偏最小二乘回归方法在橡胶配方设计中的应用

分析采用回归分析方法在建立橡胶配方试验中考察因素和试验数据的二次多项式回归模型时存在的局限性,介绍应用偏最小二乘（PLS）回归方法建立二次多项式回归模型的技术,并通过实例演示PLS回归方法在橡胶配方设计中的应用。结果表明,PLS回归方法适应多因变量对多自变量的回归建模分析,结论可靠,整体性强。     

基于自适应偏最小二乘回归的初顶石脑油干点软测量

提出了一种具有强非线性表达能力的自适应偏最小二乘回归（APLSR）方法,并应用于初顶石脑油干点软测量模型建立.APLSR对于指定的预测对象,将根据样本在自变量空间中的分布,分析它们对预测对象的预报能力,自适应地为各个样本分配权值,然后从加权样本数据中提取和选定PLS成分,实施自适应加权PLSR,从而获得预报性能良好的模型.同时提出将前一时刻初顶石脑油干点人工分析值引入作为模型的自变量,从而进一步提高了软测量模型的预测精度.     

偏最小二乘回归分析应用于中药谱效关系的研究进展

谱效关系是近些年应用于中药活性成分筛选和质量控制评价的一种新型、有效的方法。而偏最小二乘回归分析法是谱效关系分析中常用、可靠的数据处理法。目前已有大量文献报道偏最小二乘回归分析应用于各种中药的谱效关系研究。综述了偏最小二乘回归分析应用于各种中药指纹图谱和其他数据统计方法联用的谱效关系研究。它们对于谱效关系的深层次研究具有十分重要的意义。     

偏最小二乘光度法同时测定白油中单环及多环芳烃含量

白油中存在着单环芳烃和多环芳烃物质,其吸收光谱相互重叠,在测定波长260～300 nm范围内,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLS)法同时测定白油中单环芳烃和多环芳烃的含量,当残差平方和PRESS达到最小值时,确定PLS回归中二组分的主成分数均为4,分析结果表明,样品中单环芳烃和多环芳烃的回收率在93.73%～101.31%,线...     

偏最小二乘回归法用于UHMWPE溶胀试验的研究

采用均匀设计的方法对超高相对分子质量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）树脂的溶胀试验进行系统分析,并用偏最小二乘法建立二级回归模型,对溶胀温度、溶胀时间和溶胀比的决定系数R2,由一级回归的0.967 9、0.935 9和0.944 8分别增加到二级回归的0.974、0.944 9和0.945 7。结果表明,回归模型得到优化的试验条...     

偏最小二乘法测定多异氰酸酯固化剂中TDI三聚体的含量

对不同TDI三聚体含量的多异氰酸酯固化剂的红外光谱进行了测定，采用偏最小二乘法对所得到的红外光谱进行分析，测定了多异氰酸酯固化剂中TDI三聚体的含量，该方法简单快速，结果可靠。     

偏最小二乘回归神经网络模型在燃煤锅炉结渣预测中的应用

偏最小二乘回归方法能较好地解决自变量之间的严重相关性问题,笔者将偏最小二乘回归与神经网络耦合,建立了克拉玛依市油田公司某燃煤供热锅炉结渣预测模型。利用偏最小二乘法对影响锅炉结渣的诸多因素进行分析,提取对因变量影响强的成分,从而克服了变量之间的多重相关性问题,降低了神经网络的输入维数。同时,利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。结果表明,预测值与实际值很接近,耦合模型的拟合和预报精度均优于独立使用偏最小二乘回归或神经网络建模的精度。模型对于提高燃煤锅炉的安全运行具有重要的指导意义。     

基于主成分分析和偏最小二乘回归的烟煤水分近红外检测

基于近红外光谱技术对烟煤水分分析的快速、无损性。采集了100个烟煤样品,分成验证集和预测集,验证集85个,预测集15个。利用主成分分析对烟煤的近红外光谱数据进行压缩,然后以主成分为输入,采用偏最小二乘回归建立烟煤水分预测模型。烟煤水分平均绝对相对误差为0.0728,表明该方法用于预测烟煤水分含量是可行的。     

基于非线性偏最小二乘回归的软测量建模及应用

针对复杂工业过程存在的多变量、相关性和非线性问题,提出一种新的基于非线性偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)回归的软测量建模方法。该方法利用PLS作为模型的外部框架来提取输入输出主成分变量,同时消除变量间的相关性,然后用最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LSSVM)作为内部函数来描述主成分变量之间的非线性关系,并引入基于误差最小化的权值更新策略,来改进模型的预测精度。以pH中和过程的Benchmark模型来验证该方法的性能,并与其他建模方法比较,结果表明该方法预测精度较高,而且具有较强的泛化能力。将该方法应用于某电站燃煤锅炉的NOx排放软测量建模之中,取得了较好的预测效果。     

板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测的偏最小二乘回归法

搭建板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻实验台,测得不同时间、流速和温度下天然循环冷却水（松花江水）中铁离子、氯离子、细菌总数、pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率等水质参数,随机取一组实验的水质参数作为输入变量,建立换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测的偏最小二乘回归模型,对板式换热器的污垢热阻进行预测。整个实验过程中,热水进口温度为43.5～44.5℃,冷却水进口温度为21.5～22.5℃,流速为0.104 m·s-1,当温度和流速发生变化时,则重新采取数据。经过计算,确立本模型应提取4个潜变量,由此建立了板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测模型。预测结果和实验结果最大相对误差在5.11%以内。结果表明偏最小二乘回归算法的污垢模型预测精度高,所建预测模型是合理可行的。     

Retained properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures: Size effect

Concrete as a construction material is likely exposed to high temperatures during fire. The retained properties of concrete after such exposures are still of great importance in terms of the serviceability of structures. This paper presents the effects of high temperatures on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of concrete. Specimens with different sizes were exposed to high temperatures ranging from 200 to 1200^°C. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound numbers of the specimens were determined. The microstructures of the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The test results indicated that the retained compressive strength of concrete considerably decreased with increase in temperature. The effect of specimen size on the retained compressive strength was not pronounced. The retained splitting tensile strength of concrete remarkably reduced as the temperature was increased. The specimen size played an important role on the retained splitting tensile strength of concrete up to 400^°C. The test results revealed that ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test can be successfully used in order to check the uniformity of fire‐damaged structures. The rebound numbers decreased with increase in exposure temperature. SEM studies on specimens exposed to 800^°C revealed significant changes in the microstructure of the concrete. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于PLSR分析云烟浸膏挥发性成分对卷烟感官品质的影响

采用大孔树脂分离纯化法、超临界CO2萃取法、分子蒸馏法对云烟浸膏进行改良处理,制备烟草精制物,对精制物进行挥发性成分分析和感官评吸,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)对云烟浸膏中挥发性成分与卷烟感官品质进行相关性分析发现:挥发性成分对口腔刺激/舌部灼烧、烟气浓度、劲头这三个指标影响建立的模型拟合度最高,能够有效解释挥发性...     

Thermal and mechanical properties of light‐weight concrete exposed to high temperature

The extensive studies devoted so far to normal‐strength light‐weight aggregate concrete (LWAC or LWC) have exhaustively clarified its behaviour in ordinary conditions. However, the introduction of high‐performance light‐weight aggregate concrete (HPLWAC or HPLWC), containing such pozzolanic components as microsilica and fly ash, raises some concerns, for instance about the behaviour at high temperature and after cooling. To investigate the temperature‐induced mechanical damage, both in compression and tension, of silica‐fume HPLWCs, a systematic research program was carried out at the Politecnico di Milano on materials residual behaviour (testing after cooling down to room temperature). Three concrete mixes (Normal‐Strength Concrete = NSC, f_c²⁰ = 30 MPa; Light‐Weight Concrete = LWC, f_c²⁰ ≈ 40 MPa; and High‐Performance Light‐Weight Concrete = HPLWC, f_c²⁰ ≈ 60 MPa), five temperature levels (20, 105, 250, 500 and 750 °C, no loads applied during heating), one thermal state (after cooling), three nominally‐equal tests for each case (for repeatability) were planned, bringing the total number of specimens to 120 (45 tested in compression, 45 in direct tension and 30 in indirect tension by splitting). At the same time, the thermal diffusivity of the materials was evaluated up to 750 °C (4 specimens). The results show that HPLWC is somewhat more temperature‐sensitive than both NSC and LWC, but this extra sensitivity is counterbalanced by HPLWC's lower diffusivity. Its better insulation properties are advantageous for the concrete in axially‐loaded members and for the tension bars in the beams, as demonstrated by the thermo‐mechanical analyses of three typical R/C sections (rectangular, T and slab sections) carried out in the second part of the paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Residual mechanical resistance of concrete blocks and laying mortars after high temperatures

This paper reports an experimental campaign to evaluate the residual mechanical resistance after high temperatures of two structural masonry components: block and mortar. Residual compressive strength and deformation modulus of four different hollow concrete blocks and two different mortar mixes after heating at high temperatures are investigated. The test method used was the one recommended by RILEM TC 200 for mortars and an adaptation of the same method proposed by Medeiros et al. suitable for the geometry of hollow blocks. Despite the sharp drop in the deformation modulus after heating blocks and mortar, no different behaviours are observed in the deformability of the materials caused by the variables studied. The same cannot be said in relation to the variation of the residual compressive strength of the blocks, which is affected by the variables: initial nominal compressive strength and width of the concrete block. Regarding laying mortars, the results confirmed the small influence of compressive strength on the evolution of residual mechanical strength. The data and analyses reported here on the residual mechanical properties of hollow concrete blocks produced from a concrete mixture of very dry consistency, vibro-pressed and with normal weight aggregates are relevant, since the data found in the literature generally refer to the wet cast concrete material and in cylindrical bodies.     

高性能混凝土最佳化配比设计方法的研究

高性能混凝土作为一种新型的优质建筑材料,已被广泛应用于现代工程结构中。混凝土配比就是通过计算机调整和不断试验,从而确定一个基本变量值的过程。本研究提出三种新的配比设计方法:基于回归分析模型、基于类神经网络模型、基于类神经网络模型产生的图表法,与传统ACI配比设计方法作比较。这三种新方法中以基于类神经网络模型与基于类神经网络模型产生的图法表的配比设计趋势较为稳定,因此是较为合理的配比设计方法。     

利用催化剂生产优质水泥熟料

本文介绍利用煤矸石代土和部分燃料，采用特种高温催化剂，在机立窑上烧制６４０＃以上的水泥熟料方法。并利用“高温催化剂”技术，改善了生料的易烧性。机立窑的台时产量和水泥磨产量均有明显提高。     

Stress versus strain relationship of high strength concrete under high lateral confinement

A common application of high strength concrete (HSC) is in columns subjected to large compressive forces. However, a major problem is the insufficient ductility available in HSC columns. To determine the required lateral reinforcement to maintain sufficient ductility, a good understanding of the stress-strain behaviour of confined concrete needs to be established. This paper describes a testing program carried out to obtain experimental data of complete (ascending and descending) stress-strain relationships between axial stress, axial strain and lateral strain for HSC. Compressive strengths of concrete tested were 100 MPa and 60 MPa. The confining pressures used were 4 MPa, 8 MPa and 12 MPa. A total of 18 stress-strain curves are presented. The experimental results obtained seem to indicate that, for high confining pressures, the lateral strain at peak stress for 100 MPa concrete was 20% less than that of the 60 MPa concrete.     

An empirical model for confined concrete after exposure to high temperature

In this study, constitutive relationships have been developed for confined concrete subjected to elevated temperature to specify the fire‐performance criteria for concrete structures after exposé to fire. This study extends over a total of 63 circular hoop confined concrete specimens that were casted and tested under concentric compression loading after exposure to high temperature. The test variables studied are the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, spacing of the hoop, and exposure to temperatures from ambient to 800°C. It is shown that all of these variables have significant influence on concrete behavior at different temperatures and further an improvement in the thermal resistance of concrete when confined using transverse steel reinforcement. On the basis of experimental results, a model for confined concrete after exposed to high temperature is proposed to predict the results of residual behavior after thermal cycles. The proposed empirical stress‐strain equations are suitable to predict the postfire behavior of confined normal strength concrete in compression. The predictions were found to be in good agreement and well fit with experimental results.     

The effect of porosity on the strength of foamed concrete

A study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of replacing large volumes of cement on the properties of foamed concrete (up to 75% by weight) with both classified and unclassified fly ash. This is the third paper in a series; it investigates the relationship between porosity and compressive strength and presents mathematical models that have been developed to describe this relationship. The compressive strength of the foamed concrete was shown to be a function of porosity and age, and a multiplicative model (such as the equation derived by Balshin) was found to best fit the results at all ages up to 1 year. In addition, it was concluded that the equation derived by Hoff could effectively be used to predict the compressive strength of foamed concrete mixtures containing high percentages of ash.     

Correlation of strength of 75 mm diameter and 100 mm diameter cylinders for high strength concrete

Results of statistical analysis of test data are presented to establish if there is a correlation between the strength of 75- and 100-mm-diameter cylinders for concrete with strength between 110 and 160 MPa. A linear regression analysis showed that strength measured on 75-mm cylinders is within 5% of the corresponding strength measured on 100-mm cylinders. A more detailed analysis of the difference between the mean strengths of the two sizes of cylinder of each group of the tests indicated that 75- and 100-mm cylinders measure the concrete strength within 4%. It is concluded that 75-mm cylinders are suitable for compressive strength testing of high strength concrete (>100 MPa). For strength of concrete greater than 150 MPa, 75-mm cylinders are likely to measure smaller concrete strength than the corresponding 100-mm cylinders.