电主轴滚动轴承轴向预紧技术综述

概述了角接触球轴承在电主轴中的应用现状,分析了电主轴预紧力与电主轴精度、转速、寿命等性能的相互影响关系;回顾了轴承定位预紧技术和定压预紧技术的原理及特点;分类评述了采用液压装置、形状记忆合金弹簧、双金属隔套、压电装置、电磁力装置、离心力装置等预紧方式的调压预紧技术和自动预紧技术的原理及效果;最后,对电主轴预紧技术的未来发展趋势进行了预测与展望。     

超高速时电主轴轴承的动态支承刚度分析

基于滚动轴承受力分析的拟静力学和拟动力学模型,利用数值计算方法对超高速时电主轴轴承的内部动力学状态进行计算机模拟仿真,在求解每一个球滚动体动力学基本参量的基础上,计算电主轴轴承对转子支承的动态刚度,并结合具体算例,分析转速、轴承预载荷、径向外载荷等工况条件,以及套圈滚道曲率半径、球滚动体的直径和数量等轴承的内部结构尺寸、球材料的物理性能等方面的因素对轴承动态支承刚度的影响。分析结果表明,外部工况条件以及轴承内部的结构尺寸、球材料的物理性能等方面的因素对超高速时电主轴轴承的动态支承刚度影响较大,超高速时电主轴轴承的动刚度较静态和低速情况有着显著的变化。     

高速主轴离心膨胀及对轴承动态特性的影响

以高速主轴系统为对象,将主轴转子和轴承内圈分别等效为等截面梁和空心圆盘,计算离心力作用下主轴转子和轴承内圈的径向弹性变形,并分析主轴转子与轴承连接状态随转速升高的变化趋势。考虑旋转部件的离心膨胀变形,建立高速主轴轴承动力学模型并进行试验验证。在此基础上,研究离心效应对主轴轴承径向预紧状态的影响,揭示高速主轴轴承动态特性随转速的变化规律。研究结果表明,离心力引起的径向膨胀变形使滚动体与轴承内、外圈之间的接触角减小,接触力增加。主轴轴承的轴向刚度和径向刚度均随转速的升高而降低。轴承内圈的离心膨胀变形对轴承轴向刚度的影响可以忽略不计,而能在一定程度上提高轴承的径向刚度。     

兼顾低速重载和高速轻载电主轴的可控预紧方法研究

为克服电主轴采用传统定压预紧方式低速时预紧力偏小和高速时预紧力偏大的弊端,提出了一种电主轴预紧力可控的预紧方式,对比研究了电主轴在这两种预紧方式下的动力学性能.结果表明,可控预紧电主轴能同时满足低速重切削和高速轻切削的加工要求.     

基于油气润滑的超高转速电主轴轴承润滑性能的试验研究

超高转速条件下主轴轴承内部的润滑特性,是制约电主轴所能够达到的最高转速和影响其动态稳定性的主要因素之一.在油气润滑条件下,利用超高转速电主轴结构,通过改变供油量、转速、轴向预载荷等状态参数,测试反映主轴轴承润滑性能的油膜电阻和轴承部位的温度,对轴承内部的润滑状态性能进行试验研究.结果表明,转速和供油量是影响轴承内部润滑油膜电阻和轴承温升的主要因素,对应于某一转速等特定工况,总存在一个最佳供油量,使轴承能够处于最佳润滑状态;在超高转速条件下,轴承内部会出现严重的"乏油"现象,易导致润滑性能变差、轴承工况条件恶化等.     

A speed-dependent variable preload system for high speed spindles

High speed machine tools are required to operate in a wide range of spindle rotational speeds with high stiffness and high accuracy. The stiffness of the spindle is largely dependent on the axial preload of the angular contact bearings. A large preload is required at lower range of speeds to provide sufficient stiffness for vibration-free heavy cutting. However, at higher speeds, it results in rapid temperature rise and reduces the life of the bearing. For optimum performance, it is essential that the bearing preload is reduced as the rotational speed increases. In this paper, an automatic variable preload system is proposed that changes the preload on the bearings as a function of rotational speed. This system is based on the use of centrifugal forces and requires little space inside the spindle. The performance of this mechanical system is determined using finite element modeling. A prototype of the system is fabricated and its performance is investigated using a specially devised test stand for direct measurement of the preload. The effectiveness of the proposed system in reducing the preload at higher speeds is demonstrated.     

基于旋滚比的电主轴轴承预紧力优化研究

为研究不同工况下轴承预紧力对电主轴轴承动力学的影响规律,基于外轨道控制理论,建立了一种以旋滚比可优化的轴承预紧力动力学模型。通过分析高速状态下滚动体载荷和特征参数动态变化过程,构建综合考虑滚动体滚动、自旋转、陀螺运动和离心力的轴承动力学分析模型,在此基础上,计算旋滚比动态变化结果;研究Jones发现的阈值与旋滚比之间的动态定量映射关系;以轴承滚动体打滑状态为优化目标,使用MATLAB仿真分析不同工况下轴承最佳预紧力。建模分析表明,轴承旋滚比大小可以反映轴承预紧效果,也可实现轴承预紧力动态定量优化。     

基于材料热特性的轴承预紧力自调节设计方法

采用滚动轴承支承的机床主轴在转速上升过程中摩擦发热产生温度变化,引起轴承预紧力变化限制了机床转速。提出材料热特性轴承预紧力自动调节方法,该方法是根据温度变化时金属材料受热伸长的特性,通过分析机床主轴转速上升时摩擦功率损耗产生的热量,建立主轴温度场模型。采用有限元计算主轴工作温升引起的热变形,按照两种金属材料受热伸长的差值,建立温差与位移关系的数学模型,并求解应用双金属材料结构设计参数。仿真计算结果表明,通过使用轴承预紧力自调节方法,可以有效地扩大机床转速范围,应用在加工中心的主轴上,主轴最高转速由2.5 kr/min 提高到了3 kr/min,取得了明显的效果。     

Dynamic and static characteristics of a wide speed range machine tool spindle

The static and dynamic stiffnesses of spindle-bearing systems are examined. It is shown that for most general purpose spindle designs spring or hydraulically preloaded bearing arrangements can produce more rigid spindles than comentational bearing arrangements. It is also argued that adjustable preload enables bearing damping to be matched to the spindle-bearing system to give maximum dynamic stiffness. The RHP Variload bearing arrangement is introduced.     

The use of vibration measurements for quality control of machine tool spindles

The assembly of machine tool spindles results in a degree of variability in the effective stiffness of the bearings. This may result in a poor machining performance if the bearing stiffnesses are below their specified design values. Alternatively, the life of the bearings may be reduced if the bearings stiffnesses are above the design values because of excessive preload. This paper describes a method of checking the spindle assembly by making vibration measurements. From these measurements it is possible to determine which bearings (if any) are not at their design stiffness. This then allows appropriate adjustments to be made to ensure the assembled spindle is close to the design specifications.     

小孔节流静压气体轴颈轴承主轴系统的动态特性分析

通过对小孔节流静压气体轴颈轴承的雷诺方程与描述主轴系统的动力学数学模型联立直接进行数值求解,分析了轴承系统的动力学特性,研究了在不平衡质量作用下轴承主轴系统的响应。结果表明,由于精密离心机小孔节流静压气体轴承的支承刚度大,承载能力高,旋转主轴的运动是稳定的。但在一定条件下,旋转主轴有可能出现不稳定现象,这取决于主轴绕固联坐标系各轴之转动惯量间的关系、轴承支承刚度、主轴旋转速度和不平衡质量控制等因素。该方法用于精密离心机静压气体轴承主轴系统动力学的数值计算,提高了计算精度和可靠性。     

A study on the development of a new conceptual automatic variable preload system for a spindle bearing

In machine-tool spindle systems, rolling bearings are generally the most widely used type of bearing, offering high stiffness and a large load capacity. The performance of bearings is greatly affected by the applied preload. This paper suggests a new automatic variable preload system that uses an eccentric mass device applied to the bearings of a spindle system. A spindle sustains centrifugal force when rotating. The eccentric mass device converts the radial direction force caused by the centrifugal force into axial force using an eccentric mass device. The eccentric mass device applies a small amount of force to the bearing when the spindle rotates at a low speed and applies large force to the bearing when the spindle rotates at a high speed. In this design, the device maintains a large preload at low speeds and lowers the preload at high speeds. Depending on the increase in the spindle rpm, the force that the eccentric mass device delivers to the axial direction will also increase. In addition, the preload applied to the bearings will be reduced. A finite element analysis was conducted to predict the shape of the eccentric mass device and changes of the preload. Based on the analysis results, a prototype was fabricated. According to the results of experiments conducted on the prototype, it was confirmed that the automatic variable preload device with the suggested structure operated satisfactorily. Also, vibration and noise of the prototype were measured and analyzed. The approach suggested in this study is expected to allow reduced manufacturing and operating costs, as the complex devices for hydraulic pressure or electricity required in existing variable preload devices can be eliminated.     

Robust rotor dynamics for high-speed air bearing spindles

For ultra-precision machining machine tool components need to operate outside critical frequencies of the machining system to avoid insufficient surface finish caused by vibrations. This particularly applies to tooling spindles as those are generally the component of a machine tool with low stiffness and damping values. Surface finish and shape of a machined part rely directly on the overall accuracy in motion of the tooling spindle over the entire machining parameter and speed range. Thus spindle designs for an operation outside critical frequencies combined with high stiffness and damping values are crucial for ultra-precision machining.For sufficient stiffness properties bearing gaps of gas bearings have to have a size of only a few microns and show a distinct sensitivity on temperature and for journal bearings also on speed. This again means that bearing properties change with temperature and speed. Considering a spindle system comprising a rigid shaft rotating in a radial/axial bearing system with changing stiffness and damping properties leads to a resonance speed map with changing rigid mode resonance speeds.This paper treats the influence of shaft speed and temperature on bearing gaps from which rigid mode resonance speeds for a shaft spinning in a bearing system are derived. The quoted influence of centrifugal load and temperature on bearing stiffness, damping and load capacity can be applied to any kind of gas bearing. Therefore the calculation of bearing stiffness, damping or load capacity is not treated in detail. The reader will be shown that there are simple design rules for air bearing systems and shafts of high-speed tooling spindles to avoid critical speeds through the entire speed range. Finally, methods of how to prove the initial design goals and how to verify dynamics of high-speed spindles in production will be presented to the reader. It will also be shown that there are production high-speed spindles available which do not include any critical speed within their speed range and thus show robust rotor dynamics with extremely low errors in motion.Procedures in design, validation and application treated in this paper shall give the reader not only design guidelines for spindles to avoid critical spindle speeds within its speed range, but also recommendations for machine tool builders and end-users for a machine operation taking machine and rotor dynamics into account. As the knowledge for this paper is predominantly based on the experience and work of the author himself only a few references are used. However presented testing results entirely confirm the approach presented in this paper.     

轿车轮毂轴承载荷分布数值求解与分析

在考虑接触角的变化和轴向预载荷影响的前提下,基于静力学分析方法建立两自由度的数学模型,介绍了精确求解轿车轮毂轴承载荷分布的数值方法,同时系统分析了侧向加速度和轴向预载荷对载荷分布的影响.轮毂轴承在合适的轴向预载荷状态下工作,可以获得最大的疲劳寿命.     

Study of Flow Characteristics of Lubricant in Spiral-Groove Bearings by the Fluorescent Method

Abstract

The hard disk drive spindle is one of the critical mechanical components in hard disk drives (HDDs). It has great influence on overall performance, including track density, data-transfer rate, energy consumption, noise, and so forth. Nowadays, HDDs with higher density and speed, larger capacity, and smaller size are under active development. This requires that HDD spindles have fast rotating speed, excellent accuracy, and small size. However, ball-bearing spindles, which are widely used in current HDDs, cannot meet these requirements. HDD spindles supported by oil-lubricated spiral-groove bearings are considered to be a candidate to replace ball-bearing spindles. There is no oil-supply device in the bearing, and the flow characteristics of the lubricant in the bearing have a great effect on the performance of the spindle.

In this article, the fluorescent method is used to study the flow characteristics of the lubricant in a spiral-groove bearing. The establishment and recovery of the lubricant film during start/stop of the spindle are observed. The effects of working conditions on the thickness and distribution of the lubricant film are investigated. The influence of oil supply on the performance of the bearing is also studied.     

多列组合角接触球轴承刚度和位移量

以滚动轴承动力学分析和滚道控制理论为基础,提出了应用Powell优化算法和Newton-Raphson算法相结合的方式计算非线性方程组,给出了预紧力和转速的多列组合角接触球轴承组合刚度相应程序。对7016A5轴承DBD组合的研究结果表明:预紧力和转速与单个轴承和轴承的组合刚度及位移量呈现非线性关系。轴承的组合轴向刚度小于单个轴承的轴向刚度,其径向刚度大于单个轴承的径向刚度。为实现预定的轴承动态性能,单双侧轴承内圈的间隙量须大于两侧轴承位移量之和。     

主轴系统的刚柔耦合接触动力学仿真分析

以高速数控铣床主轴多体系统为例,研究了主轴刚柔耦合多体系统的输出响应的动态特性。从柔性多体动力学的基本原理出发,系统地分析了主轴系统刚柔耦合的动力学模型的原理,提出基于修正的Craig-Bampton法建立主轴系统刚柔耦合的接触动力学模型的方法。基于虚拟样机模型,综合考虑齿轮传动的时变啮合刚度、间隙、摩擦和切削力等影响动态响应的接触因素,分析出轴承结合部、驱动转速和齿轮啮合等的时变特性对主轴系统动态响应的影响。仿真结果与理论和实验分析结果相一致。该仿真算法可以有效地解决考虑多动态参数激励的主轴系统的动态响应问题。     

预紧高速角接触球轴承运行刚度研究

基于滚动轴承拟静力学分析理论,从微观的角度探讨定位预紧下轴承内外圈位移存在约束时其内部的动力学状态;以B7004轴承为例,分析预紧方式对角接触球轴承运行刚度的影响,并利用电涡流位移传感器、LMS数据采集分析仪等仪器,在12MD60Y6型号电主轴上进行轴承刚度测试,对理论关系进行验证。结果表明:理论值能准确描述轴承运行刚度变化规律;定位预紧相比定压预紧更能提高轴承的支承刚度。     

Stability of multi orifice active tilting-pad journal bearings

The stability properties of actively lubricated tilting-pad journal bearings are investigated theoretically. The bearing preload factor and control system gains are varied, and stable and unstable regions are identified. It is seen, that the control system influences bearing stability, and that the nature and magnitude of this influence depends on the rotor mass, preload factor and rotational speed. Furthermore, it is shown that assuming the bearing pads to be rigid can produce a substantial error. A rigid pad model will overpredict the stable range of the bearing, thus it may lead to failure if trusted.     

Counterbalance of cutting force for advanced milling operations

The goal of this work is to concurrently counterbalance the dynamic cutting force and regulate the spindle position deviation under various milling conditions by integrating active magnetic bearing (AMB) technique, fuzzy logic algorithm and an adaptive self-tuning feedback loop. Since the dynamics of milling system is highly determined by a few operation conditions, such as speed of spindle, cut depth and feedrate, therefore the dynamic model for cutting process is more appropriate to be constructed by experiments, instead of using theoretical approach. The experimental data, either for idle or cutting, are utilized to establish the database of milling dynamics so that the system parameters can be on-line estimated by employing the proposed fuzzy logic algorithm as the cutting mission is engaged. Based on the estimated milling system model and preset operation conditions, i.e., spindle speed, cut depth and feedrate, the current cutting force can be numerically estimated. Once the current cutting force can be real-time estimated, the corresponding compensation force can be exerted by the equipped AMB to counterbalance the cutting force, in addition to the spindle position regulation by feedback of spindle position. On the other hand, for the magnetic force is nonlinear with respect to the applied electric current and air gap, the characteristics of the employed AMB is investigated also by experiments and a nonlinear mathematic model, in terms of air gap between spindle and electromagnetic pole and coil current, is developed. At the end, the experimental simulations on realistic milling are presented to verify the efficacy of the fuzzy controller for spindle position regulation and the capability of the dynamic cutting force counterbalance.