汽车底盘结构件焊缝设计方法探讨

针对国内企业在设计汽车底盘(后桥和副车架)焊缝时完全照搬国外技术,鉴此本文对某型号汽车后桥和副车架的焊缝设计方法进行了研究,以期建立具有自主知识产权的汽车底盘焊缝设计方法.通过建立其三维有限元模型,对其焊接温度场和残余应力场进行模拟计算,提出将焊接残余应力和工作载荷进行合成计算,基于悬架臂和衬套管进行拉伸破坏试验以及焊接残余应力和拉伸载荷的合成计算结果,确定采用安全系数N=σbw/σmax对焊缝承载性能进行评价,最后选择了改变焊缝数量、长度以及布道位置的方法对焊缝进行优化设计.结果表明,实际焊缝失效位置与计算结果相一致,经过优化后的焊缝的承载评价结果是安全的.最终将本文所建立的汽车底盘焊缝设计方法成功应用于308和318两种型号的后桥.     

锥柱耐压壳典型焊接接头残余应力的数值模拟

基于热-弹塑性相关理论,采用ANSYS的APDL语言编制焊接残余应力数值模拟程序,采用生死单元技术及间接耦合法模拟了典型焊接接头只焊一条焊缝、两条焊缝同时焊和两条焊缝分开焊三种模拟方法的轴向焊接残余应力σx。结果表明:采用不同模拟方法,典型焊接接头的变化规律一致,均在焊缝附近达到最大值;但采用不同方法得到的σx应力水平不同,两条焊缝的残余应力会相互影响,在进行相关研究时这种影响需要考虑在内。两条焊缝分开焊与同时焊相比,分开焊可以在一定程度上减小焊缝中心附近区域的轴向焊接残余应力,且在焊缝的凸面这种减小作用更加明显。     

TiAl金属间化合物电子束焊接头应力场分布特征

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对TiAl金属间化合物平板电子束焊接接头的焊接应力进行了三维数值模拟,并分析了应力分布状态与裂纹特征之间的关系.结果表明,沿焊缝方向σx为残余拉应力,在焊道中部维持在较高水平,最高拉应力为390MPa.焊道中部横截面σx方向为残余拉应力,在热影响区附近达到最大值415 MPa,σy方向也为残余拉应力,且在距焊缝中心1.9 mm处达到最高值160 MPa左右.在不同焊接热输入条件下接头最高抗拉强度为304.7 MPa,断裂发生在接头热影响区附近,即残余应力最大的区域.     

钛合金(TC4)电子束焊接模拟

通过工艺试验,获得了9 mm厚TC4电子束焊接最佳工艺参数;利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型.结果表明,模拟焊缝形貌和表面残余应力结果与实测结果具有非常高的一致性,说明了穿透性强的圆锥热源和辐射性强的双椭球热源组成的复合热源能够有效地反应出电子束焊接特点,证明了有限元模型的正确性;进而对模拟结果进一步分析,得到焊缝周围存在较高残余应力,尤其是在焊件内部存在危险的三维拉伸应力状态.     

超声滚压加工对X80管线钢焊接残余应力的影响

建立超声表面滚压加工（ultrasonic surface rolling process,USRP）的三维有限元模型,开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序,利用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了X80管线钢焊缝不同方向的焊接残余应力,在此基础上叠加USRP的超声振动与静载荷的综合作用,模拟了表面塑形变形、应力和应变,耦合后分析了USRP前后残余应力的变化规律.结果表明,经过USRP处理,X80管线钢表面焊缝区由三向残余拉应力变为三向残余压应力,随着USRP次数的增加,残余压应力数值不断增大,残余应力σ_x,σ_y,σ_z变化规律基本相同.     

基于ADINA软件的焊接结构应力场与温度场研究

应用有限元分析软件ADINA，对摩托车车架前叉与主梁加强板中心处短焊缝建模，模拟该处温度场和应力场的动态变化过程。对温度场及残余应力的分析表明，经短暂的焊接热循环作用，以短焊缝为中心，在前叉管的轴向和周向均存在应力；摩托车正常使用时，车架前叉与主梁加强板中心处有一定的冲压力存在，短焊缝的存在使得车架上的应力较为集中，易造成车架短焊缝处断裂，引发事故。所以车架前叉与主梁加强板中心处应该不要焊上。ADINA软件在焊接上的应用为预测焊接结构的残余应力以及分析焊接事故原因提供了一种方法。     

核电反应堆压力容器顶盖J型接头内壁残余应力

模拟核电厂反应堆压力容器顶盖上三个不同倾角位置的CRDM贯穿件J型接头,采用盲孔法测量模拟件的贯穿件内壁焊接残余应力。试验结果表明,贯穿件内壁环向残余应力高于轴向残余应力。在试件6点钟和0点钟位置,随着倾角的增加,焊缝中心残余应力平均水平增大;在试件3点钟位置,随着倾角的增加,焊缝中心残余应力减小。     

焊接词典

<正> ①温差拉伸消除应力:在焊缝两侧加热到150～200℃,然后用水冷却,使焊缝区域受到拉伸塑性变形,从而消除沿焊缝轴向残余应力的方法。②机械拉伸消除应力:焊件在外加负载作用下,造成机械拉伸,使工件所受的负载应力和残余应力叠加引起塑性变形,从而达到卸载后降低残余应力的一种处理方法。③韦尔斯宽板拉伸试验:测定焊接接头抗开裂性能的一种方法。这种方法可以在实验室内重现焊接结构的低应力断裂现象,同时又能在板宽,焊接残余应力、焊接热循环造成的影响等方面模拟实际焊接结构。     

大型核电结构焊接残余应力高效数值计算

提出采用模拟件-产品件有限元数值计算方法进行大型结构多道焊接残余应力的高效三维数值计算。首先进行模型件制造和试验测试,获得温度循环、残余应力等数据,然后针对模拟件残余应力进行数值计算,以试验数据标定模拟件模型和算法,并开展一系列的优化和高效计算,如焊道简化等,最后将优化算法和模型应用于产品件的数值计算上。实现了包含两非中心孔位置J型焊缝的压力容器顶盖产品件焊接残余应力高效计算,并研究了两J型焊缝间的应力叠加效应。结果表明:模拟件-产品件的研究方法可应用于核电大型焊接结构的残余应力高效数值分析,计算结果说明控制杆驱动结构管座焊缝之间的应力叠加效果不明显。     

网格尺寸对别克轿车副车架总成焊接变形预测精度的影响

焊接时焊缝及其附近因热膨胀受到周围温度较低金属的拘束，产生大量的压缩塑性应变（简称残余塑变），残余塑变的大小和分布决定了最终的残余应力和变形。副车架的焊接变形对汽车底盘的制造精度和质量有重要的影响。本文用残余塑变法对别克轿车副车架焊接总成时，连接前梁、后梁、左梁和右梁的21条焊缝焊接以后的变形规律进行了有限元建模与分析。计算采用了两种大小的有限元网格尺寸，结果表明，对副车架焊接变形分析，焊缝附近大小为15mm的网格尺寸是合理的。所得焊接变形的有关数据可供焊接工艺设计时的预留变形量、工艺参数以及夹具设计等参考，从而保证底盘件的焊接精度和质量。     

随焊冲击碾压整形对低匹配等承载接头硬度与残余应力的影响

随焊冲击碾压整形(weld shaping with trailing impact rolling,WSTIR)是一种能够降低应力变形、提高承载能力的随焊整形新方法.分别对原始焊态的低匹配等承载接头与随焊冲击碾压整形的低匹配等承载接头进行了硬度试验和残余应力试验.结果表明,随焊整形等承载接头焊缝表面、焊趾处表面的硬度显著高于原始焊态等承载接头的硬度,说明随焊冲击碾压整形对接头承载的关键区域有加工硬化的效果;随焊整形低匹配等承载接头各点的纵向和横向残余应力明显低于原始焊态等承载接头相应位置的纵向和横向残余应力,甚至在随焊整形接头的焊缝中心以及焊趾附近纵向均出现了残余压应力,残余压应力的引入必然能显著地提高低匹配接头承载能力.     

随焊冲击碾压整形新方法及等承载接头拉伸与疲劳性能

提出了随焊冲击碾压整形方法（weld shaping with trailing impact rolling,,WSTIR）,并研制了一套随焊冲击碾压整形装置．对随焊整形后低匹配等承载接头（equal load-carrying capacity,ELCC）进行了拉伸试验和疲劳试验．结果表明,随焊整形后接头拉伸均断裂在近焊趾的母材处,断裂应力均达到母材的抗拉强度;随焊整形后接头的疲劳寿命明显大于原始焊态接头,由于随焊整形接头焊趾处圆弧过渡降低了应力集中,进而提高了随焊整形接头的疲劳承载能力．拉伸与疲劳试验说明随焊冲击碾压整形后的平余高低匹配接头达到了等承载的要求．这种随焊整形方法将有力地推动低匹配等承载接头设计方法在工程实际的应用．     

随焊冲击碾压减小应力变形防止热裂纹应变场分析

随焊冲击碾压法(weld with Trailing Impact Rolling，WTIR)是一种降低应力、减小变形防止热裂纹的新方法。文中分析了在前后冲击碾压轮作用下，焊缝金属塑性流动和应变场的变化规律，揭示了这种方法的机理。前轮周面内凹，迫使焊缝金属由焊趾处向焊缝中心流动，对处于脆性温度区间的焊缝金属施加一个横向挤压塑性应变，减小甚至抵消致裂的拉伸应变，防止了焊接热裂纹的产生。后轮缘稍向外凸，将焊缝金属冷却产生的压缩塑性变形充分碾开，减小了工件的应力和变形。试验结果表明，随焊冲击碾压能有效地防止焊接热裂纹的产生，将试件的纵向挠曲变形与横向收缩变形量控制到常规焊接状态的1／10和1／5左右，同时能将薄壁构件焊接残余应力控制到非常低的水平，甚至由拉应力状态转变为压应力状态，验证了应变场分析的正确性。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程热力演变的三维数值模拟

对搅拌摩擦焊过程中搅拌头速度变化进行分析,建立了考虑搅拌摩擦焊过程中焊缝产热的热源模型.对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场和应力场进行了三维有限元模拟,表明焊缝两侧温度和应力分布的不对称现象不明显,主要由于焊接速度远小于搅拌头转速所致,但随着焊接速度加快,这种不对称现象逐渐加强.焊接过程中焊缝中心温度低于搅拌头边缘温度,焊接前方和两侧均为压应力,后方为拉应力;焊接结束后与搅拌头接触区的横向和纵向残余应力为较大拉应力,远离焊缝残余应力较小;沿厚度方向上,横向和纵向残余应力均逐渐降低.有限元计算结果与短波长X射线应力测试结果进行对比,结果表明,二者趋势基本吻合.     

2195-F态铝锂合金TIG焊和FSW焊后残余应力分析

采用盲孔法和压痕法,分别对2195-F态铝锂合金手工TIG焊和FSW焊后残余应力进行测量. 结果表明,盲孔法的测量值普遍高于压痕法. 两种焊接方法,近焊缝区的纵向应力均高于横向应力;横向应力整体表现为压应力或小于50 MPa的拉应力;纵向应力在热影响区附近表现为大于焊缝的拉应力. 焊缝区附近,手工TIG焊纵向残余应力大于FSW,且纵向残余应力表现为较大的拉应力,最大值接近于接头的屈服强度;焊缝区外,手工TIG焊和FSW残余应力值相差不大,其横向残余应力基本表现为很小的拉应力或者压应力.     

Effects of a double sided heating method and its controlling parameters: Development of a residual stress control method for butt-welded pipe joints (1st Report)

Abstract

This paper describes a new stress improvement method to reduce tensile residual stress on the inner and outer surfaces near butt-welded pipe joints. Its procedure is as follows. An annular region on both sides of the weld line is heated from the outside at the same time to generate a temperature differential between the weld line and region being heated. The region being heated and the welded joint are not actively cooled after completion of heating. That is to say, the proposed method involves the whole circumference on both sides of the weld line simply being left to cool after heating and includes no water cooling or movement of heating position as required by the low-temperature stress relaxation method. A tensile strain is generated on the inner surface near the welded joint to produce plastic deformation by tensile stress when the annular region is heated. The tensile stress after cooling is reduced by this plastic deformation. The two sided heating method can therefore be expected to exert a satisfactory and stable residual stress control effect.

The authors show the mechanism and effect of the proposed method by an FEM analysis. The effects of the controlling parameters of the method – such as e.g. the heating width, heating position, and heating conditions (intensity and time) – on the residual stress are studied. The proposed method is applied in practice to 4BSch40 (OD = 114.3 mm, t = 6.0 mm), 4BSch160 (OD = 114.3 mm, t = 13.5 mm), and 20B (OD = 508.0 mm, t = 8.0 mm) stainless steel pipe welded joints, and the changes in the residual stress are measured. The measured welding residual stress on the inner surface near the GTA (TIG) welded joints is more than + 200 MPa. The residual stress on the inner surface near the welded joints decreases, changing to compression in all joints after treatment by this method.     

Effects of welding parameters on weld shape and residual stresses in electron beam welded Ti2AlNb alloy joints

In order to estimate the residual stresses in Ti₂AlNb alloy jointed by electron beam welding (EBW), a computational approach based on finite element method was developed. Meanwhile, experiments were carried out to verify the numerical results. The comparison between the simulation results and measurements suggests that the developed computational approach has sufficient accuracy to predict the welding residual stress distributions. The results show that the central area of the fusion zone suffers tensile stresses in three directions. When the other parameters remain unchanged, the focus current has great impact on the weld shape and size, and then affects the residual stress level significantly. Moreover, the thick plate full-penetrated EBW weld suffers near 1000 MPa tensile stress of Z-direction in the center of the fusion zone. The wider weld has lower tensile stress in Z-direction, resulting in lower risk for cracking.     

Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials

ABSTRACT

To understand the cause of compressive residual stress in welded joints, we analysed by numerical analysis the effect of welding pass sequence using low transformation temperature (LTT) welding materials on residual stress around the weld toe of boxing fillet welded joints. It was determined by numerical analysis that the produced compressive residual stress and the influence of the stiffeners are reduced in the equivalent position of the weld toe in a fillet welded joint because of the influence on the behaviour of the stiffener in the weld being due to residual stress distribution around the weld toe. The residual stress reduction method of extending the length of the welded bead and releasing the weld toe from the stiffener, similar to the concept of discarding a bead to reduce tensile residual stress, was effective in fillet welded joints. Numerical analysis of the relationship between residual stress around the weld toe and width of the weld bead in the bead-on-plate welding model clarified that compressive residual stress can be introduced around the weld toe by having a wide width weld bead. In addition, a fully penetrated welded joint was very effective for causing compressive residual stress around the weld toe.     

Quantifying residual stresses in resistance spot welding of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheets via neutron diffraction measurements

Residual strains of resistance spot welded joints of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheets were measured in three different directions denoted as in-plane longitudinal (σ₁₁), in-plane transversal (σ₂₂), and normal (σ₃₃). The welding process parameters were established to meet or exceed MIL-W-6858D specifications (i.e., approximately 5.7 mm weld nugget and minimum shearing force of 3.8 kN per weld confirmed via quasi-static tensile testing). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and optical microscopy (OM) were performed to determine grain size and orientation. The residual stress measurements were taken at a series of points along the weld centerline at depths corresponding to the weld mid-plane and at both 1 mm below the top surface of the plate and 1 mm above bottom surface. The residual stresses were captured on the fusion zone (FZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) of the resistance spot welded joint. Neutron diffraction results show residual stresses in the weld are approximately 40% lower than yield strength of the parent material. The maximum variation in residual stresses occurs, as expected, in the vertical position of the specimen because of the orientation of electrode clamping forces that produce a non-uniform solidification pattern. Despite the high anisotropy of the welding nugget and surrounding area, a significant result is that σ₃₃ measured stress values are negligible in both the horizontal and vertical directions of the specimen. Consequently, microstructure–property relationships characterized here can indeed inform continuum material models for application in multiscale models.