分供方测量的控制与管理

国际标准的推广实施,使企业计量工作的运作观念发生重大的变化,同时也给计量工作如何实效服务生产经营提出新的课题。本文结合质量体系认证、计量检测体系合格确认工作中的实践,分析、探讨了企业建立完善计量检测体系过程中,对分共方测量工作进行控制、管理的有关方法、难点。     

Traceability of measurement results at different levels of metrological work

Features are considered of measurement result traceability at different levels of metrological work, that are based on existing international guides, standards and recommendations for metrology.     

光辐射量值传递系统的建立与新发展

光辐射计量以其独有的特性被广泛的应用于各行各业，从近期的国际比对来看，光辐射参数的计量测试占有相当重要的地位，参数涉及越来越多。从最初的坎德拉到应用广泛的温度、功率及辐射照度等，体现了光辐射计量技术快速发展的同时，也体现了光辐射技术在各个领域的广泛应用。本文主要介绍以探测器为基础的新型的光辐射量传系统，该系统主要以低温辐射计为基准，以各种标准探测器、辐射计等为传递标准对辐射的各个专业进行量值传递，并简要说明了现阶段光辐射计量面临的新问题及其新的发展方向。     

Metrological traceability chain for pH measurement results

The extent to which technical barriers to international trade caused by non-acceptance of chemical measurement results can be removed, largely depends on the success in building up national and international traceability structures also in metrology in chemistry. Achieving metrological comparability of measurement results requires the definition of metrological calibration hierarchies providing metrological traceability chains which enable the establishment of metrological traceability of measured quantity values to a common metrological reference [1]. For pH, over the last decade, work has been carried out in a number of countries to build up meteorological calibration hierarchies within a national framework. An overview on the metrological traceability chain for pH is given with focus on the primary measurement procedure of pH.     

对计量内涵及其发展重点的思考

针对当前计量工作存在滞后于产业发展、与产业需求脱节的问题,从计量的基本理论、历史沿革和应用实践出发,通过分析计量的内涵、计量与测量的关系,并结合现阶段计量体系架构和实际工作开展情况,探讨计量工作在管理、技术和理念等方面存在的问题,聚焦测量需求、测量过程、测量标准、测量结果等测量体系组成要素,提出计量与产业融合发展的切入点,为当前质量强国、数字强国背景下充分发挥计量作用提供参考。     

Harmonizing the terminological subsystem “Standards for units of physical quantities”

Suggestions are considered on harmonizing the terms in the terminological subsystem “Standards for units of physical quantities.” Proposals are made on upgrading intergovernmental terminological documents. Definitions are given of terms proposed for use. Editor's note. Terminology is extremely important for metrology, so this paper is useful. However, it has become customary to use the term “means of measurement,” so it is hardly desirable to introduce a new definition for “means of measurement engineering.” As regards the suggestion on the direct introduction of the international dictionary of basic and general terms in metrology, the Publishing House for Standards in 1998 published this dictionary in Russian with equivalents for the terms in English, French, German, and Spanish (see Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 12, p. 62, 1998). Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 40–42, April, 1999.     

International Activity of VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva

On the basis of experience the institute demonstrates the possibility of effective use of international cooperation in solving many problems including improvement of the standard base, an increase in specialist qualifications, and introduction of scientific achievements. Particular attention is devoted to fulfilling obligations connected with participation in the Metric Agreement and Convention “Mutual recognition of national measurement standards and certificates for calibration and measurement issued by national metrology institutes.”__________Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 66–69, June, 2005.     

真空计量的新进展

真空计量学已发展成为计量学的一个新的独立分支，其研究内容已从传统的全压力测量与校准扩展到分压力测量与校准、气体微流量(漏率)测量与校准。本文描述了这三个方面的最新进展，从中可看出真空计量学的现状与发展趋势。     

The Ampere and Electrical Standards

This paper describes some of the major contributions to metrology and physics made by the NIST Electricity Division, which has existed since 1901. It was one of the six original divisions of the National Bureau of Standards. The Electricity Division provides dc and low-frequency calibrations for industrial, scientific, and research organizations, and conducts research on topics related to electrical metrology and fundamental constants. The early work of the Electricity Division staff included the development of precision standards, such as Rosa and Thomas standard resistors and the ac-dc thermal converter. Research contributions helped define the early international system of measurement units and bring about the transition to absolute units based on fundamental principles and physical and dimensional measurements. NIST research has helped to develop and refine electrical standards using the quantum Hall effect and the Josephson effect, which are both based on quantum physics. Four projects covering a number of voltage and impedance measurements are described in detail. Several other areas of current research at NIST are described, including the use of the Internet for international compatibility in metrology, determination of the fine-structure and Planck constants, and construction of the electronic kilogram.     

电磁计量学研究进展评述

2019年5月20日,国际单位制(SI)实现了7个基本单位均以基本物理常数为基准,计量体系迎来“计量单位量子化”和“量值传递扁平化”重大变革。电磁计量在计量学领域中占据极为重要的地位,开展电磁计量研究对保持我国量值传递先进性、促进计量学新发展具有重要意义。介绍了电磁计量的基本特性,综述了其在量子标准及芯片、能量天平、交流电量计量、交流阻抗及比率计量、高压计量、磁参量计量等方面的国内外发展现状,对电磁计量科学技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Will Future Measurement Needs of the Semiconductor Industry Be Met?

We discuss the ability of the nation’s measurement system to meet future metrology needs of the semiconductor industry. Lacking an acceptable metric for assessing the health of metrology for the semiconductor industry, we identify a limited set of unmet measurement needs. Assuming that this set of needs may serve as proxy for the galaxy of semiconductor measurement needs, we examine it from the perspective of what will be required to continue the semiconductor industry’s powerful impact in the world’s macro-economy and maintain its exceptional record of numerous technological innovations. This paper concludes with suggestions about ways to strengthen the measurement system for the semiconductor industry.     

Measurement techniques and results of an intercomparison for RFpower in a 3.5 mm coaxial line up to 26 GHz

The methods and results of an international comparison are presented for measurements of RF power in a 3.5 mm coaxial line at seven frequencies up to 26 GHz. Three national laboratories of metrology having different measurement techniques participated in the comparison. The agreement between the mean values of the calibration factor of the traveling standard reported by the participants is well within their reported uncertainties (k=2), which are between 0.5% and 3.1%     

准确的测量是工业、社会和科学进步的保证

回顾了计量学及国际计量组织的发展历史,讨论了现代科学、社会和工业中的计量学的作用与发展,并通过若干例子阐述了准确的计量是工业、社会和科学进步的保证.     

中国真空计量发展概述

回顾了近50多年来中国真空计量的发展历史.内容包括真空(全压力)测量与校准、分压力测量与校准、气体微流量测量与校准,从中可对中国真空计量的历史渊源和现状有一个完整的了解.     

量子精密测量参数估计优化研究进展

量子精密测量是利用量子叠加与纠缠、量子相互作用过程与量子测量等方式增强参数估计精度与灵敏度的技术,是在短中期内最具前景的量子技术之一。本文从量子精密测量的最优化研究方案出发,通过对大量的相关文献进行梳理归纳,分析出量子精密测量三大优化方案：量子态制备与测量最优方案、量子演化过程调控方案与经典后处理优化方案,并对三个基本优化方案进行总结分析。同时介绍了国内外量子精密测量技术的最新理论与实验进展。最后,总结了量子精密测量存在的问题与挑战,并对未来工作进行了展望。     

Role of National Pressure and Vacuum Metrology in Indian Industrial Growth and Their Global Metrological Equivalence

The pressure and vacuum metrology group of National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has a strong role in metrological research and development in India because of its importance to the nation’s economy as well as the constitutional obligation following NPL charter of developing and maintaining national standards of pressure and vacuum measurements. Although, the group is successfully fulfilling its national duties, providing national calibration and measurement services since last 35 years, admittedly still there is lack of awareness, misinformation, and penetration of Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) to the end users, grass root level industries, academician and Govt. laboratories. Occasionally, we are receiving feedbacks of such grey areas of awareness. Therefore, it was considered appropriate to compile the information of all these CMCs, expertise, training potential and available developed technologies in this article. The present paper also describes the summary of some of the results obtained in recent international key comparison exercises which have helped us to improve the quality in pressure metrology with a measure of technical efficiency.     

浅析计量技术在生产测量中的应用探索

为更好的解决计量与测量二者的统一与矛盾,通过释义计量与测量,解答计量的重要意义与价值,并基于计量技术的基本任务与特征,浅析计量技术在生产测量中的应用与服务作用,力图利用两者相辅相成的关系,不断推动工作的进步与发展。     

生物计量及其在检验检疫中的应用研究

随着现代生物技术的发展和国际贸易的加剧,以生物检测标准和基准比对等为基础的生物计量和相关技术成为提高国际贸易有效性和安全性的重要手段.文章综述了生物计量的国内外研究进展,同时阐述了生物计量的意义、定义、存在的问题和应用范围,提出了生物计量今后发展的方向.     

The European nanometrology landscape

This review paper summarizes the European nanometrology landscape from a technical perspective. Dimensional and chemical nanometrology are discussed first as they underpin many of the developments in other areas of nanometrology. Applications for the measurement of thin film parameters are followed by two of the most widely relevant families of functional properties: measurement of mechanical and electrical properties at the nanoscale. Nanostructured materials and surfaces, which are seen as key materials areas having specific metrology challenges, are covered next. The final section describes biological nanometrology, which is perhaps the most interdisciplinary applications area, and presents unique challenges. Within each area, a review is provided of current status, the capabilities and limitations of current techniques and instruments, and future directions being driven by emerging industrial measurement requirements. Issues of traceability, standardization, national and international programmes, regulation and skills development will be discussed in a future paper.