The prediction of maximum forging load and effective stress for different material of bevel gear forging

The manufacture of gears by applying hot or cold bulk forming processes is a quite widespread production method due to its well-known basic advantages such as material and time cost reduction and the increased strength of the teeth. However, the associated process planning and tool design are more complicated. In the precision forging of gears, the workpiece volume, the die design, the power requirement and careful processing are more critical than traditional forging technology. For complete filling up, predicting the power requirement is an important feature of the near net-shape forging process. In this paper, a finite element analysis is utilized to investigate the material properties such as yielding stress, strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent effects on forming load and maximum effective stress. The adductive network was then applied to synthesize the data set obtained from the numerical simulation. The predicted results of the maximum forging load and maximum equivalent stress of bevel gear forging from the prediction model are consistent with the results obtained from FEM simulation quite well. After employing the prediction model one can provide valuable references in prediction of the maximum forging load and maximum equivalent stress of bevel gear forging under a suitable range of material parameters.     

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF STRAIGHT BEVEL GEAR FOR PRECISION FORGING DIE BY DIRECT MILLING

In the manufacture of straight bevel gears, a precision forging method has been mainly used in recent years and the precision forging die has been usually manufactured using electric discharge machining. However, it is difficult to content the high productivity and low manufacturing cost using electric discharge machining because the gears are produced through a process of several steps. In this article, a design and manufacture of a straight bevel gear for a precision forging die by direct milling is developed in order to improve the productivity and manufacturing cost for the gear production. The tooth profile of a straight bevel gear generated by a quasi-complementary crown gear instead of a usual complementary crown gear is introduced. For this study, first the numerical coordinates on the tooth surface of the straight bevel gear were calculated and the tooth profiles were modeled using a 3D-CAD system. Afterward, the direct milling of the precision forging die of the straight bevel gear in the hardened state was carried out using a CNC milling machine based on a CAM process through the calculated numerical coordinates.     

半轴锥齿轮冷摆辗精密成形技术研究

通过对汽车半轴锥齿轮冷摆辗精密成形技术进行研究,重点剖析了半轴锥齿轮毛坯的锻造工艺、冷摆辗成形工艺参数的选择、模具结构设计、金属切削加工和表面最终热处理等一系列关键技术,结果表明,采用冷摆辗精密成形技术的半轴锥齿轮具有精度高、强度高、啮合性能好,齿轮模具寿命长,材料利用率高,生产成本低等优良性能.     

双联齿轮精锻成形工艺及数值模拟分析

针对双联齿轮的结构特点,提出了两种双联齿轮成形工艺,设计了坯料的合理形状,建立了三维有限元分析模型。通过工艺分析和不同工艺条件下的材料流动过程三维有限元动态仿真,研究了变形全过程的材料塑性变形行为、流动规律、几何尺寸变化以及成形件几何质量和缺陷等。对比有限元模拟结果发现:闭式模锻工艺齿形填充较差,产生折叠缺陷或充不满现象;挤压成形工艺齿形填充良好,是双联齿轮精锻成形的优选方案。研究结果为双联齿轮成形工艺实用化研究提供了理论指导或技术支持。     

基于预成形设计和分流技术的锻造螺旋锥齿轮工艺改进和试验

齿形充满不充分和成形载荷过大是螺旋锥齿轮锻造近净成形的主要问题。利用弹塑性有限元法模拟螺旋锥齿轮从动轮一火两锻的半闭式锻造过程,提出通过优化预成形件面锥形状以改善轮齿端角隅部位填充不满的现象,运用正交试验优化设计方法,确定预锻件高度、圆弧弦高、圆弧弦角以及圆弧高点离轮齿小端的距离4个工艺因素对轮齿充满程度和成形载荷的影响规律,选出最佳工艺因素组合。在此基础上提出在轮齿小端设计分流腔的模具结构,以进一步改善齿轮小端角隅充满不理想的现象,对比分析两种工艺方案的成形载荷的峰值,分流锻造成形载荷减小了22.45%。在25MN电动螺旋压力机上进行锻造试验。通过数值模拟和试验结果的对比分析,验证了新工艺方案的有效性。      

A rule-based approach to predict forging volume for cost estimation during product design

The cost of manufacturing a part is an important consideration as it is being designed. However, early in the design process, not all of the design details of a part are decided, so the cost must be estimated from a limited amount of data. Raw material typically represents a significant portion of the part’s final cost, especially when parts are formed by forging, which requires a significant amount of additional material to be added to the final part. Therefore, an accurate estimate of the volume of the forging die is needed from limited information about the part geometry. This paper describes a rule-based system to quickly estimate the geometry (and thus, the volume) of the forging die that will be needed for an axisymmetric part based on its geometry. Tests of the methodology on aircraft engine components demonstrate that the methodology produces accurate estimates of the billet weight.     

直齿圆锥齿轮冷闭塞锻造数值模拟分析

轿车上的直齿圆锥齿轮尺寸精度与产品质量要求很高，难以采用常规的塑性加工技术成形。冷闭塞锻造技术是近年发展起来的精密成形技术。以捷达轿车差速器行星齿轮为例，对冷闭塞锻造成形过程进行了数值模拟，分析了成形过程中的金属流动充填规律以及力学量场分布情况，对数值模拟中的一些关键技术问题进行处理，并进行冷闭塞锻造工艺实验研究。结果表明数值模拟分析准确，冷闭塞锻造工艺与模具设计合理，液压模架工作稳定可靠。     

精锻弧齿锥齿轮模具齿形的切削加工探究

阐述了采用刀倾法成形切削加工精锻弧齿锥齿轮模具齿形的方法和由齿轮参数反算模具齿形参数的原理。分析了锻造大轮的造型误差 ,提出了保证锻造大轮和小轮正常啮合的方法 ,并给出有关的计算公式。     

弧齿锥齿轮精锻成形模具磨损特性分析

采用刚塑性有限元法对弧齿锥齿轮精锻成形过程中模具表面磨损进行模拟分析,研究了摩擦因数、坯料温度、模具硬度、锻压速度等对模具磨损的影响.分析结果表明,随着摩擦因数的增大,磨损量增大;随着锻压速度、坯料初始温度及硬度的增大,磨损量减小,并且硬度是影响模具表面磨损量最重要的因素.模拟结果可为弧齿锥齿轮精锻成形工艺方案制定及模...     

Preform and forging process designs based on geometrical features using 2D and 3D FEM simulations

The requirements of compact and integrated industrial products make it more difficult to produce these complicated parts. The aim of this paper attempts to propose methods of finish forging die and preform designs to produce a product consisting of a solid spur gear and cylindrical cup features. One- and two-step forming processes were proposed and evaluated using computer-aided engineering simulations. For one-step extrusion or upsetting processes, diameters and heights of billet were calculated using the product volume and the corresponding cup or gear features, respectively. For two-step forming process, Tee-shaped preform designs were proposed based on the product volume and the feature volume ratio of cup to gear; corner and fillet arcs were adopted to modify the profile of Tee and control the material flow in the finisher die. The forming processes of preform and finisher were analyzed using the two- and three-dimensional finite-element method models to predict the detail characteristics of sectional material flow and the completely three-dimensional deformation results, respectively. Experimental tests were also carried out to validate the proposed simulation models and design methods. The forming loads, the stress and strain distributions of forged part, and the occurrences of defects were studied and a suitable preform and corresponding die designs were obtained. The proposed preform designs were verified via the numerical analyses for the feasibility study. Finally, a sound gear product had been made successfully using the proposed suitable design of preform.     

双联齿轮的精密闭式模锻工艺

介绍了双联齿轮精密闭式模锻工艺。精密闭式模锻与普通闭式模锻相比,可节约原材料、降低能耗、提高锻件精度和质量、减少机加工工时、提高劳动生产率。     

利用压印法制造直齿锥齿轮精锻模

简要叙述了用压印法制造直齿锥齿轮精锻模的问题对于母模齿轮的设计，从理论和实际两方面进行了分析和讨论．     

螺旋锥齿轮新型组合电极的研制

研制了螺旋锥齿轮新型组合电极,提出了设计方法.新型组合电极可多次翻新使用,使电极材料消耗和齿模加工成本显著降低.     

螺旋锥齿轮精密模锻近净成形技术及制造工艺

采用先进近净成形技术的设计理念,探讨了螺旋锥齿轮齿面新的成形技术及其闭式、闭塞式精密热锻模具设计方法,并对汽车驱动桥螺旋锥齿轮采用精密模锻近净成形后的机械加工提出了一套新的工艺规程和加工方法.实践证明:该技术不仅可以提高锥齿轮的加工效率和材料利用率,而且还能提高锥齿轮的传动性能.     

基于Deform的刮板锻造工艺及模具设计研究

刮板由于其较复杂的结构,在模锻过程中常存在折叠、局部填充不足、欠压及裂纹等缺陷.实践表明,锻造过程中坯料与模具温度的控制不当、坯料与毛边槽设计不够不合理,导致金属流动困难是造成缺陷的主要原因.借助有限元仿真软件Deform,通过对刮板模锻成型的模拟分析,可以提供金属材料流动、模具填充、毛坯与模具温度变换等工艺分析数据.研究表明,Deform软件的应用,可有效地避免锻造缺陷的发生、提高材料利用率、减少试锻次数,对此类锻件的生产有很强的参考价值.     

齿轮冷精锻工艺预锻模具齿形优化设计

在直齿圆柱齿轮两步成形冷精锻工艺中 ,预锻模具齿形设计对改善材料填充性能 ,降低成形载荷具有重要意义。本文采用正交试验法与数值模拟技术相结合的方法 ,来解决预锻模具型腔优化设计问题。选取了描述预锻模具几何形状的 3个参数作为影响因素 ,以预锻终锻总载荷值为指标 ,通过有限元模拟分析来获得虚拟试验结果 ,最终确定预锻模具型腔几何形状参数的最佳值 ,为提高齿轮精锻成形质量提供有效依据。     

汽车差速器锥齿轮的温锻制坯/冷摆辗成形加工技术研究

为提高差速器锥齿轮的齿部强度和静啮合特性,达到少无切削加工及大批量生产的目的,采用温锻制坯、锻件余热退火与冷摆辗成形相结合的精密成形工艺生产差速器锥齿轮精锻件;对变形程度的分配、成形工艺参数的选择、高精度冷摆辗模具的设计与加工等关键技术问题进行了分析。结果表明,采用该工艺生产的差速器锥齿轮精锻件,较好地解决了差速器锥齿轮制造过程中存在的齿轮精度差、齿部强度低、模具寿命低、设备投资大等问题,为提高差速器锥齿轮的国产化率、减轻差速器的重量进而减轻汽车的自重等奠定了技术基础。     

An integrated computer-aided decision support system for die stresses and dimensional accuracy of precision forging dies

Precision forging is a field in which decision support systems can be effectively and widely applied and depends on knowledge and rules derived from the past experience of forging die design engineers. Precise components are becoming quite important in attempts to reduce cost and improve reliability. There are thus many application areas in which the rules themselves become inherent to the parts or the processes. In forging die design, dimensional accuracy is one of the main goals. The load carrying capacity and life of any forged product is greatly affected by its dimensional accuracy. To predict the precise dimension of the part and determine the die dimension for precision forging, it is necessary to analyze the factors which affect dimensional accuracy. Dimensional evolution of die and product should be analyzed at each stage of forging. In this study, both radial and tangential stresses are encountered in the determination of die stresses since cylindrical workpieces were used. In order to sustain dimensional accuracy of the forging die, differences between the forging product and the die insert such as elastic die expansion and product contraction are presented.     

A study on precision forging of spur gear forms and spline by the upper bound method

Precision forging is an important manufacturing procedure of spline and spur gear forms. It has advantages of improved strength, good tolerance, saving billet material, dispensing with the cutting, etc. In this paper, a mathematical model using an upper bound method is proposed for forging of spur gear forms and spline to investigate the plastic deformation behavior of billet within the die cavity. The material of solid billet was assumed as rigid–plastic and the shape of the tooth profile was accounted for the mathematical modeling of the kinematically admissible velocity field assumed for the plastic zone. The non-uniform velocity was employed for simulating the inhomogeneous deformation and the effect of barreling during the forging. Using the present model, various effects of forming parameter such as the friction factor, reduction, number of teeth, etc. upon the non-dimensional forging pressure, forging force and barreling of the spur gear forms and spline were analyzed systematically and the results compared with those of other researcher's analytical and experimental work. It is shown that the present modeling of the process improves knowledge of the process design performance for the precision forging of spur gear form and spline.     

直齿锥齿轮齿廓修形

根据啮合刚度和噪声之间的关系,以修形减振降噪为目的,用旋转渐开线曲线对直齿锥齿轮进行齿廓修形.以减小齿轮传动误差和啮合刚度的波动大小为衡量标准,同时确保载荷变化呈平稳过渡.静态计算结果表明,直齿锥齿轮齿廓长修形具有较好的减振效果.直齿锥齿轮采用冷精锻进行齿廓修形,显著地降低了成本,这为齿轮传动系统的修形、减振、降噪和设计提供了一种新的研究方法.