赤藓糖醇的特性及其应用研究进展

赤藓糖醇,一种天然活性物质,被广泛应用于食品、医药保健品、日化产品和化工产品中。近年来,随着人们对于营养健康的关注度逐渐增加,学者对其理化及生物学特性研究的不断深入,赤藓糖醇的安全性得到证实,应用范围逐渐扩大。为此,本文对赤藓糖醇的来源、提取方法、理化特性进行了简要介绍,从机理和应用的角度阐述了赤藓糖醇在不同领域的研究。赤藓糖醇独特的代谢方式,使其被应用于糖尿病、葡萄糖不耐受症等特殊人群的功能食品中。赤藓糖醇的防龋性、抗氧化性、保湿性和不可燃性等特性使其在医药、日化领域的应用不断扩展。此外,本文结合国内外赤藓糖醇的最新研究进展,重点阐述了赤藓糖醇作为食品添加剂和化工原料的应用的扩展,进一步分析了赤藓糖醇优良的特性,以期为赤藓糖醇的应用研究和资源化利用提供理论依据与一定的参考。     

赤藓糖醇特性及其硬糖研究

以赤藓糖醇为主要原料,在研究赤藓糖醇加工特性的基础进行无糖硬糖工艺研究。对赤藓糖醇加工特性研究的结果表明:赤藓糖醇在200℃条件下比较稳定,不会发生分解、变色。经由配方及加工工艺优化试验考察液体麦芽糖醇添加量、熬糖温度、熬糖时间对赤藓糖醇硬糖感官品质、硬度和脆度的影响,得到赤藓糖醇硬糖的最优工艺为:液体麦芽糖醇添加量为80%,熬糖温度为165℃,熬糖时间为20 min。     

RP-HPLC法测定PC12细胞内外液中甜味剂赤藓糖醇的含量变化

目的:应用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)检测甜味剂赤藓糖醇在PC12细胞内外液中的含量变化情况,明确赤藓糖醇能否进入PC12细胞。方法:采用RPMI-1640培养基培养PC12细胞,提取对数期细胞并使用不同浓度赤藓糖醇处理细胞,应用RP-HPLC法(含示差折光检测器)检测PC12细胞内外液中赤藓糖醇的含量。结果:当PC12细胞外液中赤藓糖醇浓度为0.4mg/m L时,细胞内液中出现赤藓糖醇色谱峰,在浓度0.4~2.0mg/m L范围内,随着细胞外液中赤藓糖醇浓度的增加,细胞内液中赤藓糖醇峰面积呈现逐渐增加的趋势,当浓度为2.0mg/m L时,细胞内液中峰面积达到最大值。结论:PC12细胞内液中出现赤藓糖醇的色谱峰,提示赤藓糖醇能够进入PC12细胞,随着细胞外液中赤藓糖醇浓度不断增加,细胞内液中赤藓糖醇浓度也不断增高,为PC12细胞内外液中甜味剂赤藓糖醇的食品学及药效学研究提供一定的基础。     

响应曲面法优化赤藓糖醇结晶工艺

为了开发一套赤藓糖醇的结晶工艺,该文研究了包括晶种添加量、溶液初始浓度、结晶时间和结晶温度在内的4个主要因素对赤藓糖醇结晶收率的影响。然后根据单因素试验的结果,采用响应曲面法整体优化了赤藓糖醇的结晶工艺参数。响应面优化结果显示,水溶液中赤藓糖醇结晶的最优操作条件为,晶种添加量1.0%,赤藓糖醇溶液初始质量浓度550 mg/mL,结晶时间3 h,结晶温度-4.5℃。上述条件下,赤藓糖醇的一次结晶率为52.78%。该文得到的模型可以用来优化赤藓糖醇在水溶液体系中的结晶过程。该模型化的工艺获得了较高的赤藓糖醇结晶收率。     

赤藓糖醇生产母液中糖醇组分的定性鉴定

前期研究表明,赤藓糖醇生产母液中除含有赤藓糖醇外还含有其他未知糖醇组分,该文采用HPLC和LC-MS分析对这些未知糖醇组分进行了定性鉴定。首先使用氨基色谱柱和Shodex SC1011色谱柱相结合对赤藓糖醇母液进行HPLC分析,通过对比两色谱柱对母液和糖醇标准样品的分析结果,初步确定赤藓糖醇母液中的未知糖醇组分主要为阿拉伯糖醇和甘露糖醇,此外还含有少量的核糖醇。LC-MS分析结果显示,母液中各组分分子质量与赤藓糖醇、阿拉伯糖醇(核糖醇)、甘露糖醇一致,进一步确认了HPLC分析结果。     

酵母菌发酵生产赤藓糖醇的研究进展

赤藓糖醇是一种新型甜味剂,具有低热量、高稳定性、食用安全性高等优点,可广泛应用于食品及日用品方面。目前赤藓糖醇最佳的工业化生产方式是微生物发酵法,其中主要使用的菌种是酵母菌,此类菌种的安全性高,生产赤藓糖醇的能力强。从菌种选育、赤藓糖醇的合成途径、基因工程和发酵工艺等方面综述酵母菌发酵生产赤藓糖醇的现状,旨在为增强酵母菌生产赤藓糖醇的能力提供参考。     

赤藓糖醇研究进展及在食品中的应用

赤藓糖醇属于填充型甜味剂，口感清凉，热量低，安全性高。可以采用化学合成法，但是微生物发酵法生产更占有优势。本文综述了微生物发酵生产赤藓糖醇的影响因素，分别概括了在有氧和无氧条件赤藓糖醇的产生机理，对赤藓糖醇在食品工业中的应用予以介绍，并且对其研究和发展提出看法和展望。     

赤藓糖醇的科学共识

随着健康饮食理念的盛行及减糖、低糖需求的增长,甜味剂——赤藓糖醇备受市场和行业关注。本文通过文献检索分析与专题研讨的形式开展研究,在综合分析赤藓糖醇国内外研究与应用现状的基础上,结合食品添加剂、食品科学等科技界与产业界相关专家意见,形成赤藓糖醇的科学共识,即:赤藓糖醇是一种四碳多元醇,在自然界中广泛存在,具有低能量、高耐受量等特性,目前工业化生产以微生物发酵法为主;赤藓糖醇作为食品添加剂的安全性虽已得到国内外权威机构的认可,但仍需加强其生产与应用等方面的科学研究,推动科学认知。本共识对引导行业科学认识、企业规范使用、公众合理消费赤藓糖醇具有重要的指导意义,有助于推动含赤藓糖醇食品的创新发展。     

从赤藓糖醇生产废弃母液中回收赤藓糖醇

赤藓糖醇生产废弃母液的成分分析表明,母液中固形物含量约为70%,其中赤藓糖醇约占干物的30%,灰分约占干物的20%,检测不到葡萄糖。液相色谱分析结果表明,母液中有机固形物除赤藓糖醇外,还含有另外2种未知糖醇组分。实验主要探讨了从赤藓糖醇生产废弃母液中回收赤藓糖醇的可行性,重点考察了废弃母液的脱盐效果及其对赤藓糖醇回收的影响。以交换容量和产物的吸附为考察指标,筛选出D315和001*7阴阳2种离子交换树脂用于母液脱盐除杂,采用双柱串联工艺,活性炭脱色处理后的母液脱盐率可达98.5%。经减压蒸馏、降温结晶,母液赤藓糖醇结晶回收率达47.3%,纯度达99%以上。     

赤藓糖醇的生物学功能及临床应用研究进展

赤藓糖醇作为一种甜味剂,目前广泛应用于食品添加行业。它不仅天然存在于水果和蔬菜中,近期研究揭示其也是一种内源性代谢物。赤藓糖醇在调节糖脂代谢、氧化应激和胃肠道功能等方面发挥着重要的作用。同时,赤藓糖醇还可以作为一种新型疾病生物标志物,预测肥胖、糖尿病、癌症等多种疾病的发生风险。该文系统梳理了赤藓糖醇的相关研究,在介绍其基本特征和代谢途径的基础上,综述其生物学功能和临床应用前景,以期为赤藓糖醇在不同健康或疾病状态人群中的应用提供新思路。     

发酵产赤藓糖醇代谢调控研究进展

对赤藓糖醇的合成途径、关键酶及代谢调控方式等方面的研究进行综述。分析了利用代谢调控手段改变代谢途径的方法,并对未来赤藓糖醇合成途径调控机制在分子水平上的发展趋势进行展望。     

无机盐渗透压对假丝酵母SK25.001发酵生产赤藓糖醇的影响

以假丝酵母SK25.001为生产菌,通过研究其发酵产赤藓糖醇的碳源、氮源、碳氮比以及NaCl、KCl对其发酵产赤藓糖醇的影响,来探索无机盐(NaCl,KCl)渗透压对赤藓糖醇发酵的影响。结果发现,葡萄糖、酵母粉分别是其最佳碳源和氮源,最佳碳氮比为20∶1,转化率达到了14.2%;向发酵培养基中添加不同浓度的KCl或NaCl后发现,菌体生长速度随着KCl或NaCl浓度增大而降低,在KCl浓度为0.4 mol/L或NaCl浓度为0.3 mol/L时赤藓糖醇产量达到最大,达到了18.4 g/L和17.4 g/L;将NaCl和KCl的浓度用渗透压表示发现赤藓糖醇的转化率随着渗透压的增大而升高,高渗透压抑制菌体的生长。     

耐高渗酵母产赤藓糖醇的影响因素

球拟酵母OS-194是一株单产赤藓糖醇的耐高渗酵母,该菌株高产赤藓糖醇的最佳培养基配方为葡萄糖10g/dL,酵母膏0.5g/dL,尿素0.1g/dL.最适培养条件是在摇瓶转速150r/min的条件下于35℃培养4d.在上述培养条件下,该菌株赤藓糖醇的耗糖转化率高达29.6%.磷是限制OS-194菌株高产赤藓糖醇的主要因素,当培养液中的磷质量浓度低于31.5mg/L时,赤藓糖醇的产量最高;随着磷质量浓度的升高,该菌株赤藓糖醇的产量降低,而酒精的产量和生物量却有明显升高.同时,OS-194菌株还能利用果糖、蔗糖和D-甘露糖产赤藓糖醇.     

低热值甜味剂赤藓糖醇的研究现状及应用

赤藓糖醇是一种多元醇类甜味剂，口味类似于蔗糖，具有热量低、稳定性高、甜味协调、吸湿性低、无致龋齿性、不发酵及不会引起肠胃不适等。该文简述了赤藓糖醇的生理功能和代谢特征、生产工艺、研究现状以及在食品工业中的应用。     

Generation of an antibody specific to erythritol, a non-immunogenic food additive

Erythritol, a simple sugar alcohol, is widely used as a food and drug additive owing to its chemical inertness, sweetness and non-toxicity. Adverse reactions to erythritol are rare and only three cases of allergic reactions to foods containing erythritol have been reported. Being inert, erythritol cannot produce an immunological response. In order to explain the mechanism of immunogenicity of erythritol, a method to obtain erythritol epitopes on a carrier protein, which can serve as an immunogen to develop antibodies against erythritol, is described. D-Erythrose was conjugated to bovine serum albumin at pH 8 by reductive amination. The reduction product of the Schiff base of D-erythrose-bovine serum albumin conjugate creates erythritoyl groups. Rabbits immunized with erythritol-bovine serum albumin conjugate (29 haptens/molecule) showed good antibody response (detection of 1 µg antigen, erythritol-keyhole limpet haemocyanin conjugate possessing 50% modified amino groups, at 1 : 50 000 dilution). Anti-erythritol immunoglobulin-G antibodies were purified from the immune serum using hapten-affinity chromatography on an erythritol-keyhole limpet haemocyanin-Sepharose CL-6B affinity matrix. The yield of erythritol-specific antibody was approximately 40 µg ml^-1 of rabbit antiserum. Enzyme-linked immunobsorbant assay inhibition studies using sugars, sugar alcohols and L-lysine showed minimal cross-reactivity (approximately 4%) when compared with erythritol; only dithioerythritol showed a cross-reactivity of approximately 33%. D-Threitol and L-threitol (isomers of erythritol) had cross-reactivities of 15 and 11%, respectively. The inhibition studies confirmed the haptenic nature of erythritol and indicated that the erythritoyl group is a single epitope. The reaction scheme outlined here for the generation of erythritol epitopes appears to provide a basis for the immunogenicity of erythritol.     

赤藓糖醇对豌豆分离蛋白结构和功能特性的影响

为研究赤藓糖醇对豌豆分离蛋白结构和功能特性的影响,利用8-苯胺基-1-萘磺酸钠荧光探针法、紫外和荧光光谱法,研究赤藓糖醇对豌豆分离蛋白溶解性、持水性、起泡性、乳化性及表面疏水性等的影响。结果表明:随赤藓糖醇质量分数的增加,豌豆分离蛋白的溶解性基本呈先增加后下降趋势,且均在pH4.0处最低。持水性逐渐增加,且均在pH5.0处最低。起泡性和乳化性均先增加后趋于平稳。当赤藓糖醇质量分数在0~10%范围内,表面疏水性逐渐增加,随后趋于稳定。随赤藓糖醇质量分数增加,色氨酸残基暴露在蛋白质分子表面,荧光强度先增加后趋于稳定,且与表面疏水性变化趋势相同。该研究表明,适度赤藓糖醇处理可改善豌豆分离蛋白的结构和功能特性。     

Key role for transketolase activity in erythritol production by Trichosporonoides megachiliensis SN-G42

Erythritol is an important sugar alcohol industrially produced only by fermentation. The highly osmophilic yeast-like fungi, Trichosporonoides megachiliensis SN-G42, enables commercial production of erythritol with a high conversion from glucose to erythritol of more than 47%. However, the microbial production pathway of erythritol remains unclear. In the present study, the activities of enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway of Trichosporonoides megachiliensis SN-G42 used for industrial erythritol production were measured under various culture conditions to examine the production mechanism and the key-enzymes.As a result, the various enzyme activities of this organism are revealed in the pentose phosphate pathway, i.e., those of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, gluconate dehydrogenase, transketolase, transaldolase, and erythrose reductase. In the cultures in which erythritol was produced after completion of cell growth, the enzyme activities of the pentose phosphate pathway were higher than those of the TCA cycle. In particular, transketolase activity was correlated with erythritol productivity under various production cultures with different agitation speeds and thiamine concentrations.These results suggest that erythritol may be produced mainly through the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, the high activity of transketolase is required to produce abundant intermediates, which results in high erythritol productivity. As such, transketolase appears to be a key-enzyme for erythritol production in the organism studied.     

Identification of enzyme responsible for erythritol utilization and reaction product in yeast Lipomyces starkeyi

We have identified the enzyme responsible for erythritol utilization and its reaction product in the yeast Lipomyces starkeyi CBS 1807. The enzyme, a polyol dehydrogenase requiring NAD+ as a coenzyme, was induced by erythritol in this yeast. We confirmed that the enzyme product was L-erythrulose by MS, NMR, and polarimeter analyses, meaning that we clarified the first step of erythritol utilization in yeasts for the first time. In the case of the oxidative reaction, D-threitol, (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol, and erythritol were much better substrates than 21 other polyols tested. These three substrates are tetroses and have an R configuration at C-3, and whose third carbon results in easiest oxidation in this enzyme. The research of the substrate specificity in the reductive reaction demonstrated that L-erythrulose and dihydroxyacetone were better substrates, that D-acetoin was inactive and L-erythrose (aldose) was slightly active.     

Effect of using Erythritol as a Sucrose Replacer in Making Spanish Muffins Incorporating Xanthan Gum

Spanish muffins are sweet, high-calorie baked products which are highly appreciated for their good taste and soft texture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of erythritol and of its combination with xanthan gum and double quantities of leavening agent for replacing sucrose in Spanish muffins and to understand their functionality in a muffin system. The linear viscoelastic properties of the batter during heating, its specific gravity and bubbles, muffin weight loss during baking and muffin bubbles, height, volume, and instrumental texture were studied. Both erythritol and sucrose increase in the temperature at which the viscoelastic functions increased with temperature. In comparison with the reduced sucrose muffins, the use of erythritol increased the number of air bubbles in the batter. The height of the muffins also increased in the presence of erythritol when compared to the corresponding reduced sucrose muffins, although the volume did not. Erythritol was not effective in diminishing the increased hardness associated with sucrose reduction, but the combination of erythritol with xanthan gum and a double quantity of leavening agent significantly improved the muffin volume (from 94 cm³ for 100% erythritol formulation to 108 cm³ for 100% erythritol–xanthan double-leavening agent formulation) and significantly decreased the hardness (from 75 N for 100% erythritol formulation to 25 N for 100% erythritol–xanthan double leavening agent formulation).     

Erythritol,a New Raw Material for Food and Non-food Applications

In response to an increasing demand from consumers for healthier and calorie controlled foods, Cerestar has developed a new food ingredient, erythritol. Erythritol can be produced from starch by a full biotechnological process, combining enzymatic and fermentative conversions. The use of an osmophilic yeast allows the fermentation step to be performed at high dry substance, giving an economic advantage. An extremely pure end product is then easily obtained by final crystallisation. Erythritol is structurally a polyol and shares the health properties of other polyols such as being toothfriendly and safe for diabetics. However, it offers in addition two very important nutritional advantages: a lower calorific value (0.3 Kcal/g) and a good tolerance. This is due to its low molecular weight, which allows erythritol to be rapidly absorbed from the small intestine, with subsequent excretion in the urine. Fermentation in the colon is therefore excluded and any resulting gastro-intestinal discomfort avoided. The combination of these properties makes erythritol a unique low calorie bulk sweetener. From a functionality point of view, erythritol is a moderately sweet bulking agent with a cooling taste: workability is similar to other polyols. It has a taste profile close to that of sucrose and may therefore improve the taste quality of a blend with intense sweeteners. Its low solubility and ease of crystallisation, make erythritol very suitable for applications which require a crystalline sweetener, such as chocolate. Other potential application areas are bakery, table-top and confectionery. Presently erythritol is under evaluation to establish beyond any doubt its safety and to obtain food approval as a new, low calorie, bulk sweetener. Potential non-food applications of erythritol are in polymers, fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates.