors the improvement of strength and elongation for the as-extruded Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr alloy, simultaneously.     

A Novel Cu-10Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si Alloy with Excellent Mechanical Property Through Precipitation Hardening

A novel Cu-10Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si alloy was designed to replace the expensive tin-phosphor bronze in this paper. The alloy had better comprehensive mechanical properties than traditional C5191 alloy. The aged Cu-10Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si alloy had a hardness of 220 HV, electrical conductivity of 28.5% IACS, tensile strength of 650 MPa, yield strength of 575 MPa and elongation of 13%. Ni₂Si precipitates formed during aging, and the crystal orientation relationship between matrix and precipitates was: (001)_α//(001)_δ, and [110]_α//[100]_δ. Ductile fracture surface with deep cavities was found in the alloy. Solid solution strengthening, deformation strengthening and precipitation strengthening were found to be core strengthening mechanisms in the alloy.     

Grain-Refined AZ92 Alloy with Superior Strength and Ductility

Grain-refined AZ92 (GR-AZ92) alloy with superior tensile properties is developed by adding 1 wt% Zn and a very small amount of SiC (0.17 wt%) to commercial AZ91 alloy for enhancing the solid-solution strengthening effect and refining the crystal grains, respectively. The homogenized GR-AZ92 alloy with an average grain size of 91 μm exhibits a tensile yield strength (TYS) of 125 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 281 MPa, and elongation of 12.1%, which are significantly higher than those of AZ91 alloy with a grain size of 420 μm (TYS of 94 MPa, UTS of 192 MPa, and elongation of 7.0%). The peak-aging time of GR-AZ92 alloy (8 h) is significantly shorter than that of AZ91 alloy (32 h) owing to a larger amount of grain boundaries in the former, which serve as nucleation sites of Mg₁₇Al₁₂ precipitates. A short-aging treatment for less than 1 h of the GR-AZ92 alloy causes an effective improvement in its strength without a significant reduction in its ductility. The 30-min-aged GR-AZ92 alloy has an excellent combination of strength and ductility, with a TYS of 142 MPa, UTS of 304 MPa, and elongation of 8.0%.     

Effect of ageing treatment on microstructures,mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-Zn-RE-Zr alloy micro-alloyed with Ca and Sr

Effects of ageing treatment on the microstructures, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-xCa-ySr [x=0, 0.2 (wt.%), y=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 (wt.%)] alloys were investigated. Results showed that Ca or/and Sr additions promoted the precipitation hardening behavior of Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr alloy and shortened the time to reaching peak hardness from 13 h to 12 h. The maximum hardness of 77.1±0.6 HV for the peak-aged Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-0.2Ca-0.2Sr alloy was obtained. The microstructures of peak-aged alloys mainly consist of α-Mg phase, Mg₅₁Zn₂₀ phase and ternary T-phase. The Zn-Zr phase is formed within the α-Mg matrix, and the Mg₂Ca phase is formed near T-phase due to the enrichment of Ca in front of the solid-liquid interface. Furthermore, fine short rod-shaped β′₁ phase is precipitated within the α-Mg matrix in the peak-aged condition. The peak-aged Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-0.2Ca-0.2Sr alloy exhibits optimal mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 208 MPa, yield strength of 150 MPa and elongation of 3.5%, which is mainly attributed to precipitation strengthening. In addition, corrosion properties of experimental alloys in the 3.5wt.% NaCl solution were studied by the electrochemical tests, weight loss, hydrogen evolution measurement and corrosion morphology observation. The results suggest that peak-aged alloys show reduced corrosion rates compared with the as-cast alloys, and minor additions of Ca and/or Sr improve the corrosion resistance of the Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr alloy. The peak-aged Mg-4.2Zn-1.7RE-0.8Zr-0.2Ca-0.2Sr alloy possesses the best corrosion resistance, which is mainly due to the continuous and compact barrier wall constructed by the homogeneous and continuous second phases.

     

Enhancement of mechanical properties of duplex Mg-9Li-3Al alloy by Sn and Y addition

For enhancement of mechanical properties in Mg-9Li-3Al alloys, Mg-9Li-3Al duplex alloys were alloyed by addition of Sn and Y. Microstructure evolution and mechanical property response of as-cast Mg-9Li-3Al alloys by alloying with Sn and Y were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and tensile tests. The results indicate that considerable blocky dendrites of primary α phase in Mg-9Li-3Al alloys become lath-like due to the addition of Sn. With addition of Y, Mg-9Li-3Al alloy consists of both block-like and lath-like α-Mg dendrites. The as-cast Mg-9Li-3Al-1Sn-1Y alloy shows a yield strength of 118 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 148 MPa and the elongation to failure of 21%. Improvement in both strength and elongation of Mg-9Li-3Al alloys with Sn and Y addition is attributed to the combined action of MgLi₂Sn and Al₂Y intermetallic compounds.     

Effects of calcium addition on as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-5Zn-5Sn alloy

The effects of Ca addition on the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg-5Zn-5Sn (mass fraction,%) alloy were investigated.The results indicate that an addition of 0.5%-1.5% (mass fraction) Ca to the Mg-5Zn-5Sn alloy not only refines the as-cast microstructure of the alloy but also causes the formation of the primary and/or eutectic CaMgSn phases with high thermal stability;an increase in Ca amount from 0.5% to 1.5% (mass fraction) increases the amount and size of the CaMgSn phase.In addition,Ca addition to the Mg-5Zn-5Sn alloy improves not only the tensile properties at room temperature and 150 ℃ but also the creep properties.Among the Ca-containing Mg-5Zn-5Sn alloys,the one added 0.5% (mass fraction) Ca obtains the optimum ultimate tensile strength and elongation at room temperature and 150 ℃,however,the alloy added 1.5% (mass fraction) Ca exhibits the optimum yield strength and creep properties.     

Effects of Sb,Sm, and Sn additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Al-1.2Y-0.9Nd alloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Al-1.2Y-0.9Nd magnesium alloy with Sb, Sm, or Sn addition were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that small amounts of Sb, Sm, and especially Sn can refine the grains of the alloy. High melting point Sb₃Y₅, Al₂Sm, and Nd₅Sn₃ intermetallic compounds can be formed respectively when Sb, Sm, and Sn are added to the alloy. Sb and Sm can improve the tensile strength of the alloy at ambient and elevated temperatures. The tensile strength of the alloy with Sm addition is the highest at 293 and 423 K. However, the tensile strength of the alloy with Sn addition is the highest at 448 K.     

Influence of Cu Addition on the Structure,Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Cast Mg-2%Zn Alloy

Effects of different concentrations of Cu on the structure, mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg-2%Zn alloy were studied by the use of x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, standard tensile testing, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The average grain size of the alloy decreased from above 1000 μm to about 200 μm with 5 wt.% Cu addition in as-cast condition. Microstructural studies revealed that Mg-2Zn-xCu alloys matrix typically consists of primary α-Mg and MgZnCu and Mg(Zn,Cu)₂ intermetallics which are mainly found at the grain boundaries. The results obtained from mechanical testing ascertained that Cu addition increased the hardness values significantly. Although the addition of 0.5 wt.% Cu improved the ultimate tensile strength and elongation values, more Cu addition (i.e., 5 wt.%) weakened the tensile properties of the alloy by introducing semi-continuous network of brittle intermetallic phases. Based on polarization test results, it can be concluded that Cu eliminates a protective film on Mg-2%Zn alloy surface. Among Mg-2%Zn-x%Cu alloys, the one containing 0.1 wt.% Cu exhibited the best anti-corrosion property. However, further Cu addition increased the volume fraction of intermetallics culminating in corrosion rate enhancement due to the galvanic couple effect. EIS and microstructural analysis also confirmed the polarization results.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-8Li-(0, 1, 2)Ca-(0, 2)Gd Alloys

A series of new Mg-8Li-xCa-yGd (x = 0, 1, 2; y = 0, 2; wt.%) alloys were prepared, and the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The mechanical properties were characterized by tensile, compression and bending tests at room temperature. The results show that Mg-8Li-1Ca alloy is composed of alpha(Mg), beta(Li) and CaMg₂ phases. In addition to the same phases in Mg-8Li-1Ca, there also exists CaLi₂ phase in Mg-8Li-2Ca. In addition to the same phases in Mg-8Li-2Ca, GdMg₅ phase is also formed in Mg-8Li-1Ca-2Gd alloy due to the addition of Gd. Both Ca and Gd have refining effect in the alloys, and the refining effect of Ca is better than that of Gd. The additions of Ca and Gd can improve the tensile strength and yield strength, but decrease the elongation and the bending strength. Comparing the mechanical properties of the investigated alloys, Mg-8Li-1Ca-2Gd possesses the best mechanical properties.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-10Gd-6Y-2Zn-0.6Zr(wt.%) alloy

Microstructures and tensile mechanical properties of Mg-10Gd-6Y-2Zn-0.6Zr alloy were systematically studied. Four phases were found in the as-cast specimen: α-Mg, Mg₃(GdYZn), Mg₁₂(GdY)Zn and Mg₂₄(GdYZn)₅. The long-period stacking order (LPSO) structure is found, which is the phase of Mg₁₂(GdY)Zn. The LPSO structure has two existing forms: lamellar structure in the inner grains and block-like structure at grain boundaries. 6H-type LPSO structure with a stacking sequence of ABCBCB′ is defined in homogenized specimen, where A and B′ layers are significantly enriched by Gd, Y and Zn. The ageing hardening behavior of as-extruded specimens at 200 °C has been investigated. The ultimate tensile strengths of the as-extruded and peak-aged alloys are 360 MPa and 432 MPa, and the elongations are 18% and 5% respectively. The effective strengthening models have been considered to predict the strength. The results suggested that the sub-micron metastable β′ phase was the main strengthening factor of the peak-aged alloy.