Effects of Holding Temperature for Austempering on Mechanical Properties of Si-Mn TRIP Steel

A new type of high strength steel containing a significant amount of stable retained austenite was obtained by austempering immediately after intercritical annealing. This sort of low carbon steel only contains alloying elements of silicon and manganese rather than nickel and chromium. Its mechanical properties were enhanced considerably due to strain-induced martensite transformation and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) of retained austenite when it was strained at temperatures between Ms and Md, because retained austenite was moderately stabilized due to carbon enrichment by austempering. Austempering was carried out at different temperatures and 400℃ was found to be optimal. Tensile strength, total elongation and strength-ductility balance reached the maximum values and the product of tensile strength and total elongation exceeded 30 135 MPa % when the TRIP steel was held at 400℃ and strained at 350℃.     

An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system-based modelling to predict mechanical properties of hot-rolled TRIP steel

A model based on adaptive neural network formalism coupled with fuzzy inference system has been developed to predict mechanical properties of hot-rolled TRIP steel. The developed model incorporates a wide range of data containing chemical compositions, thermo-mechanical processing parameters and mechanical properties of hot-rolled TRIP steel. A compact set of process variables has been selected as the model inputs for predicting tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and retained austenite under a given operating condition. The model predictions show that carbon, silicon and manganese content have a significant effect on the retained austenite which increases with the increased amount of these elements. The microalloying elements such as niobium and molybdenum have a little effect on the volume fraction of retained austenite. The present model provides a predictive platform for possible application of these artificial intelligence-based tools for automation, real-time process control and operator guidance in plant operation.     

含铝TRIP钢组织和性能的研究

根据镀锌工艺要求设计ω(Al)为1.2%的TRIP钢进行实验研究,使用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD以及拉伸试验对TRIP钢的微观组织和性能进行检测和分析.结果表明,ω(Al)为1.2%的TRIP钢的Ac1达到747℃、Ac3达到930℃,在贝氏体区等温30 s即可得到最大强塑积.实验TRIP钢退火组织中残留奥氏体体积分数...     

Effect of Prestrain on Microstructures and Properties of Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel Sheet with Niobium

Paint baking treatment was carried out in a silicon oil bath at 170℃ for 20min for Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel sheet with different prestrains,and effect of prestrain on microstructures and properties was studied before and after baking.The results show that with the increasing of prestrain amount during prestraining and baking,the volume fraction of retained austenite decreases,and the volume fraction of martensite and bainite increases as well as yield strength increases;as prestrain ranges from 0 to 4%,the baking-hardening(BH)value increases;while the prestrain ranges from 4% to 16%,the BH value decreases;when the prestrain amount is 4%,the highest BH value is about 70MPa for Si-Al-Mn TRIP steel sheet with niobium,which displays excellent baking-hardening behavior.     

Effects of heat treatment and alloying elements on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 0.15 wt pct C transformation-induced plasticity-aided cold-rolled steel sheets

The main emphasis of this study has been placed on understanding the effects of manganese and silicon additions and of heat-treatment (intercritical annealing and isothermal treatment) conditions on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 0.15 wt pct C transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided cold-rolled steel sheets. The steel sheets were intercritically annealed and isothermally treated at the bainitic region. Microstructural observation and tensile tests were conducted, and volume fractions of retained austenite were measured. Steels having a high manganese content had higher retained austenite fractions than the steels having a low manganese content, but showed characteristics of a dual-phase steel such as continuous yielding behavior, high tensile strength over 1000 MPa, and a low elongation of about 20 pct. The retained austenite fractions and mechanical properties varied with the heat-treatment conditions. In particular, the retained austenite fractions increased with decreasing intercritical annealing and isothermal treatment temperatures, thereby resulting in the improvement of the elongation and strength-ductility balance without a serious decrease in the yield or tensile strength. These findings suggested that the intercritical annealing and isothermal treatment conditions should be established in consideration of the stability of austenite and the solubility of alloying elements in the austenite formed during the intercritical annealing.     

退火温度对超细晶中锰TRIP钢组织性能的影响

为研究连续退火工艺生产中锰TRIP钢汽车板的可行性,在钢板连续退火模拟机CCT-AY-域上研究了590~710℃不同退火温度下保温3 min对低碳中锰钢组织性能的影响.利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子背散射衍射和X射线能谱分析等微观分析方法对实验钢进行了组织结构和成分表征,利用X射线衍射法测量了残余奥氏体量,通过拉伸试验机测试了钢的单轴拉伸性能.结果表明:保温3 min时,随着保温温度的升高,残奥含量先增加后减少.在650℃退火时断后伸长率（21.3%）和强塑积（28 GPa·%）获得最大值,抗拉强度达到1330 MPa.马氏体基体通过回复,而残余奥氏体通过孪晶,获得超细晶组织.亚稳奥氏体的TRIP效应和超细晶铁素体（马氏体）共同提供了实验钢高的塑性.实验钢真实应力-应变曲线上呈现锯齿状现象,且稳定阶段加工硬化指数远高于传统TRIP钢.      

热轧相变诱发塑性钢的热模拟实验

 利用Gleeble 1500热应力 应变模拟机研究了铌含量、热变形参数(终轧温度和卷取温度)对相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明：不含铌实验钢的残余奥氏体量、残余奥氏体相中的碳含量、宏观维氏硬度和抗拉强度与常规低碳硅锰系TRIP钢的水平相当;增加铌含量,残余奥氏体量和残余奥氏体相中的碳含量有所下降,而宏观维氏硬度和抗拉强度提高;铌含量为0014%、终轧温度为780 ℃、卷取温度为400 ℃时,残余奥氏体量、残余奥氏体相中的碳含量与宏观维氏硬度和抗拉强度具有最佳组合。     

Response Characteristics and Adiabatic Heating during High Strain Rate for TRIP Steel and DP Steel

By using a static and high-speed material testing machine,tensile deformation behaviors of two kinds of SiMn TRIP(transformation induced plasticity)steels and DP(dual phase)steel were studied in a large range of strain rates(0.001-2 000s-1).Temperature variation during adiabatic heating and the amount of retained austenite at fracture were measured by an infrared thermometer and an X-ray stress analyser,respectively.The microstructure of steels was observed by optical microscopy(OM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)before and after tensile test.It was found from the experimental results that the tensile strength of these steels increased,and the fracture elongation firstly decreased and subsequently increased,as the strain rate increased in the range of 0.1-2 000s-1.The temperature raised during adiabatic heating of TRIP steel was in the range of 100-300℃,while that of the DP steel was in the range of 100-220 ℃.The temperature rise of these steels increased with increasing the strain rate,as well as the amount of the transformed retained austenite in TRIP steels.It was confirmed that austenite to martensite transformation is not suppressed by adiabatic heating.     

残余奥氏体中的碳元素在TRIP钢变形前后的分布

利用TEM和EPMA对TRIP钢中残余奥氏体形貌以及碳元素的分配进行了研究,发现TRIP钢中的残余奥氏体以多种形态分布,且碳在残余奥氏体中的浓度显著高于其他两相中的浓度,此时残余奥氏体可以通过EPMA中的贫硅区表示;变形之后的残余奥氏体将会发生相变,通过TEM发现残余奥氏体在受到应力作用而发生相变之后转变为细小的立方马氏体,且由于碳原子来不及扩散,马氏体中的含碳量和奥氏体中的含碳量基本相同。     

Effect of Baking Process on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Low Silicon TRIP Steel Sheet with Niobium

After 2% predeformation,the baking treatment with different schedule was carried out for low silicon TRIP steel sheet with niobium.The effects of baking temperature and time on microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated.The results showed that with increasing the baking temperature and time,the volume fraction of retained austenite decreases,and the volume fraction of tempered martensite increases;as baking temperature ranges from 80 ℃ to 170 ℃,the bake-hardening(BH)value increases obviously,while from 170 ℃ to 230 ℃,the variation of BH value is very slight;as baking time ranges from 2 min to 20 min,the BH value increases significantly,while the BH value decreases when baking time exceeds 20 min.So that when the baking temperature is 170 ℃ and the baking time is 20 min,the low silicon TRIP steel sheet exhibits good bake-hardening behavior,and the highest BH value is above 70 MPa.     

连续退火的无Si TRIP钢的组织和力学性能

在实验室用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机制备了一种无Si TRIP钢.利用拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射以及热膨胀仪对其力学性能、微观组织和相变规律进行研究,在此基础上分析了贝氏体相变温度和时间对力学性能和残余奥氏体的影响.无Si TRIP钢呈现出良好的整体力学性能,抗拉强度分布在740~810 MPa,延伸率均在25%以上,最高可达32%以上;贝氏体等温温度为420℃时能获得最佳的综合力学性能,抗拉强度随贝氏体相变时间增加而下降,延伸率随之上升,而屈服强度没有显著变化.无Si TRIP制的铁素体晶粒大小约为3~4μm,比含Si TRIP钢铁素体晶粒细小;残余奥氏体的体积分数在8%~10%,比含Si TRIP钢低约3%;420℃保温300 s后贝氏体相变基本结束,而碳的扩散仍然在进行;无Si TRIP钢贝氏体相变速率比含Si TRIP钢快,贝氏体相变总量也更多.      

Nb含量对TRIP钢组织和性能的影响

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对不同Nb含量的TRIP钢的热轧过程进行了热模拟实验.研究了Nb含量对TRIP钢组织和性能的影响.实验结果表明：Nb的加入使得实验钢的组织得到细化,贝氏体量增多;增加Nb含量,残余奥氏体量和残余奥氏体含碳量有所降低,宏观维氏硬度值增加;Nb的质量分数为0.014%时,残余奥氏体量为19.2%、残余奥氏体含碳量为1.422%、宏观维氏硬度为258HV和抗拉强度为851 MPa.     

确定小型试样中残余奥氏体和铁素体数量的便利设备

精确确定残余奥氏体数量对优化低合金TRIP钢十分重要。介绍了一种磁性测量方法及设备,可以方便快捷地确定残余奥氏体的数量。针对工业生产的TRIP钢试样进行的实验表明,该方法准确性很高,与X射线测量结果非常吻合。残余奥氏体数量的精确确定有助于更好地了解冶金工艺,从而优化TRIP钢种的生产。     

Fe-C-Mn-Al系TRIP钢两相区奥氏体转变模拟

为了研究Fe-C-Mn-A1系TRIP钢两相区奥氏体化过程中合金元素在奥氏体和铁素体中的分布,利用热膨胀仪、金相显微镜、电子探针等仪器,在对TRIP钢两相区奥氏体化过程进行热力学与动力学分析的基础上,建立了两相区奥氏体化过程的扩散模型,采用显式有限体积法对800℃与840℃的奥氏体化过程进行了数值求解.模拟结果表明:奥氏体转变初期受C元素在奥氏体中的扩散控制达到亚平衡,奥氏体转变速率较快;此时A1元素在奥氏体与铁素体界面处的浓度差较显著,Mn元素在奥氏体与铁素体界面处的浓度差不显著.奥氏体转变后期受Mn元素在铁素体内的扩散控制,转变速率较慢;此时A1元素在铁素体内已大量富集,Mn元素在奥氏体与铁索体界面处有较显著的浓度差.     

退火温度对0.2C-1.5Si-1.5Mn-(0.5Cu)TRIP 钢组织的影响

用彩色金相法、X 射线衍射、扫描电镜研究了成分(%)为 0.2C-1.5Si-1.5Mn和0.2C-1.5Si-1.5Mn-0.5Cu TRIP钢 750～780℃不同退火温度对组织的影响。结果表明,含0.5 %Cu TRIP钢750℃、760℃、780℃退火的残余奥氏体体积含量为15.2 %～17.2 % ,770℃退火为15.2 %～15.7% ;不含CuTRIP钢760℃和770℃退火的残余奥氏体体积含量分别为12.5 %～12.9%和14.6 %～15.1% ,低于750℃和780℃退火的奥氏体量分别为17.0 %～17.5%和16.0 %～16.4%。随退火温度由750℃提高至780℃ ,两种钢中的铁素体量由～70%降至～5 0% ,贝氏体量由～10%增至～30%     

热处理对TRIP 590钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用Gleeble3800热模拟机对TRIP钢拉伸试样进行不同工艺条件的快速热处理模拟实验,并采用金相分析、显微硬度测试等方法对试样进行组织观察和性能测试,目的是通过适宜的热处理工艺促使材料微观组织中出现适量的残余奥氏体组织,增强该材料在变形过程的相变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应,强化材料结果表明:在两相区内,TRIP钢中的残余奥氏体含量随着退火温度和退火时间的增加而增大,以25℃/s缓慢加热到700℃,再以150℃/s的速率快速加热到820℃保温120s后淬火处理,处理后的试样,残余奥氏体体积分数达到13％,显微硬度最高,达到262HV.     

含钛中锰钢淬火-配分组织及力学性能

为了研究淬火配分含钛中锰钢的组织与力学性能,借助扫描电子显微镜,透射电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术与万能拉伸试验机、磨粒磨损试验机等,分析与测试了含钛中锰钢在165～240℃淬火380℃配分处理后组织、强度、塑性与磨粒磨损性能.结果 表明,试验钢淬火-配分组织主要为板条状一次马氏体、块状二次马氏体及残余奥氏体,同时含有...     

Low‐alloy TRIP steels: a correlation between mechanical properties and the retained austenite stability

In recent years the technology of low‐alloy TRIP steels has considerably advanced. The mechanical properties are characterised by a combination of high yield strength and high uniform elongation as well as enhanced formability. In the present work an effort to correlate mechanical properties with the retained austenite stability was made. Two low‐alloy TRIP steels were investigated. The first of them represents a typical composition of the low‐alloy TRIP steels, while the other one contains aluminum as alloying element. The influence of the heat treatment on the mechanical properties and especially on the amount and stability of the retained austenite was determined. The retained austenite stability was measured with a single specimen technique, in which a tensile specimen was used to determine the M^σ_S temperature with a loading‐unloading procedure. The results showed that there is a strong influence of the stability of the retained austenite on the mechanical properties. Increased stability combined with a high amount of retained austenite, exhibited an increase in both, yield strength and uniform elongation while increased amount of retained austenite with low stability did not show the same good combination of mechanical properties. The results clearly indicate that in order to get the maximum TRIP effect, a good combination of austenite stability and amount is required.     

微合金化热轧TRIP钢的工艺模拟

 借助MMS-300热模拟试验机研究了控轧温度区间、终冷温度、贝氏体区等温处理以及冷却路径对微合金化热轧TRIP钢组织演变规律的影响。结果表明,随着控轧温度区间“下调”,组织中的铁素体晶粒越来越细小,铁素体量逐渐增加,残余奥氏体量则先增加后减少。终冷温度升高时,组织中的残余奥氏体量也呈现出先增加后减少的变化趋势,而贝氏体温度范围等温时间的延长使残余奥氏体量增加。相对于“缓冷+快冷”,轧后采用“快冷+缓冷+超快冷”冷却路径更有助于铁素体晶粒的细化和奥氏体的残留。在“快冷+缓冷+超快冷”冷却路径下,当控轧温度区间为900~840℃,缓冷温度范围为710~680℃,贝氏体等温处理制度为450℃×5min时,组织中的残余奥氏体量达到最高值113%。     

In-situ analysis of retained austenite transformation in high-performance micro-alloyed TRIP steel

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP( transformation-induced plasticity) steel with different compositions were investigated by tensile test,scanning electron microscopy( SEM),transmission electron microscopy( TEM),X-ray diffraction( XRD) and thermodynamic calculation( TC). The results indicated that the steel exhibited high ultimate tensile strength( 1 079MPa),sufficient ductility( 28%) and the highest product of strength and ductility( 30 212 MPa·%) heat treated after intercritical annealing at 800℃ for 3 min and bainitic annealing at 430 ℃ for 5 min. In addition,the change of volume fraction of retained austenite( VF-RA) versus tensile strain was measured using in-situ analysis by X-ray stress apparatus and micro-electronic universal testing machine. It was concluded that a-value could be used to evaluate the stability of retained austenite( S-RA) in the investigated Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP steel. The smaller a-value indicated the higher stability of retained austenite( S-RA) and the higher mechanical properties of Ti-V micro-alloyed TRIP steel.