硬度影响压痕弹塑性行为的有限元分析

以具有不同硬度40Cr为研究对象,根据集中载荷下的接触模型和赫兹理论,计算了压痕接触半径和压痕附近弹性区域的表面局部接触应力,并采用有限元法,分析硬度物理量对压痕弹塑性行为、局部接触应力、卸载后保留在内部的残余应力的影响,探讨压痕参数、压痕接触应力、残余应力与硬度之间的关系以及载荷增加时它们的发展.结果表明,相同载荷下塑性隆起量、压痕接触半径、压痕量和塑性区范围随着硬度值的提高而减小,弹性回弹量、最大接触应力和残余应力随硬度提高而增加;压痕周围处接触应力和残余应力、其分布范围和塑性区域随载荷的增加而增加.     

闭孔泡沫铝在圆柱形平压头下的压痕性能

采用圆柱形平压头对闭孔泡沫铝进行了压痕试验,研究了压头直径、泡沫铝相对密度及边界条件对压痕响应、压痕硬度、吸能特性等的影响,并与单向压缩试验结果进行了对比.结果表明:闭孔泡沫铝压痕试验的应力-应变曲线与其单向压缩时的相似,但压痕试验时的屈服强度显著高于单向压缩时的;压痕试验时泡沫铝的变形被严格限制在压头之下,并且是局部的不均匀变形;压痕试验时泡沫铝的撕裂能和能量吸收效率不随压头直径和泡沫铝相对密度的变化而变化;压痕硬度随压头直径的增加而线性减小,随相对密度的增加而线性增大;其吸能能力分别随压头直径及相对密度的增加而线性增大;压痕深度在一定范围内(小于6 mm),刚性基础和筒支边界条件对泡沫铝在圆柱形平压头作用下压痕响应的影响可以忽略不计.     

原位压痕仪机械载荷分析与控制方法设计

以提高对产品材料硬度及其抗形变能力的测量效果,本研究首先分析了金属压痕仪的测量原理,发现影响其极限机械载荷控制的因素与压头形状与表面粗糙程度有关。因此,通过应力响应系数分析压头过渡圆角半径、过渡角度与极限载荷的关系。然后在加载平衡的约束下,以材料截面中心为加载中心获取极限机械载荷,再通过控制拉伸与弯曲载荷实现对压痕仪极限机械载荷的控制。试验分析表明:降低压头结构的应力集中系数能够提升极限机械载荷控制效果,且压头粗糙面值越大,越利于极限机械载荷控制;压痕深度及压入深度与极限破坏载荷呈正比,当拟合参数取值为1.0时,可确保极限机械载荷控制效果达到最佳;此外,该方法能够有效提升金属材料力学性能的测量精度,在拉伸-弯曲载荷作用下,确保金属材料各项力学性能接近极限值。     

Fe_(60)Cr_5Mo_2Ni_2W_2Mn_1C_4Si_7B_(17)非晶合金的纳米压痕力学性能

采用甩带法制备出新型Fe60Cr5Mo2Ni2W2Mn1C4Si7B17非晶合金,在室温、不同峰值载荷(3,5,7,9,12mN)和不同加载速率(1,2,3,4,5mN·s-1)下对此非晶合金进行纳米压痕试验,研究了加载速率和峰值载荷对其弹性模量、纳米压痕硬度和蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:试验合金为完全非晶态,其纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量均较高;随着峰值载荷的增大(即压入深度的增大),试验合金的纳米压痕硬度减小,表现出较明显的尺寸效应,弹性模量略有降低;随着加载速率的增加,纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量均增大;在纳米压痕试验的保载阶段,试验合金发生蠕变,其最大蠕变位移随峰值载荷或加载速率的增加而增大,蠕变应力指数则随峰值载荷的增加或加载速率的减小而增大。     

平头压痕蠕变的试验和数值研究

通过对LY12CZ的平头压痕蠕变和单轴拉伸蠕变行为的比较,主要研究工程材料LY12CZ的压痕蠕变行为.首先对压痕蠕变试验和单轴蠕变试验进行研究,通过试验得出材料蠕变参数及其压痕蠕变参数.其次,通过有限元(finite element method,FEM)分析对压痕蠕变进行模拟,也得出材料的压痕蠕变参数,以上都得出相同温度下由压痕蠕变试验和单轴拉伸蠕变试验得出的应力指数是相等的结论,同时利用转化因子验证压痕蠕变试验和单轴蠕变试验的一致性和等效性,从而证实由压痕蠕变试验描述蠕变是合适的,并且能够确定材料的蠕变参数.     

基于AFM的单晶铜薄膜压痕的分子动力学模拟

使用三维分子动力学方法对基于AFM的单晶铜薄膜压痕过程进行了研究。采用对势Morse势计算试件原子之间,试件原子和压头原子之间的相互作用。模拟了不同压入深度的压痕过程,分析了压入深度对压头应力、系统势能变化的影响。结果显示单晶铜薄膜的纳米压痕的力学机理是非晶态产生的变形。当压入深度增加时,系统势能变化增大,压头应力变化增大,体现出强烈的尺寸效应。     

支承方式对自润滑向心关节轴承承载能力的影响

以某自润滑关节轴承为研究对象,采用ANSYS软件建立不同支承条件下关节轴承的有限元模型,比较刚性圆环支承、弹性圆筒支承和弹性杆端支承对关节轴承的应力场和刚度的影响,结果表明:在相同载荷下,刚性圆环支承下轴承应力场分布较均匀,所受的整体应力最小,衬垫受到的接触应力较小,刚度最大,利于延长轴承的磨损寿命;弹性杆端支承下轴承整体承受的应力最大,衬垫受到的接触应力最大,刚度最小,会缩短轴承磨损寿命。     

连续球压痕法表征幂硬化金属材料拉伸性能的 有限元模拟

应用ABAQUS软件,采用二维和三维建模方法对典型幂硬化金属材料6061铝合金的连续球压痕试验进行了模拟,得到了压痕载荷-深度曲线,并进行了压痕试验验证;基于压痕载荷-深度曲线计算得到不同方法下的拉伸性能参数,并与单轴拉伸试验结果进行对比,分析了试样厚度、相邻球压头距离等压痕试验参数对拉伸性能计算结果的影响。结果表明:采用三维建模方法得到的压痕载荷-深度曲线与球压痕试验得到的更吻合;由三维建模方法得到的表征应力、表征应变数据与拉伸试验得到的应力-应变曲线更吻合,抗拉强度和屈服强度计算值与试验值的相对误差均不超过1%,说明该方法能够准确地表征试验合金的拉伸性能;影响拉伸性能的临界试样厚度和临界相邻和压头距离均为压头半径的4倍。     

KDP晶体三倍频晶面微观力学行为及加工性能

为了揭示磷酸二氢钾(KDP)晶体三倍频晶面微观弹塑性力学行为及加工性能,开展了纳米压痕研究。建立了KDP晶体三倍频晶面各向异性力学模型,基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法对纳米压痕进行了数值仿真并完成了纳米压痕测试实验。实验结果表明:实验与仿真计算的载荷-压入深度关系曲线的相关系数为0.996 328,吻合度较高,验证了力学模型的正确性,得出KDP晶体三倍频晶面的屈服强度为240MPa。数值仿真结果显示:由于材料的各向异性,工件内部应力呈不规则圆弧状分布;载荷大小与等效应力影响深度呈近似线性递增关系;材料表面等效塑性应变分布形状与压头投影面几何形状相类似,存在复映效果。当载荷小于2mN时,各压头的残余应力深度差异性较小(小于0.2μm);随着载荷逐渐增大,这种差异不断扩大。得到的结果为实现KDP晶体三倍频晶面的高效低损伤加工提供了理论支撑。     

磨粒磨损的接触分析

磨粒磨损作为磨损的主要类型之一,影响机械使用寿命。针对犁沟磨损机制,采用球形磨粒模型和分形磨粒模型,对于磨粒磨损的压入、滑动和压碎3个过程,利用有限元软件ANSYS,分析磨粒与磨损表面接触区的Mises应力和剪应力分布以及应力随表面深度的变化情况,并对2种模型的分析结果进行对比。研究结果表明,球形磨粒模型中,磨粒与表面接触处的Mises应力和剪应力分布比较分散,且应力峰值较小,在相同材料和压力下磨粒和表面均未压碎;然而分形磨粒模型中,磨粒与表面接触处的Mises应力和剪应力分布比较集中,且应力峰值较大,磨粒和表面均压碎。2种模型中,采用分形方法构造的分形磨粒形状与实际情况中的磨粒形状更加相似。     

Contact stress analysis for an elastic cylinder indenting a slab in the presence of friction

In an earlier paper the authors discussed numerical methods of contact stress analysis for rigid indenters pressed against rough elastic slabs. In this sequel, they include the deformation of the cylindrical indenter using numerical methods of analysis similar to those adopted in the previous article. Examples which demonstrate the effects of indenter deformation and adhesion in the contact area are presented.     

Analysis of the impression creep test method using a rectangular indenter for determining the creep properties in welds

The results of a theoretical and finite element investigation of an impression creep test method using a long rectangular indenter under plane strain conditions, rather than the conventional cylindrical indenter, are presented. The application of the technique for determining the creep properties of the various zones within welds is considered. The finite element method is used to obtain accurate (creep) or approximate (elasto-plastic limit load) reference stress solutions for the rectangular indenters placed at several positions in the base material, heat affected zone and weld metal. The effect of varying the geometric test parameters is reported. The possible advantages of the technique for determining some of the important creep properties in welded structures are identified.     

Impression creep: Effects of slip, stick and cavity depth

The impression creep of a power-law material by pushing a rigid cylindrical punch into an existing cavity of the same diameter as the punch located in the surface of a half-space was studied by using finite element method. For both the slip and stick conditions at the interface of the punch and the half-space, there is a well-defined steady punch penetration velocity after a transient stage. The steady penetration velocity is a power function of the applied load, which has the same stress exponent as by conventional creep tests. It increases with the stress exponent but decreases with increasing cavity depth, and is the largest for all slip condition and the smallest for both stick condition on the circular interface between the punch and the cavity and all stick condition.     

Axi-symmetric contact of a punch on an elastic half-space in the presence of tangential tractions

A solution of the axi-symmetric contact problem when an elastic half-space is loaded by both normal and tangential tractions over a circular region is presented. It is assumed that the indenter is rigid and has a profile which can be specified as a polynomial with even powers. Both the spherical and flat-ended cylindrical punches are considered.Formulae for the contact tractions, total load and the penetration depth of the tip of the indenter are found. When the tangential traction vanishes, the well-known solutions for the frictionless contact are recovered.     

Finite element biphasic indentation of cartilage: a comparison of experimental indenter and physiological contact geometries.

In experimental cartilage indentation studies, the indenter is typically a plane-ended or hemispherically ended cylinder and can be either porous or non-porous. Joints such as the hip and knee, however, have much higher radii of curvature than those used in experimental indentation testing. In order to interpret the results from such testing in a physiological context it is therefore useful to explore the effect of contact geometry on the pore pressure and strain distribution generated in the cartilage layer. Articular cartilage can be described as a saturated porous medium, and can be considered a biphasic material consisting of a porous, permeable solid matrix, and an interstitial fluid phase. This behaviour has been predicted in this study using the ABAQUS soils consolidation procedure. Four contact geometries were modelled: two typical experimental configurations (5 mm radii cylindrical indenter and hemispherical indenters) and two effective radii representative of the hip and knee (20 and 100 mm). A 10 per cent deformation, or a load of 0.9 kN, was applied over a ramp time of 2 s, which was then maintained for a further 100 s. The porous indenter generated less pore pressure compared with the equivalent non-porous indenter and produced higher values of compressive strain in the solid matrix. The predictions made using the cylindrical indenters, porous and non-porous, were dominated by the concentrations at the edge of the indenter and overestimated the peak compressive strain in the tissue by a factor of 21 and a factor of 14 respectively when compared with the hip model. The hemispherical indenter predicted peak strains in similar positions to those predicted using physiological radii, however, the magnitude was overestimated by a factor of 2.3 when compared with the knee and by 5.7 when compared with the hip. The pore pressure throughout the cartilage layer reduced significantly as the radius of the indenter was increased.     

Mechanics of Fretting Fatigue Tests of Contacting Dissimilar Elastic Bodies

A popular fretting fatigue test applies a bulk compression that oscillates in phase with the fretting force. To understand the effect of the bulk compression on fretting, the effect of the bulk compression alone on the fretting stress state and microslip for contacting dissimilar elastic bodies is analyzed. This is accomplished by modeling the fretting configuration with a rigid indenter contacting a plane-strain elastic half-space with the effective elastic properties of the contacting pair. The indenter is loaded by a constant normal load while the half-space is subjected to remote compression parallel to its surface. The bulk compression has a pronounced effect on the stick-slip geometry underneath the contact of dissimilar materials. It is shown that the contacting pads serve as stress concentrators and a mechanism for the initiation of fretting fatigue cracks is discussed. This stress concentration effect is not present when the indenter and the half-space have the same elastic constants.     

Development of plastic zones and residual stress in elasto-plastic contact problems with stress singularities in elastic range

Stress singularities appear in such elastic contact problems as a plane indenter compressing a semi-infinite body, or the axisymmetric case of a turbine disc shrunk onto a shaft. The stress is infinite at the edge of the corner of the indenter and the disc as well as in neighbouring areas of the semi-infinite body and the shaft.In this paper the complex investigation of the distributions of plastic zones, deformations, pressure and residual stress has been presented for plane indenters of different shapes being in elasto-plastic contact with semi-infinite bodies. Different strain-hardening characteristics of the material, different yield criteria and states of stress/strain have been considered.The aim of the investigation is to find an answer to the question, what happens to the stress singularity, which appears in the elastic solution? The considered problem is of interest from the cognitive point of view and is of real importance in engineering practice.     

Lateral crushing in tightly packed arrays of thin-walled metal tubes

The plastic-collapse load and post-collapse behaviour of ductile, thin-walled tubes compressed between cylindrical indenters are analyzed for a complete range of indenter radii; experiments on steel, brass and aluminium alloy tubes show the usefulness of this analysis when deflections are large. The effect of shear force is considered; shear can develop when the sides of the tube are constrained against lateral expansion. While crushing by diametrically opposed indenters results in symmetrical modes of deformation, any shear in addition to the normally applied forces results in an asymmetrical mode of deformation which is more compliant than the symmetrical mode. The asymmetrical mode of deformation is initially unstable.     

Lateral crushing of thin-walled tubes between cylindrical indenters

The plastic-collapse load and post-collapse behaviour of ductile, thin-walled tubes compressed between cylindrical indenters are analyzed for a complete range of indenter radii; experiments on steel, brass and aluminium alloy tubes show the usefulness of this analysis when deflections are large. The effect of shear force is considered; shear can develop when the sides of the tube are constrained against lateral expansion. While crushing by diametrically opposed indenters results in symmetrical modes of deformation, any shear in addition to the normally applied forces results in an asymmetrical mode of deformation which is more compliant than the symmetrical mode. The asymmetrical mode of deformation is initially unstable.